Standard Specification for Football Helmets
Transcript of Standard Specification for Football Helmets
Why We Need a Standard?
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Football Helmet
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History of Football Helmet
1896
Lafayette College halfback George "Rose" Barclay began to use straps and earpieces to protect his ears.
1920
The first time in the sport of football that the idea of protection and a helmet started to be used.
1939
The Riddell Company from Chicago, Illinois decided to start manufacturing plastic helmets because they felt this would be a safer material for football players to wear.
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Standard Specification for Football
Helmet
Standard that been used:
ASTM F 717
Standard Specification for Football Helmets
ASTM F 429
Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of Protective
Headgear for Football
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ASTM Testing Procedure
ASTM Standards are based upon the use of a
number of ASTM Methods to perform the
property measurement.
The methods provide very explicit direction with
respect to the equipment, the measurements, and
the data analysis.
Standardization of procedure and reproducibility
of results among laboratories is the goal of the
process.
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Scope (ASTM F 717)
This specification covers new and reconditioned
football helmets intended for use in competitive play
and practice with particular reference to shock
attenuation requirements.
This specification establishes shock absorption
requirements of complete helmets when tested in
accordance with Test Method F 429 and establishes
requirements for construction, materials, visibility,
and labeling.
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Materials and Manufacture
(ASTM F 717) Material that contact with head
shall not be of a type known to
cause irritation or disease.
The helmet, as tested, shall have
no rigid external projections
greater than 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) in
height, except for faceguard; chin
strap, nose bumper, or sweatband
hardware.
Any faceguards or faceguard
hardware installed on the helmet
must be removed prior to
testing.
All allowable external projections
shall be smooth and rounded so
as to minimize the potential of
injury.
Any internal rigid projections
that can contact the wearer’s
head during impact shall be
protected by some means of
cushioning or force spreading.
The helmet shall provide
peripheral vision clearance of at
least 105° to each side of the
median plane when the helmet is
adjusted to the reference head
form with the reference index.
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Material for Football Helmet
Materials used for the
production of football helmets
have evolved from leather, to
harder leather, to molded
polycarbonate shells, which are
used today because of their
strength and weight.
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Terminology (ASTM F 717)
Reference Index
The manufacturer’s recommended dimension
from the lowest point of the helmet face
opening to the basic plane of a reference
headform, both points located on the median
plane of the helmet.
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Head Form (ASTM F 429) Basic Plane
Includes the superior rims of theauditory measures (the upperedges of the external openings ofthe ears) and the notches of theinferior orbital ridges (thebottom of the eye sockets).
Crown
A point in the median planewhich is equal chord lengthsfrom the anterior and posteriorintersections of the median andreference planes.
Coronal Plane
A vertical plane that isperpendicular to the median andreference planes and passesthrough the crown of the headform (lateral plane).
Median Plane
A vertical plane that passesthrough the head form fromfront to back and divides it intoright and left halves (mid-sagittalplane).
Reference Plan
A plane that is located at aspecified distance above andparallel to the basic plane.
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Summary of Test Method
(ASTM F 429)
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Schematic of Typical Drop Assembly
• The headform shall be attached to the
free-fall drop assembly carriage by an
adjustable mounting which will allow
impacts to be delivered to any
prescribed point on the helmet
• A headgear is mounted on a headform
that is oriented in different positions
and is dropped at a specific velocity
onto an impact surface.
• A linear accelerometer mounted at
the center of gravity of the headform
monitors the acceleration and the
time history of impact which are
recorded with appropriate
instrumentation.
Apparatus for Testing (ASTM F 429) Acceleration Transducer
The acceleration transducer is mounted
at the center of gravity of the combined
test headform and carriage assembly
with the sensitive axis aligned to within
5° of the vertical when the helmet and
headform are in the impact position.
System Accuracy
The impact recording system shall be
capable of measuring shocks of up to
500 g peak acceleration with an accuracy
of + 5 %.
Impact Recording
The impact shall be recorded on single-
or dual-trace storage oscilloscope with
0.1mV to 20 V deflection factor, 1 to 5-
ms sweep speed-division, and 500-kHz
bandwidth.
Headforms
The test headforms to be used for helmet
impact testing are Size A, E, J, and M
headforms as described in ISO/DIS 6220.
Height Measuring Rod
A metal rod accurate to + 0.10 in. (+ 2.5
mm) shall be used for measuring drop
heights.
Impact Surfaces
The impact surface for the instrument
system check shall be a flat, Modular
Elastomer Programmer (MEP), 152 mm in
diameter and 25 mm in thickness.
Spherical Impactor
A device made of low resonance material,
for example, magnesium, aluminum alloy or
stainless steel, that couples mechanically
with the ball arm connector of the drop
assembly in place of the impact test
headform.
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Conditioning (ASTM F 429)
AmbientTemperature (4 hours)
Temperature: 21 + 5oC
Relative Humidity: 50 + 15%
Low / HighTemperature Cycle (each 4 hours)
LowTemperature: -20oC
HighTemperature: 50oC
Water Immersion (4 - 24 hours)
Temperature: 21 + 5oC
Testing for Conditioned Specimen
All testing condition with 5 min after the removal from
the conditioning environment. All test must remain in
the conditioning environment for a minimum of 15 min.
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Impact Requirement
(ASTM F 717)1. Each helmet model presented for impact testing shall
be furnished with a reference index (from the lowest
point of the helmet face opening to the basic plane of
a reference head form) as established by the helmet
manufacturer.
2. Internal shock-absorbing components of the helmet
shall not become detached or loose during impact
tests or show permanent deformation or physical
damage.
3. A test report of impact tests as described in the
Report Section of Test Method F 429 shall be an
integral part of this specification.
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Impact Test Locations
(ASTM F 429)
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Front
Located in the median plane and 81.8
mm above the anterior intersection of
the median and reference planes.
Front Boss
A point in a plane 45° (0.78 rad) from
the median plane as measured in a
clockwise direction and 56.3 mm
above the reference plane.
Side
Located at a point 30.9 mm above the
intersection of the reference plane and
the coronal plane, and 90° (1.57 rad)
in a clockwise direction from the
anterior intersection of the median
and reference planes.
Impact Test Locations
(ASTM F 429)
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Rear Boss
A point in a plane 135° (2.36 rad) in
a clockwise direction from the
anterior intersection of the median
and reference planes, and 30.9 mm
above the reference plane.
Rear
A point 30.9 mm above the
posterior intersection of the median
and reference planes.
Crown
A point in the median plane that is
equidistant from the anterior and
posterior intersections of the
median and reference planes.
Report Testing Form
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Product Marking & Labeling
(ASTM F 717)1. Each helmet shall be provided with instructions for proper
sizing and adjustment.
2. Each helmet shall be permanently labeled with the following
items:
Identification of the manufacturer.
Un-coded date of manufacture.
Model designation
Size or size range
Warning concerning improper cleaning agents & paints.
3. The user shall be provided with a warning on a permanent
label concerning improper attachment or application of
hardware, such as face masks, that would compromise the
shock absorbing abilities of the helmet.
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Reference
ASTM F 717 (Standard Specification for Football
Helmets).
ASTM F 429 (Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of
Protective Headgear for Football).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_helmet
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Football-
Helmet.html
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