Stance:Stance:

Permethrin coated bed nets should be used more regularly to decrease the use of DDT for a more environmentally friendly method of malaria prevention.

What is Malaria?What is Malaria?

Caused by a parasite that commonly infects anopheles mosquito which feeds on human

It is a fatal disease that has impacted the world greatly due to its spread of illnesses and high death rate

Symptoms are compared to flu like illnesses such as shaking chills and high fevers

If not treated results in mortalities

Plasmodium Parasites Plasmodium Parasites

Malaria parasites are micro, single celled organisms that belong to the Plasmodium genus, which are parasites that attack the red blood stream

Four types of parasites have the potential to infect humans with malaria Plasmodium falciparum- THE DEADLIST! Plasmodium vivax ovale Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

It begins with one biteIt begins with one bite

How is malaria How is malaria transmitted?transmitted?

The cycle of malaria involves two hosts: humans and Anopheles mosquitoes

The disease is then transmitted when an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a human and injects it with malaria parasites (sporozoites) into the bloodstream

Sporozoites then travel through the bloodstream to the liver, mature, and eventually infect the human red blood cells

An infected mother can transmit the disease to her child through delivery

Monster’s Inside of MeMonster’s Inside of Me

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_nOgu8OnZA

Where is Malaria Where is Malaria found?found?

Malaria transmission occurs in large areas of Central and South America, Sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Asia

Its is typically found in warmer regions of the world in tropical and sub-tropical countries

Where is Malaria Where is Malaria Found?Found?

Where is Malaria Where is Malaria Found?Found?

Anopheles mosquitoes breed in high temperatures

The malaria parasites need warmth to complete their growth before they are mature enough to be transmitted to humans

Malaria in the United Malaria in the United StatesStates

1300 cases of malaria have been diagnosed in the U.S each year

The cases consists of travelers and immigrants who are returning from malaria infected countries

1951- Malaria is eradicated from the United States

Malaria has been eradicated from the United States in 1951 but there are still some outbreaks that a occur

DeathsDeaths

Each year 300-500 million cases of malaria occur and more than 1 million people die

Children and pregnant women make up the greater number of deaths

In Africa a child dies of malaria every 30 seconds

Eradicating MalariaEradicating Malaria

Not all countries have eradicated malaria

The disease is still a major health problem in developing countries

In the 1950’s they started an eradication campaign but it failed globally

Some reasons: the conflict between the mosquitoes and the insecticides used to kill them, the drugs used to treat malarial parasites, and administrative issues

Forms of Vector Control Forms of Vector Control

Vector Control is the most effective attempt to eradicate malaria from a region or reduce malaria significantly

The most commonly used forms are:

Insecticide Treated Bed Nets

Indoor residual spraying

Source Reduction (larval control)

Impact on Low Income Impact on Low Income SocietiesSocieties

The disease is a huge burden on low income societies, which is where malaria is most prominent

The correlation between malaria and poverty is evident

It is estimated that malaria reduces GDP growth by approximately 1full percentage point each year

World Bank claims that malaria costs Africa an estimated $12 billion in lost GDP every year

HistoryHistory

550 B. C- the first symptoms of malaria were discovered by a Greek physician Hippocrates. The illness was related to closeness of marshy areas and different times of the year

1951- Malaria is eradicated from the United States

http://www.granitegrok.com/pix/DDT.jpg

http://www.wesleyjsmith.com/blog/uploaded_images/ddt-750255.jpg

Initial effects of DDT Initial effects of DDT

Revolutionized agriculture production

Credited for the elimination of malaria in the United States and Europe

Has caused dramatic environmental consequences

Associated with major declines in many animal populations

The Dangers of DDTThe Dangers of DDT

Remains active in the environment even years or decades after spraying

Lives in living tissue

Completely modifies the food chain

A percentage of DDT is found inside most humans

The presence of pollutants in breast milk is a major concern, especially in areas that receive vector control

DDTDDT

Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

Insecticide discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist: Paul Muller

Useful in control of insects that spread malaria

Highly toxic and persists in the environment and living tissue, including the human body

CC1414HH99ClCl55

http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/ddt.html

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/rosa.l/Pics01.htm

Stake HoldersStake Holders

On June 2nd 1972 William D. Ruckelshaus, Administrator of The Environmental Protection Agency, banned DDT effectively ending the agriculture use of DDT in the US.

EPA’s mission is to protect human health and the environment since 1970

Working for a cleaner healthier environment for the American People

Strategically make plan and policies

http://www.someareboojums.org/blog/wp-content/images/ddt/ddt_production_01.png

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

http://www.fws.gov/rachelcarson/graphics/rachelcarson-400.jpg

Rachel CarsonRachel Carson

Author, Biologist, Environmentalist

Credited for launching the modern environmental movement due to written works

Author of “Silent Spring” (1962)

“Silent Spring,” which made a dramatic impact on the reconstruction of the national pesticide policy and banning of DDT in 1972

“Banning DDT killed more people then Hitler

Introduction to Introduction to PermethrinPermethrin

Permethrin is an insecticide that is widely used on cotton, wheat, corn, alfalfa, and other crops

Over 100 million applications are made annually in and around United States homes

Over 18 million applications are made in yards and gardens

Permethrin is a neurotoxin, toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells

Used to kill pest insects in agriculture, home pest control, forestry, and in public health programs, including lice control

It was first marketed in 1973, and the most dominant use of worldwide is on cotton, accounting for about 60 percent of the permethrin

It kills the insect by strongly exciting their nervous system which makes the nervous system hyperactive to stimuli sense organisms

CC2121HH2020CCl2l2OO33

http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/structures/permethrin.gif

Problems with Problems with PermethrinPermethrin

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has classified permethrin as a carcinogen, which is a substance or agent that can cause cancer

They decided this because in a lab test involving mice they found it causes lung tumors in female mice and liver tumors in mice of both sexes

Permethrin can be toxic to honey bees and other beneficial insects, fish, aquatic insects, crayfish, and shrimp

Problems with Problems with PermethrinPermethrin

For many species, concentrations of less that one part per billion are lethal and can cause developmental problems with tadpoles and reduces the number of oxygen-carrying cells in the blood of birds

A wide variety of insects have already developed resistance to permethrin

How Permethrin Will be How Permethrin Will be UsedUsed

Impregnating bed netting that will be used at night while sleeping

Impregnating clothes, blankets, and other pieces of cotton a tribe or community might use in day to day life

Permethrin impregnated bed sheets may provide an alternative to impregnating bed nets in communities where bed nets are unaffordable or incompatible with the populations lifestyle

Permethrin Study in Permethrin Study in KenyaKenya

A new tool for malaria prevention? Results of a trial of permethrin-impregnated bed sheets (shukas) in an area of unstable transmission

This study reports results of a trial to evaluate whether treating personal clothing and sheets worn by nomads is protective against malaria infection.

A to Z Textile Mills- Long Lasting Anti-Malaria A to Z Textile Mills- Long Lasting Anti-Malaria Bed netsBed nets

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBaceteM02c

Map of the Solomon Map of the Solomon IslandsIslands

Impregnated Nets or Impregnated Nets or DDT Residual SprayingDDT Residual Spraying

Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia; Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Honiara,

Solomon Islands; World Health Organization, Honiara, Solomon Islands; Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado

FIELD EFFECTIVENESS OF MALARIA PREVENTION TECHNIQUES IN SOLOMON ISLANDS, 1993–1999

Annual incidence of Annual incidence of MalariaMalaria

http://www.ajtmh.org/

http://www.ajtmh.org/

Annual Incidence of Annual Incidence of Malaria ParasiteMalaria Parasite

UNICEF: Release of The UNICEF: Release of The First World Malaria First World Malaria

ReportReport http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=pWysmnP6sWQ

References References

References

Action Outdoors. Effects of DDT Use In Borneo. Retrieved fromwww.actionoutdoors.org/edres/images/DDT.jpg

African American Environmentalist Association (2007). DDT.

Retrieved October 12th,2009 fromhttp://www.aaenvironment

Animal Planet TV. (2009). Monsters Inside of Me: Malaria Parasite [Clip]. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_nOgu8OnZA

A to Z Textile Mills. (2007). Long Lasting Malaria Bed Nets [Clip]. Available athttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBaceteM02c

Charles M. Poser, George W. Bruyn. (1999). An Illustrated History of Malaria. Boston: The Parthenon Publishing Group

Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Division of Parasitic Diseases. (2008). Vector Control. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/control_prevention/vector_control.htm

Dunlap.T.R (1981). DDT Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy. New Jersey: Princeton University press.

Handwerk, B. (2006 August). DDT to Return as Weapon Against Malaria, Experts Say.

National Geographic News. Retrieved from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/08/060801-ddt-malaria.html

Humphreys, Margaret. (2001). Malaria: Poverty, Race, and PubUnited

States. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press.

Kanzok. S. The Life Cycle of the Malaria Parasite. Department of Biology. University Of Chicago Loyola. Retrieved from:http://www.luc.edu/biology/images/malariacycle.jpg

 Margaret Humphreys. (2001) Malaria. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press

Mead Over, Bernard Bakote’e, Raman Velayudhan, Peter Wilikai, and Patricia M.

U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2007, February).

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious disease.

Understanding Malaria, Fighting an Ancient Scourge.com/DDT.htm.

Graves (2004). Impregnated Nets Or DDT Residual Spraying? Field Effectiveness of Malaria Prevention Techniques in Solomon Islands, 1993-1999. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71 (2 suppl), 214-223. Retrieved From:http://www.ajtmh.org/

Unicef. (Sabine Dolan). (2007). UNICEF: Release of the First World Malaria Report. [Clip]. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWysmnP6sWQ

 

National Public Radio. (2006). World Health Organization Backs

Use of DDT Against Malaria. Retrieved October 13th, 2009 fromhttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6083944.

Sachs, Jeffey D. (Aug 2009). Good News on Malaria Control. Vol. 301 2(2), p 29-29, 1pRetrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com.

Some are Boojums. The Domestic Production, and Export of DDT in the United

 

The Stamford Historical Society Inc. (2006) Solomon Islands [Geographic map]. Retrieved from http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/islands_oceans_poles/solomonislands.jpg

 

Thomas R. Dunlap. (1981) DDT. Princeton: Princeton University Press

(2007). Understanding Malaria. U.S Department of Health Services