Standard 11.9 Review

Test on Tuesday!

Cold War

• Alger Hiss case: those against the war thought he was innocent; those for the war though he was guilty

• McCarthyism: hounding alleged Communists in America

• Rosenberg trial: due to nativist fears of foreign influence in the U.S.

Cold War

Berlin Blockade• Reason: Soviet Union was

retaliating to Truman’s statement that the U.S. would stay permanently in West Berlin

Containment Policy• Prevent spread of

Communism• Worked in Latin America

except for Cuba

Korean War

• Surrogate battleground for U.S. and Russia

• Fight without full military commitment

• Necessary for U.S. containment of communism

United Nations

• Formed at the end of WWII

• Founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations

• The U.S. was a primary signatory and fiscal backer

• Universal/International Declaration of Rights-not legally binding, but important to the U.N. due to the Holocaust– All humans are free and

equal (sound like the Dec. of Ind.?)

• U.N. Peacekeepers go in after a conflict to enforce cease fires or treaties

World Bank

• The ultimate goal is to reduce world wide poverty.

IMF• International Monetary

Fund was designed to secure financial stability and oversee the global financial system

GATT• General Agreement of

Tariffs and Trade was supposed to provide an international forum on free trade and regulate and reduce tariffs on traded goods

Organizations

NATO• North Atlantic Treaty

Organization• An attack on any NATO

member was an attack on all members

• Main role was to defend from attacks by communist nations

SEATO• Mutual defense and

economic partnerships in Southeast Asia only

• France and the Philippines did not participate in Vietnam, so SEATO was not involved

Presidential Policy

Eisenhower• His Secretary of State

threatened massive retaliation, but he did not intervene in the 1956 anti-communist uprising in Hungary when they were crushed by the Soviet Union.

• Brinkmanship was introduced under “Ike”

JFK• Established the Peace Corps

to provide support to developing nations.

• Bay of Pigs invasion was a bungled effort and the U.S. lost prestige around the world

• Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviets withdrew missiles from Cuba

Nixon• Détente: hoped to decrease

tensions with the Soviet Union

Vietnam

• 1954 Geveva Convention split Vietnam into two countries

• U.S. blocked elections for reunification due to fear that reunified Vietnam would become Communist

• Reason to get involved: Domino Theory

• Presidential powers increased because Congress was afraid to exercise it constitutional powers

Vietnam’s Effect on the U.S.

• Mass mobilization and protest can influence government policy

• Many evaded the draft• Civil liberties were

suspended with martial law

• Largest anti-war movement in U.S. history

• College ROTC buildings bombed and returning vets treated with hostility

• Criticism of the war led to the War Powers Resolution of 1973 where they limited the President to 60 days of conflict

Treaties

START I• Set limits on the number of

nuclear warheads that can be carried on ICBM missiles

SALT II• Not ratified by Congress

because President Carter postponed it as retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Reagan

On the Cold War• Outspend the Soviets

militarily• Take a harder line than

simply containment; eradicate

I.N.F.• Intermediate-Range Nuclear

Forces eliminated entire classes of short range nuclear missiles and had provisions to verify their elimination

Reagan

Foreign Policy• Gramm-Rudman-Hollings

Act required major deficit reductions over 5 years and automatic budget cuts if the president and Congress could not agree on a budget.

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

• Dubbed “Star Wars”• Technology did not exist• Very Expensive• Unfair advantage over

Soviets

Iran Contra Affair

Embarrassing to U.S.• U.S. exposed as selling

weapons to Iran while publicly supporting Iraq in the Iran/Iraq War

• Illegally funding anti-communist guerilla fighters in South America

• U.S. attempted to use Iran’s influence to gain release of U.S. hostages in Lebanon

Drawn into War• U.S. drawn into Iran/Iraq

war to protect product shipments from Iraq and its backers from being sunk by Iranian gunboats

• U.S. removed Iraq from list of state sponsors of terrorism in 1982 to help Iraqis win their war against Iran

Factors Ending the Cold War

1986 Chernobyl accident Gorbachev• Redirected Soviet funds

from nuclear arms to domestic reforms

• Glasnost: “freedom of speech”

• Perestroika: economic reform

Persian Gulf War

Saudi Arabia• Saudi Arabia sided with U.S.

because they felt threatened by Iraq

• U.S. needs good relations:– To purchase crude oil– Use military bases as staging

areas– Saudi increased oil

production when Iraq and Kuwait lost theirs during the Persian Gulf War

Persian Gulf War• Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990• U.S. Middle East policy was

to prevent any Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia, so we had a rapid response– Formed a coalition of nations

to liberate Kuwait and drive the Iraqi army back to Iraq

U.S.-Israel Relationship

• U.S. is allowed to use Israeli facilities as re-supply bases

• Terrorism against Israel and U.S. holding in the Middle East greatly influenced policy since WWII