Standard 7 Nationalism Militarism V.L. Lenin Great Depression Treaty of Versailles Schlieffen Plan Mohandas Gandhi Salt March Fascism Zimmermann Telegram Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin Trench Warfare U-Boats League of Nations The isms Militarism- Glorify military & building strong armies Nations believe large armies with lots of firepower will prevent war Nationalism- Deep sense of national identity & pride Nations with a strong sense of themselves foster rivalries with neighboring nations, many of whom have rulers who are blood relatives Imperialism- Extending ones influence into other territories Nations compete over imperialistic interests Alliances Network of alliances binds countries together in the event of war Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, Italy, Austro-Hungary Triple Entente (1904)- Great Britain, France, Russia Smaller treaties (Britains agreement with Belgium, etc.) Assassination Archduke of Austro-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife were shot and killed on June 28, 1914 during a visit to Sarajevo, Bosnia. Shooter- Gavrilo Princip Austro-Hungary imposed huge demands on Serbia and Serbia only agreed to some. July 28, 1914, Austro-Hungary declares war on Serbia The assassination and war declaration set off a series of other alliance-related declarations of war: Russia mobilizes troops Germany declares war on Russia Russia appeals to France who promises support Germany declares war on France When militaries mobilize, a sense of national pride, expectation, even excitement forms. There is a fervor for war that develops but everyone thinks the war will be a short one, over by Christmas 1914 Central Powers- Germany, Austro-Hungary, Ottoman Empire Motivations Austro-Hungary- Crush Serbia and terrorism Germany- Support Austro-Hungary Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Greece, Portugal Motivations Serbia- Defend itself Russia- Defend the region in Serbia France- Avenge loss in Franco-Prussian War Great Britain- Brought into war by German invasion of Belgium CENTRAL POWERSALLIES The Schlieffen Plan German military strategy to avoid fighting a costly and difficult two front war involved moving quick to defeat France in the west, then concentrate on Russia (slower to mobilize) in the east Plan involved flanking French military by marching through Belgium, a neutral country determined not to be involved. Germanys invasion of Belgium activates old agreement between Great Britain & Belgium and brings Great Britain into the war. Plan ultimately doesnt work Russia moves faster than expected & Germanys advance is pushed back at the first battle of the Marne Trench Warfare Slow-moving, deadly warfare that involves fighting from deep, long interconnected ditches Steps for fighting in Trench Warfare: Leave Trench- Avoid individual rifle fire, machine gun blanket fire from stations Cross No Mans Land- Dont step on a mine, watch out for heavy artillery fire, navigate multiple lines of barbed wire and craters from previous artillery fire, continue to avoid individual rifle fire, machine gun blanket fire; watch out for individual explosives & poison gas in low areas Trench Warfare (cont.) Enter Enemy Trench- Fight hand-2-hand with enemy in close quarters & take the trench by killing everyone in it Hold the Trench- Beware of hidden dugouts in trenches where soldiers sleep & take breaks, as well as secondary & reserve trenches behind you Many times soldiers would take a trench only to lose it the following day. Trench warfare lasted for the entirety of the war in France & very little territory was gained while millions died trying to gain it Battles of the Western Front ( ) Verdum- You shall not pass Thought the British military might was hidden behind that of the French army Germany sent a lot of its forces to help in this offensive Somme River One of the most costly battles of the war 1 million+ wounded or killed Not fought in trenches, but just as slow and indecisive with more people killed Russia was the least industrialized nation at the time some of their soldiers didnt even have rifles. Because of this they suffered heavy losses at battles like Tannenberg Ottomans The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October 1914 & opened up a front in the Dardenelles (Eastern Europe), which had a critical Allied supply line to Russia After fighting in places like Gallipoli (1915), the Allies withdrew suffering heavy losses Arabia The Ottomans faced a revolt against their rule in the Middle East, led by Husayn ibn Ali & supported by British-sent colonel named T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia). It cost them a lot of territory, including Baghdad, Iraq (Middle East) Machine Gun The Gatling gun had been used sparingly in the Civil War but WWI was the first widespread use of it Poison Gas Deadly in the trenches & unpredictable (Make & use) Tanks First introduced by Great Britain in 1916 Used to break through No Mans Land but broke down Air War Evolved from reconnaissance to zeppelin bombings by the Germans, to airborne dogfighting Submarines Used exclusively by the Germans (Uterseeboats/U-boats) Tremendously effective & deadly Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German U-boats fired on any ship that brought goods to Great Britain in an attempt to blockade them Woodrow Wilson negotiated for the Germans to surface and announce it would fire so neutral civilians could escape to lifeboats in 1915 They did this for a while but returned to firing without warning in February 1917 Zimmermann Note Britain intercepted a telegram from the German foreign minister to the ambassador in Mexico offering them land in the U.S. if they joined the Central Powers The Germans tried to mount a final offensive before the U.S. arrives in Europe, but after it ran out of steam, the Allied counterattack pushed the Germans back into its own borders and back into the capital Hungary, angry Germans (who had been blockaded by the British and had no food) revolted and Kaiser William II was forced to step down Armistice (cease fire) was called on Nov. 11, 1918 A flu outbreak in 1918 killed over 20 million people (More than the war itself) Peace negotiations were held in Paris (Paris Peace Conference) but the Central Powers and Russia were not invited to participate The Treaty of Versailles ended the war with several controversial provisions Germany accepted sole responsibility for the war & for the financial destruction. They were ordered to pay reparations that in todays money would be $2.7 trillion Germany was stripped of a great deal of land and their military was to be limited to a certain size New countries rose in the wake of the old Austro- Hungarian & German empires but African, Asian & Pacific countries wanted the same independence but were forced to remain as colonies under the mandate system The League of Nations was created to facilitate international disputes, but the U.S. refused to join it. It also had no power to do anything about disputes Poorly conceived & seen as the cause of WWII India Wanted freedom from Great Britain after serving for them in WWI, but Britain (after promising to give them autonomy & self-rule during the war) proposed very small reforms Indian National Congress party protested under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi organized nonviolent protest acts such as boycotts & Salt March Gandhi & his followers were going to the sea to make salt from seawater Britain pressed them into service in WWII as well Britain knew they had to give them independence after WWII but needed to address the Hindu vs. Muslim violence situation (Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan) Africa Parts of Africa were controlled by many different nations during the Scramble for Africa (looking natural resources) Due to this difference, some nations achieved independence easily (Nigeria & Ghana). Some nations saw violent fights for control in areas with large settler populations (Kenya & Algeria) The unrest from these decades of control lasts to this day with civil wars & power changing hands continuously Middle East After the Holocaust, the Jews expelled from their homes in Europe were supported in a quest to gain their own homeland in the Middle East. They relocated to Palestine in droves The United Nations tried to put a plan together to create two states: Israel for the Jews & Palestine for the Arabs. The Palestinians disagreed with the plan and launched a series of unsuccessful wars against Israel. Israel & Palestine are still fighting to this day. Despite the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies continued to argue & conflict over Germany & the postwar world. Nations began to seek more alliances & debate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlawed war & encouraged the powerful nations to disarm. Although noble, it had no teeth. The League of Nations was also weak because they had no real power to intervene in conflicts Postwar life was made especially difficult by the onset of the Great Depression in the US. The Depression is blamed on multiple sources such as overproduction & crisis in finance. This crisis led to the stock market crashing in Fall 1929 Because the economics of the world were tied together through reparations & trade, the Depression soon spread worldwide & every major power faced crisis All of these crises demanded solutions; tough situations require tough decisions. In most countries, the people turned to a charismatic leader who promised relief. What they brought differed In the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) was elected in He reacted to the crisis with a huge package of programs called the New Deal. It caused the federal govt to get more involved in daily life. The New Deal did not end the Depression, but it did help.