Stan B. Walters, CSP - Interview and Interrogation ... · best selling textbook Principles of...
Transcript of Stan B. Walters, CSP - Interview and Interrogation ... · best selling textbook Principles of...
Stan B. Walters, CSP (Certified Speaking Professional)
“The Lie Guy®”
Stan B. Walters runs the company Truth & Deception, Inc. He works with agencies and organizations that want to educate their people how to conduct professional integrity interviews and uncover the real story. He is author of the best selling textbook Principles of Kinesic Interview and Interrogation. This text now in its 2nd edition has gained popularity worldwide as a college level text as well as police and criminal justice training academies in courses on interview and interrogation. He is also the author of numerous training materials, audiotapes and pocket guides on Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®. His most recent published work The Truth about Lying: How to Spot a Lie and Protect Yourself from Deception published by Sourcebooks now in its third printing and has been translated in 7 foreign languages. He has served as Subject Matter Expert on Interview & Interrogation to Johns Hopkins University in the development of the Mike Simman Interview training CD. He is a Research Consultant in a major interview behavior research project recently conducted at John Jay College with the N.Y.P.D., New York City District Attorneys’ office and the US Department of State. Results of that study were presented at the American Psychological Association Conventions in Washington, DC in 2000 and 2002. He has also published in scientific journals. Stan has done and continues to actively study and research interview and interrogation behaviors, strategies and techniques including hundreds of prison interviews conducted in 27 prisons in 16 states and one foreign country. His work has received critical acclaim in both the academic and criminal justice communities. Stan conducts forensic interviews and frequently serves as a
consultant to prosecutors, attorneys, criminal justice agencies and private corporations in criminal and civil investigations. He is an adjunct instructor at Eastern Kentucky University, University of Missouri – Law Enforcement Training Institute and for the Department of Defense - National Academy for Credibility Assessment. He has taught state police, local and municipal law enforcement and fire academies in over 45 states as well as numerous intelligence agencies such as the N.S.A., US Immigration and Citizenship Enforcement, US Customs & Border Protection, US Army intelligence, US Army Groups Special Forces, US Navy E.O.D. Teams, Air Force O.S.I. and the US Air Force S.E.R.E. School, Environmental Protection Agency, Drug Enforcement Administration, the Texas Rangers, Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, US Treasury, US Postal Inspectors, US Probation, US Attorney's Offices and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers and numerous other educational, insurance, investment companies, professional associations, and criminal justice training organizations in the United States, Canada, Germany, Singapore, Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand, and United Arab Emirates. His corporate clients include WalMart, Ohio Casualty, Principal Financial Group, State Farm, Allegent Health, Retail Industry Leadership Association, World Game Protection Conference. He is an associate member of the American Polygraph Association and the International Association of Homicide Investigators, ad member of the International Law Enforcement Educators & Trainers Association. He is a Professional Member of the National Speakers Association and has earned the prestigious designation of Certified Speaking Professional. He has appeared numerous times on ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, and CNN. He has been profiled on National Geographic and was technical advisor and host of the National Geographic – Science of Interrogation and aired worldwide.
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER # 1: The Basic Principles.............................................. 5 Practical Kinesic Principles ............................................................................................................5 The 8 "C's" .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 CONSISTENT ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 CLUSTERS........................................................................................................................................................... 6 CONSTANT ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 CHANGE............................................................................................................................................................... 7 CONTRADICTIONS.......................................................................................................................................... 7 CONTAMINATION........................................................................................................................................... 7 Pre-‐CONCEPTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 8 CROSS-‐CHECK................................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER # 2: Response Behaviors ........................................... 10 Stress Response Behaviors ......................................................................................................... 10 Anger: ............................................................................................................................................................... 11 Examples: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Interviewer's Response ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Depression: ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Examples: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Interviewer's Response -‐....................................................................................................................................... 13
Denial: .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Examples: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Interviewer's Response ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Bargaining: .................................................................................................................................................... 15 Examples –................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Interviewer's Response ......................................................................................................................................... 15
Acceptance: ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Examples: (Also see Chapter #7)....................................................................................................................... 16 Interviewer's Response-‐........................................................................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER # 3: The Narrative-based Interview............................. 18 Four Elements of a Successful Interview / Interrogation................................................. 18 Orientation .................................................................................................................................................... 19 Narration-‐ ...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Cross-‐Examination.................................................................................................................................... 19 Resolution (Corroboration) ................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER # 4: Verbal Behaviors................................................... 21 Analysis of Verbal Cues: ............................................................................................................... 21 VOICE QUALITY -‐.......................................................................................................................................... 21 LINE OF THOUGHT – .................................................................................................................................. 22
Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®:
A Basic Guide
©2013 by Stan B. Walters All Rights Reserved For Individual Use Only.
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CHAPTER # 5: Non-Verbal Behaviors .......................................... 24 Non-‐Verbal Cues – Body Language ............................................................................................ 24 NEGATION....................................................................................................................................................... 25 AVERSION -‐ ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 MYTHS: ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER # 6: Ethical Interrogation Methods ............................. 28 EMOTION DOMINANT -‐ "The Feeler".................................................................................................. 29 LOGIC DOMINANT -‐ "Inactive" Personality ...................................................................................... 29 SENSORY DOMINANT -‐ "Active" Personality................................................................................... 30 EGO DOMINANT -‐ "Unique" Personality ............................................................................................ 30
CHAPTER # 7: Submission Behaviors ......................................... 32 SUBMISSION SIGNALS: .................................................................................................................. 32 VERBAL CUES: ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Punishment Statements......................................................................................................................................... 33 Third Person Statement......................................................................................................................................... 33 Debt Service ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
NONVERBAL CUES ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®:
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INTRODUCTION
As part of your registration for your class in Practical Kinesic
Interview & Interrogation®, I am sending you my ebook Practical
Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®: Basic Guide. This ebook will help
you cement the class information into your newly developed interview
& interrogation techniques and help you improve your interview room
skills even more than you can imagine.
You can use this Basic Guide in one of two forms:
1. Keep the file in the Adobe pdf format for on-line reading. The
Table of Contents is actually hyperlinks to each chapter of the
Basic Guide. Also you can follow all hyperlinks to locations on
the web.
2. You can print the handout for your own use. If you print the
handout or duplicate the handout, it MUST show all copyright
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protections and author information. The author MUST receive
credit if the material is used for any other purpose.
Check out The Lie Guy® Blog! Keep up with current cases in the
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CHAPTER # 1: The Basic Principles
Practical Kinesic Principles Remember that our “Practical Kinesic Principles” were our knowledge
base on which we will rely to insure that we are making an accurate
analysis of the accuracy and completeness of our subject's
statements. Individuals will withhold information many reasons
including fear, embarrassment and more as well as deception.
"No single behavior proves
that a person is being truthful or deceptive"
There is no one universal signal in any form
that proves a person is being truthful or deceptive.
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The 8 "C's"
CONSISTENT
Do you CONSISTENTLY keep getting a strong reaction to only
a few specific topics or target areas? It is these areas that
CONSISTENTLY create significant emotional or mental stress
for your subject and need your attention with follow-up inquiries.
CLUSTERS
We can only accurately diagnose whether a subject is being
truthful or deceptive based on a CLUSTER of symptoms. Two
or more deception signals per sentence or response would
create an accurate analysis of deception by your subject.
CONSTANT
Before we can identify significant behaviors exhibited by our
subject, we must have first established their baseline or
CONSTANT of behavior.
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CHANGE
Exhibitions of CHANGE from the CONSTANT of your subject
behavior indicates a change in your subject's stress level. Not
all CHANGES are signs of deception.
CONTRADICTIONS
Conflicts between verbal - verbal, verbal - nonverbal, and non-
verbal - nonverbal signals indicates a conflict in your subject's
mental & emotional message and therefore a greater chance of
deception when seen in CLUSTERS.
CONTAMINATION
The subject is watching and reacting to our behaviors as we are
watching and analyzing theirs. Are you engaging in any
behaviors that are CONTAMINIATING your subject's behaviors
that you are diagnosing as significant to their honesty?
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Pre-CONCEPTIONS
Are you allowing yourself to be blinded by pre-CONCEPTIONS
causing you to prejudge your subject and their honesty?
CROSS-CHECK
Double-check your analysis with these five important questions:
o Did I find my subject's CONSTANT?
o Can I name the TIMELY, CONSISTENT behaviors that I saw
in CLUSTERS?
o Did I have any pre-CONCEPTIONS?
o Am I believing the liars lie?
o Is this an innocent person who is fearful of not being
believed?
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CHAPTER # 2: Response Behaviors
To be effective as an interviewer, we must recognize that our
subjects may be experiencing significant stress or will undergo stress
changes as we proceed with the interview and our attempts to
recover and gain information.
Individuals react to events around them on two levels – emotional
and cognitive.
Stress Response Behaviors
Under stress, your subjects may respond with 5 general behaviors
Anger, Depression, Denial, Bargaining, and Acceptance.
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Anger:
Characteristics -
• Used to gain and / or maintain control.
• Dominated by emotion.
• Poor listening behavior.
• Least likely to compromise.
• NOT a sign of deception – absence NOR presence.
Examples:
• General complaining about the nuisance of dealing with the
case.
• Attacks case facts – accuracy, reliability, lab, etc.
• Attacks minor details – times, dates, descriptions, amounts,
numbers.
• Creates false issues – previous contacts, never been a problem
before, etc.
• Attacks / blames victims or witnesses.
• Attacks interviewer or agency.
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Interviewer's Response
• Defuse the anger.
• Find & establish points of agreement.
• Avoid be pulled into an anger vortex.
• Break down problem into smaller, manageable issues.
Depression:
Characteristics
• Isolation or retreat from reality.
• Reactive behavior – NOT the emotional disorder.
• Self-absorbed in pain.
• Poorly censored speech.
• Not to be misinterpreted as Acceptance.
• NOT an indicator of deception.
Examples:
• Talks about feeling depressed.
• Discusses mental issues, mistakes, etc.
• Brings physical problems associated with their depression.
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• May make suicidal comments.
• Self-critical remarks.
• Mentions problems with sleeping.
• Mentions personal problems with friends, family, job, etc.
Interviewer's Response -
• Acknowledge the depression.
• Ask the subject for details about how they have been dealing
with the issue emotionally.
• Wait the subject out.
• Listen for verbal openings that “leak” important issues.
Denial:
Characteristics
• Rejection of reality.
• Best chance for deception to occur here.
• It is NOT just saying “No.” It is arguing alternate logic to dismiss
proof. Subject is trying to persuade you.
• Attempting to convince others of their deception.
• Only at ease when others appear to buy their deception.
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Examples:
• Memory lapses
• Trust me, Believe me, Why would I lie, To be truthful, etc.
• Most of the time, essentially, hardly ever, but, however.
• Why would I …
• All of a sudden, The next thing I knew, Before too long
• Pronoun shifts to depersonalize.
• Verb usage suddenly used incorrectly.
• Omission lying (Leaves out or avoids very specific details
OR only responds in very narrow terms.
Interviewer's Response
• Reinforce your position with reality-based information.
• Avoid being diverted.
• Use personality type-based comments to disable deception.
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Bargaining:
Characteristics
• Disguise of reality, but NOT deception. Just evasion.
• The most common response people will use.
• Minimizing the act.
• Re-characterizing their image & responsibility.
Examples –
• Complaining to get sympathy – illnesses, medications, etc.
• Using religious remarks to indicate moral character.
• Personal statements about their moral beliefs.
• Minimizing crime or their actions.
• Name dropping to establish connections. (Not to threaten)
• Extreme politeness.
Interviewer's Response
• Use the subject's language, & terms in your speech.
• Use their language, terms & definitions against them.
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Acceptance:
Characteristics:
• Acknowledgement of reality.
• Prepared to disclose.
• Compliant with interviewer's goals.
• Submissive emotionally.
Examples: (Also see Chapter #7) • How many years does this bring?
• Is my (fill in a name) gonna find out?
• Could I lose my job, kids, car, house, raise, guns, hunting or
fishing gear…?
• Will this affect my probation?
• Is this going to be in the paper?
• How many counts will there be?
• Could I pay it back?
• Can I just apologize?
• I’ll pay for the damage.
• I didn’t do it but I’ll tell you I did it just to get this over.
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Interviewer's Response-
• Stop talking & start listening.
• Show acceptance in your reactions.
• Give the subject a way out.
• Help them preserve some self-esteem.
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CHAPTER # 3: The Narrative-based Interview
Four Elements of a Successful Interview / Interrogation
The most successful interview and interrogation format is a four-part
approach.
• Orientation
• Narration
• Cross-Examination
• Resolution
The Narrative-based interview recovers a minimum of 60% more
information than a confrontational or accusatory style of interview. It
also least likely to contaminate a subject’s statement and the least
likely to create a false confession.
Each segment the interviewer has a specific set of goals.
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Orientation
• Establish your subject's CONSTANT of behavior.
• Engage the subject in dialogue.
Narration-
• Elicit an un-interrupted complete statement from the subject.
Use open-ended questions. Don’t interrupt the subject.
“Tell” – “Show” – “Explain” – “Describe”
• Make a fair, unbiased assessment of the accuracy of the
statement.
• Watch for CONSISTENT CHANGES at specific issues
• Look for CONTRADICTION symptoms
• Analyze credibility based CLUSTERS
Cross-Examination
• Follow up on incomplete answers.
• Target CONTRADICTION behavior points.
• Target CLUSTERS suggesting deception.
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Resolution (Corroboration)
• Recognize & respond to Acceptance behaviors.
• Allow the subject to confirm their actions.
• Confirmation & documentation of case elements.
• Solicit a legal admission or confession.
You've got to get good NARRATION if you are going to make a good
CROSS-EXAMINATION and ultimately RESOLUTION.
It takes just 3 steps to get a subject to give you the details you need
to make the case.
Check out my new 3-hour on line training course that covers the
narrative style interview method.
Visit InfinityOnLineLearning.com
to register for the course
How to Conduct Effective Interviews:
Track & Recover Information from Any Subject
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CHAPTER # 4: Verbal Behaviors
Analysis of Verbal Cues:
VOICE QUALITY -
Changes in voice quality are NOT a sign of deception.
==> Pitch Changes:
*Up - Most consistent with frustration, anger & excitement
*Down - Most consistent with isolation, depression.
==> Volume Changes:
*Louder - Most consistent with excitement, anger.
*Softer - Most consistent with depression, disinterest.
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==> Rate of Speech:
*Faster - Most consistent with fear, excitement.
Previously developed line of thought.
*Slower - Most consistent with sadness and disinterest.
More cautious, thoughtful response.
LINE OF THOUGHT –
==> Speech Dysfunction:
Sign of increased stress
NOT a sign of deception
Examples include:
Ah, err, um & uh, stuttering, stammering, laughing, and
pausing.
==> Cognitive Dissonance:
Result of confused line of thought or "brain noise"
*High probability of deception.
Examples include:
Slurring, repetition of thought, incomplete sentences, halting
speech, clipping words, omission of words, sentence editing.
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CHAPTER # 5: Non-Verbal Behaviors
Non-Verbal Cues – Body Language
Errors in the analysis of spotting deception are most frequently made
when diagnosing body language. There is a VERY high rate of error
in spotting deception by watching body language – at minimum the
error rate is 40%. There are certainly a lot of body language
responses that your subject can generate during their conversations
with the interviewer. The largest portions of those nonverbal cues are
associated with the changing levels of stress that our subject may be
experiencing, however we must remember, a sign of stress does not
always equate with deception. Most of the cues associated with body
language deception are based on myth, folklore or unsubstantiated
and even scientifically refuted observations.
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The two most common and frequently observed body language signs
of deception fall into two categories:
“Negation” and “Aversion.”
REMEMBER: "Sometimes a scratch is just a scratch." These
behaviors do NOT indicate deception 100% of the time. When they
happen it’s a little more likely someone is being deceptive.
NEGATION
Watch for any covering, blocking, or obstructing of the eyes, nose,
mouth & ears and too-long head shaking protests. (Remember: High
error rate!)
• Eyes - covering or blocking the eyes with hands or objects.
• Nose - extremely stress sensitive area. Watch for pinching,
pulling, scratching, rubbing, pulling, and even picking of the
nose. (If it is allergy season then all bets are off. Don't forget to
establish you baseline first!) Sigmund Freud documented these
same behaviors over 100 years ago.
• Mouth - Look for obstructions of the mouth. The most common
includes covering the mouth with the hands. It may also include
putting all kinds of objects in the mouth (fingers, pens, pencils,
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suckers, cigarettes, mustaches, ear pieces to eyeglasses, etc).
There may be chewing on the lips, pursing of the lips, or even
chewing or biting of the tongue.
Remember the behaviors must be TIMELY and part of a CLUSTER.
• Ears - Subjects make rub, pull, cover or digging in the ears as
part of your deception cluster.
AVERSION -
Any major or aggressive movement of the body away from the
interviewer. (Don't forget TIMELINESS & CLUSTERS!) Think of
Aversion behavior is a “dislike” reaction.
• Head - The head may turn away from the interviewer.
• Torso - Watch for the torso to twist or turn away. It may also
lean back or away.
• Shoulders - Twisting or turning away from the interviewer.
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MYTHS:
• Breaks in eye contact are NOT a sign of deception.
• Eye tracking or eye movement right or left is NOT a sign
deception. (Overwhelmingly disproved in numerous
empirical studies.)
• Extensive fidgeting or squirming is NOT a sign of deception.
• Sweating is NOT a sign of deception.
• Arm crossing is NOT a sign of deception.
• Leg crossing is NOT a sign of deception.
How your agency can participate in quality training.
How to host Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®
Bring the Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®
program to your agency.
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CHAPTER # 6: Ethical Interrogation Methods
The Tactical Interrogation Phase is based on three primary elements:
* The subject's personality type.
* The subject's behavior responses.
* Their unique thinking process.
Denial, Bargaining and Acceptance. Chapter # 2 for a refresher on
those behaviors and your most effective response.
To incorporate the subject's personality type, thinking process and
interrogation strategy we used an easy to remember three-step
system -
P.A.S. You'll remember that PAS stands for "PROBLEM",
"AGITATION" and "SOLUTION."
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Here's how we going to employ P.A.S. with each personality type:
EMOTION DOMINANT - "The Feeler"
• Problem - Present the problem one small piece at a time (Like a
jigsaw puzzle) and let it "develop" or "gel" in their mind.
• Agitation - Agitate this subject emotionally. Highlight issues
such as fear, disappointment, confusion, upset, angry, etc.
• Solution - Their best option is avoiding being victimized by the
system and bad intentions of others. They need to feel some
sense of control over what may eventually happen. These
subjects are looking for stability.
LOGIC DOMINANT - "Inactive" Personality
• Problem - Present the problem in the form of a long
mathematical equation that links them to the case or issue.
• Agitation - This person is agitated when they are entrapped by
the "logical" connections that link them to the case. Emphasize
each small specific link.
Remember - It's not the “evidence,” it's the logical argument.
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• Solution - Their best option is to acknowledge the logical proof
and make the obvious correct decision.
SENSORY DOMINANT - "Active" Personality
• Problem - Present your argument is a pragmatic, tangible form.
They respond better to realities.
• Agitation - They are agitated when they are unable to get you to
dismiss or disregard realities. Stand your ground. Your subject
will not like the loss of "control."
• Solution - They best option is how to deal with this problem and
get it behind them. This is a nuisance right now but they'll
survive and get past it so they can get back into "control."
EGO DOMINANT - "Unique" Personality
• Problem - Present the fact that they are part of the issue or
case and that everyone else sees them as being connected.
• Agitation - Keep them agitated by focusing on issues that make
it look like they are involved. You need them to "explain" to
everyone what it all really means, their interpretation and the
real explanation. They like to blame everyone else!
• Solution - You are not working to get them to confess. You only
have a 10% or less chance of a confession. You want
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everyone around them to see how they have been used,
mislead and victimized by the subject. Feed their ego and
paranoid depression.
Why are people victims deception? What are the lie signs?
To find out get
The Truth About Lying:
How to Spot a Lie & Protect Yourself from Deception.
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CHAPTER # 7: Submission Behaviors
SUBMISSION SIGNALS:
We may get very good at spotting deception in our subject's
behaviors. We can get pretty good at making the appropriate
reaction to each of their stress responses and employing our P.A.S.
interrogation formula. What is of extreme importance is recognizing
when the subject is ready to acknowledge reality -
ACCEPTANCE. When we have done our job of successfully
“unraveling” or “disrupting” our subject's deception logic, he or she
will move to ACCEPTANCE. There are some common verbal and
non-verbal cues that will tell us that our subject has arrived at that
moment of compliance and disclosure.
Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®:
A Basic Guide
©2013 by Stan B. Walters All Rights Reserved For Individual Use Only.
Not licensed for public presentation or multiple reproduction. www.TheLieGuy.com
Page 33
VERBAL CUES:
Punishment Statements
• “What could happen to somebody who did something like this?”
• “How many years does this bring?”
• “Will I go to jail tonight?”
• “Could lose my job?”
• “Could I go to therapy?”
• “Will my wife (boss, father, mother, coach, husband, the
newspaper, etc) hear about this?”
Third Person Statement • “I didn't do it but I'll tell you I did just to get this over with.”
• “Do you want me to confess to something I didn't do?”
• “I'll tell you I did it just to make you happy.”
Debt Service
• “I didn't do it but I'll pay it back.”
• “What if I apologized?”
• “I'll pay for the damage.”
• “I'll be glad to pay the medical bills.”
Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®:
A Basic Guide
©2013 by Stan B. Walters All Rights Reserved For Individual Use Only.
Not licensed for public presentation or multiple reproduction. www.TheLieGuy.com
Page 34
NONVERBAL CUES
• Rubbing the point of the chin.
• "Spirit release."
• Supplication (Palms turning upward & outward toward
interviewer)
• Body Flowers Open
• Body Cascade (Head forward and down, shoulders roll forward)
• Rubbing the lips together slowly, as if searching for the right
words.
• Overall submission posture
REMEMBER:
Your response:
• Stop talking
• Start listening
• Show acceptance in your reaction
• Lower your voice & energy level
• Give them a way out. They are trying to preserve their self-
esteem.
Practical Kinesic Interview & Interrogation®:
A Basic Guide
©2013 by Stan B. Walters All Rights Reserved For Individual Use Only.
Not licensed for public presentation or multiple reproduction. www.TheLieGuy.com
Page 35
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