STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable,...

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STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints used to trace a suspect to a crime? WARM-UP: Read the Case File on pg 547 and answer the following questions. 1. What was Richard Ramirez known as? 2. What is he infamous for doing? 3. What was his “mode of operation/modus operandi”? 4. How was he caught? 5. What was his sentence?

Transcript of STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable,...

Page 1: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints.

EQ: How are prints used to trace a suspect to a crime?

WARM-UP: Read the Case File on pg 547 and answer the following questions.

1. What was Richard Ramirez known as?2. What is he infamous for doing?3. What was his “mode of operation/modus operandi”?4. How was he caught?5. What was his sentence?

Page 2: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.
Page 3: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Friction Ridge Skin Patterns

- Used for personal identification

- Due to two features:

1. Every fingerprint is unique to an individual

2. Fingerprints do not change during a lifetime

- Unless there is damage to the dermal skin layer

- Characterized by complicated pattern of “hills and valleys”

- “hills” = ridges

- “valleys” = furrows

- Formed early in embryonic development and remain constant throughout life

- Due, in part, to genetic make-up and other factors – identical twins

Page 4: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Basic Fingerprint Patterns

- Within fingerprint patterns, there are a number of features called minutiae

- Used to actually compare the fingerprints and decide whether they are or are not from the same source

1. Ending ridge: ridge ends abruptly

2. Bifurcation: ridge splits into two

3. Dot: ridge short in length

4. Island: two bifurcations facing each other

Page 5: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.
Page 6: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Basic Fingerprint Patterns

1. Arch- Plain arch

- Tented arch

“Significant upthrust”

Page 7: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Basic Fingerprint Patterns

2. Loop

- Radial loop

- Ulnar loop

Core

Delta

Page 8: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Basic Fingerprint Patterns

3. Whorl

- Central pocket loop whorl

- Double loop whorl

- Accidental whorl

- Plain whorl

Page 9: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

http://www.tip.duke.edu/independent_learning/cdrom_courses/clues_interactive.swf

http://www.tip.duke.edu/independent_learning/cdrom_courses/clues_interactive.swf
Page 10: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.
Page 11: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.
Page 12: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Identify each fingerprint pattern.

?A B

CD E

Right Hand

Left Hand

Left Hand

Right Hand

Right Hand

Page 13: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Avoid Partial Prints

GOOD PRINTGet as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

Page 14: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• FBI system = uses numerical values to categorize “ten prints” based on occurrence of whorl patterns

• Pair fingers in this sequence:R Index

R Thumb

• If a whorl pattern is found on any finger:• plug in 16 on the first pair, • plug in 8 on the second pair, • plug in 4 on the third pair, • plug in 2 on the fourth pair, and• plug in 1 and on the last pair.

• Any finger with an arch or loop pattern is assigned a value of 0.

R RingR Middle

L ThumbR Little

L MiddleL Index

L LittleL Ring

Page 15: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

R IndexR Thumb

• Any finger with an arch or loop pattern is assigned a value of 0.

• After values for all ten fingers are plugged in, they are totaled, and 1 is added to both the numerator and denominator, giving the primary classification.

• A fingerprint classification system cannot in itself 100% identify an individual; it merely provides the fingerprint examiner with a number of candidates.

R RingR Middle

L ThumbR Little

L MiddleL Index

L LittleL Ring

16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2516 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 17

Page 16: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Computer scans digitally encodes fingerprints so that they can be subject to high-speed computer processing

Computer records type, position, and orientation of the minutiae

Page 17: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• (3) Types of crime scene prints:

1. Visible Prints

- Made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material

- Often made from blood, paint, grease, or ink

2. Plastic Prints- “impression” or “indented” print on a soft

surface

- Recognizable fingerprint indentation on a soft surface (butter, putty, wax, soap, tar, or dust)

3. Latent Prints

-Any fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration that is invisible to the naked eye

-Requires additional processing

Page 18: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.
Page 19: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Directions: Determine whether the following fingerprints are arches (plain or tented), loops (radial or ulnar), or whorls (plain, central pocket, double loop, or accidental). Assume all prints came from the individual’s right hand. Use your own paper. 1 2 3

4. 5. 6.

FEBRUARY 7, 2013WARM-UP:

Page 20: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

• Fingerprint Powders- Do not involve any chemicals or

chemical reactions

- Works by applying fine particles to the fingerprint residue

- Particles adhere, creating contrast between the ridges and the background

- Most well-known method: powder dusting

- Has been used for well over a century

- Black powders more often used

Page 21: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

What type of prints leave impressions on soft material such as

soap?

Plastic Prints

Page 22: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Magnetic Sensitive Powder:- Magnetic brush

- Brush doesn’t have bristles, so no damage to print ridges during development process

Fluorescent Powder:

-Powders fluoresce under UV light, the pattern is photographed

-Benefit-color of the surface doesn’t obscure the print

Page 23: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

When the iodine crystal is heated it transforms from a solid to a vapor (sublimation)

Iodine gives ridge features a dirty-brown appearance

Not stable, must be photographed immediately because prints will begin to fade

Page 24: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Forms a purple-blue color when it reacts with amino acids in perspirations

Most commonly used chemical method used on porous (absorbent) materials

Page 25: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Which method prevents destruction or damage of

the print?

Magnetic-Sensitive Powder

Page 26: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Commonly used as a follow-up method to ninhydrin on porous surfaces (paper)

Silver nitrate-based liquid reagent

Usually used when latent prints are not visible using other methods

Excellent on porous articles that may have been wet at one time

Page 27: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Discovered in 1982 Develops prints on

nonporous surfaces such as metals, electrical tape, leather, and plastic bags

Super glue (cyanoacrylate) is placed on absorbent cotton and treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Latent prints and fumes are enclosed in a chamber for 6 hours and prints appear white

Page 28: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

Developed latent impressions are lifted with transparent tape once print is visualized

Mounted on a backing card with a color maximally contrasting to that of the powder

- Ex. White backing for black powder

Page 29: STANDARD: SFS2a-Identify and utilize appropriate techniques used to lift and evaluate readable, latent, plastic and visible prints. EQ: How are prints.

How is digital imaging used in fingerprint

analysis?

Picture is converted into a digital file using scanners, digital cameras and video

cameras


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