StakeNet: Using Social Networks to Analyse the … · ’&* " EF: ;%/#8 (3+ 6"(".&00+.(+6 ’*&>...

StakeNet: Using Social Networks to Analyse theStakeholders of Large-Scale Software Projects

Soo Ling Lim!

Dept. of Computer ScienceUniversity College London

United [email protected]

Daniele QuerciaMIT SENSEable City Lab

CambridgeUSA

[email protected]

Anthony FinkelsteinDept. of Computer ScienceUniversity College London

United [email protected]

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

Categories and Subject DescriptorsI:J:H K!"#$%&'( )*+,*((',*+LD M+?2/*+>+#(%NB,+./9."(/&#%

General TermsI+%/8#< O=,+*/>+#("(/&#

Keywords%("5+3&06+* "#"0$%/%< %&./"0 #+()&*5%< *+.&>>+#6+* %$%(+>%

1. INTRODUCTIONB("5+3&06+* "#"0$%/% /% (3+ ,*&.+%% &' /6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+7

3&06+*% P /#6/4/62"0% &* 8*&2,% (3"( ."# /#@2+#.+< &* 1+ /#7@2+#.+6 1$ " %&'()"*+ ,*&-+.( P "#6 ,*/&*/(/%/#8 (3+> 1"%+6

!Q0%& )/(3 (3+ ;#/4+*%/($ &' C+) B&2(3 R"0+% "#6 CSTAQ:

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work forpersonal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies arenot made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copiesbear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, torepublish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specificpermission and/or a fee.ICSE ’10, May 2-8 2010, Cape Town, South AfricaCopyright 2010 ACM 978-1-60558-719-6/10/05 ...$10.00.

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DaveCarl

Alice

5 (1) 4 (2)

2 (4)

1 (5)

5 (1)

Bob

7,+8'( A/ L *($%"'9 "# 5$&9(2"?C('56

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297

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1. Estates

2. Students

3. Library

Alice

1. Dave2. Carl

Bob

PrioritisedStakeholder Roles

PrioritisedStakeholders

Raw List from PageRank

1. Alice (Estates)2. Dave (Students)3. Bob (Library)4. Carl (Students)

StakeNet’s Output

7,+8'( G/ !$&9(:($;5 "8$-8$ 85,*+ !"#$%"&'6

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5. EVALUATIONA3+ 8&"0 &' B("5+C+( /% (& /6+#(/'$ "#6 ,*/&*/(/%+ %("5+7

3&06+*% "#6 (3+/* *&0+%: \2* *+%+"*.3 ?2+%(/&#% "%5 3&) )+00B("5+C+( /6+#(/9+% "#6 ,*/&*/(/%+% %("5+3&06+*% "#6 (3+/**&0+%< )3+(3+* (3+ .&>1/#"(/&# &' %&./"0 #+()&*5 >+"%2*+%,*&62.+ 1+((+* ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#< )3+(3+* 6/]+*+#( >+(3&6% '&*.&00+.(/#8 *+.&>>+#6"(/&#% "]+.( (3+ *+%20(%< 3&) )+00 B("57+C+( ,+*'&*>% "8"/#%( /#6/4/62"0 %("5+3&06+*%< "#6 )3+(3+*%("5+3&06+*% "*+ >&(/4"(+6 (& >"5+ *+.&>>+#6"(/&#%:A& +4"02"(+ B("5+C+(< )+ ",,0$ /( (& (3+ MQVST ,*&-+.(

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5.1 Applying StakeNet to RALICR+ ",,0/+6 B("5+C+(^% %/= %(+,% (& (3+ MQVST ,*&-+.(

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%2*4+$ (& .&00+.( (3+/* *+.&>>+#6"(/&#% %+,"*"(+0$: O".3%+%%/&# (&&5 "# 3&2* &# "4+*"8+< %("*(/#8 )/(3 (3+ %2*4+$"#6 +#6/#8 )/(3 " %+>/7%(*2.(2*+6 /#(+*4/+) )3+*+ )+ "%5(3+> '&* "#$ *+0+4"#( .&#(+=(2"0 /#'&*>"(/&# (3"( ."# %2,7,&*( &2* "#"0$%/%< %2.3 "% "# "..&2#( &' (3+/* ,*&-+.( +#78"8+>+#(< (3+ *"(/&#"0+ 1+3/#6 (3+/* *+.&>>+#6"(/&#%< "#6(3+/* .&#96+#.+ /# (3+/* *+.&>>+#6"(/&#%:A& %("*( &] (3+ %2*4+$< )+ 8"4+ (3+ *+%,&#6+#(% " .&4+*

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298

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7,+8'( K/ )T4('-$5 "# 5$&9(2"?C(' C($&,?5D Q-(*OD@?"5(COD &*C ,*C,U,C8&? -',"',$,5&$,"*56

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R+ .&00+.(+6 (3+/* *+.&>>+#6"(/&#% 2%/#8 ?2+%(/&##"/*+%(3"( .&#%/%( &' W ,"*(%& bU/82*+ WcD

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299

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5.3.1 Identifying Stakeholder RolesW($2"C6 R+ .&>,"*+ (3+ %("5+3&06+* *&0+% *+(2*#+6 1$

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MQVST^% %2..+%%: Q..&*6/#8 (& (3+ ,&%( />,0+>+#("(/&# *+7,&*(< `/( )"% +%("10/%3+6 (3"( (3+*+ )+*+ %&>+ [e<FFF l+=(+*7#"0^ 0/1*"*$ >+>1+*% )3& )&206 .&#%+?2+#(0$ *+?2/*+ #+)."*6% /' (3+ +=/%(/#8 V/1*"*$ "..+%% .&#(*&0 %$%(+> )+*+ (&1+ 6+7.&>>/%%/&#+6: A3+ f&"*6 6+./6+6 (3"( (3/% &1-+.(/4+%3&206 1+ *+>&4+6 '*&> (3+ j*&-+.( %.&,+ "% (3+ "%%&./"(+6.&%(% "#6 .&>,0/."(/&#% &' /%%2/#8 %2.3 " 3/83 #2>1+* &'."*6% (& #&# ;TV >+>1+*% '"* &2()+/83+6 (3+ 1+#+9(%:ag"6 B("5+C+( 1++# 2%+6< (3+ ,*&-+.( (+"> )&206 #&( #++6(& )"/( (/00 (3+ +#6 (& 9#6 (3"( (3+$ 3"4+ &4+*0&&5+6 +=(+*7#"0 0/1*"*$ 2%+*% "#6 ."2%+6 (3+ 0/1*"*$ (& %("$ )/(3 (3+ &06"..+%% .&#(*&0 %$%(+>:

5.3.2 Prioritising Stakeholder RolesW($2"C6 R+ .&>,"*+ &#0$ (3+ B("5+C+( 0/%(% "8"/#%(

(3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3< 12( #&( (3+ +=/%(/#8 >+(3&6 0/%(< "% /( /%2#,*/&*/(/%+6: A3+ "..2*".$ &' %("5+3&06+* *&0+ ,*/&*/(/%"7(/&# /% (3+ %/>/0"*/($ 1+()++# (3+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&# &' (3+ /6+#7(/9+6 %("5+3&06+* *&0+% "#6 (3+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&# /# (3+ 8*&2#6(*2(3: R+ 2%+ j+"*%&#^% .&**+0"(/&# .&+i./+#(< 5< (& 6+7(+*>/#+ (3+ %/>/0"*/($ K[FLD 5 *"#8+% '*&> &[ (& m[< &[>+"#% (3+ ()& 0/%(% "*+ #+8"(/4+0$ .&**+0"(+6< F >+"#% #&.&**+0"(/&#< "#6 m[ >+"#% ,&%/(/4+0$ .&**+0"(+6: Q ,&%/(/4+5 >+"#% (3"( 3/83 ,*/&*/(/+% /# (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3 0/%( "*+"%%&./"(+6 )/(3 3/83 ,*/&*/(/+% /# (3+ 0/%( &' /6+#(/9+6 %("5+73&06+*%: A3+ .0&%+* (3+ 4"02+% "*+ (& &[ &* m[< (3+ %(*&#8+*(3+ .&**+0"(/&#: A& .&>,2(+ 5< )+ #++6 0/%(% &' (3+ %">+%/k+: A3+*+'&*+< )+ ("5+ (3+ /#(+*%+.(/&# 1+()++# (3+ 0/%(%:

=&>?( M/ N',"',$,5,*+ !$&9(2"?C(' O"?(56%0-8.% 9$$8.0$:

Y%2(%%33%66 V<:RLP1#6%3%66 V<NHRU=4%F=3* V<:9NJ%4)%% V<NRN

M3D.%4)%% V<NLIZ,2D.%4)%% V<NHL

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b>+"%2*/#8 (3+ .&**+0"(/&#1+()++# (3+ 0/%(% ,*&62.+6 1$ 0'=-'' "#6 ;',6''44'++ 8/4+%2% 5 n F6HE[c< " .&>>&# '+"(2*+ /# %&./"0 #+()&*5% K[EL:A)& B("5+C+( '+"(2*+% /#@2+#.+ (3+ "..2*".$ &' ,*/&*/(/7

%"(/&#: U/*%(< B("5+C+( ,*/&*/(/%+% %("5+3&06+* *&0+% 1"%+6 &#(3+ 3/83+%( *"#5 &' (3+ %("5+3&06+*% )/(3 (3"( *&0+< )3/.3,*&62.+% /#"..2*"(+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&# )3+# " %("5+3&06+* 3"%>&*+ (3"# &#+ *&0+: U&* +=">,0+< " %("5+3&06+* )/(3 ()&*&0+% *+.+/4+% " *+.&>>+#6"(/&# +4+*$ (/>+ +/(3+* *&0+ /%*+.&>>+#6+6: g+#.+< 1&(3 *&0+% *+.+/4+ 3/83+* ,*/&*/(/%"7(/&# (3"# /' 6/]+*+#( %("5+3&06+*% ,0"$ (3+ ()& *&0+%: B+.&#6<(3+ +=,"#%/&# &' *&0+ *+.&>>+#6"(/&#% /#(& +=/%(/#8 %("5+73&06+*% )/(3 (3+ %">+ *&0+ "0%& "]+.(% (3+ "..2*".$ 1+."2%+*+%,&#6+#(% )3& *+.&>>+#6 *&0+% ",,+"* (& >"5+ >"#$*+.&>>+#6"(/&#%: U&* +=">,0+< (3+ #+) 6"(" ,*&(+.(/&#&i.+* )"% *"#5+6 9*%( 1$ <.,*0'=-'' "% 3+ )"% 2#'">/0/"*)/(3 ".(2"0 %("5+3&06+*% "#6 %288+%(+6 >"#$ *&0+%:

5.3.3 Combining MeasuresW($2"C6 R+ ,+*'&*> ()& ,*+0/>/#"*$ %(26/+% (& .&>1/#+

6/]+*+#( >+"%2*+%: U/*%(< )+ ,*+6/.( (3+ %2/("10+ >+"%2*+ '&*+".3 %("5+3&06+* *&0+: O".3 *&0+ 3"% ()& f&&0+"# "((*/12(+%8"(3+*+6 '*&> /#(+*4/+)%D !"#$%&'!()&* "#6 !"#$%++,&!*-:!"#$%&'!()&* /#6/."(+% )3+(3+* (3+ %("5+3&06+* +=,*+%%+% "0".5 &' .&#96+#.+ /# 3/% &* 3+* *+.&>>+#6"(/&#%: !"#$%++,.&!*- /#6/."(+% )3+(3+* (3+ %("5+3&06+* 1+0&#8% (& "#$ .0/?2+%)/(3/# (3+ &*8"#/%"(/&#< "% %("5+3&06+*% /# .0/?2+% >"$ *+.7&>>+#6 &#+ "#&(3+* >&*+ '*+?2+#(0$ "#6 %5+) (3+ *+%20(%:R+ (*"/# " TW:Y bpWHc 6+./%/&# (*++ .0"%%/9+* KJJL (& 9#6 (3+>+"%2*+ (3"( ,*&62.+% (3+ .0&%+%( *+%20( (& (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3'&* +".3 %("5+3&06+* *&0+ '*&> (3+ (3*++ >&%( "..2*"(+ "#66/4+*%+ >+"%2*+%D ;',6''44'++< )4*0'=-''< "#6 D7='!742:B+.&#6< )+ ,*+6/.( (3+ %("5+3&06+* *&0+^% ".(2"0 *"#5 /#

(3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3: O".3 *&0+ #&) 3"% 94+ "((*/12(+%D !"#$%&.'!()&* "#6 !"#$%++,&!*- "% 1+'&*+< /0"#*,1&%2)1< 3)*4))&.&)""< "#6 506)10&7: /0"#*,1&%2)1 /% " f&&0+"# /#6/."(/#8)3+(3+* %("i#8 .3"#8+% &..2**+6 ">&#8 (3+ %("5+3&06+*% &'(3"( *&0+: 3)*4))&&)"" "#6 506)10&7 "*+ (3+ *"#5% &' (3+%("5+3&06+* *&0+ ,*&62.+6 1$ ;',6''44'++ "#6 D7='!742:R+ 2%+ (3+%+ >+"%2*+% "% (3+$ "*+ (3+ >&%( "..2*"(+ >+"7%2*+%: R+ (*"/# " h"2%%/"# j*&.+%% .0"%%/9+* KJJL (& ,*+6/.(+".3 %("5+3&06+* *&0+^% ".(2"0 *"#5:O(58?$56 M+%20(% '*&> [F7'&06 .*&%%74"0/6"(/&# KJJL %3&)

(3"( 1&(3 .0"%%/9+*% ,*&62.+ >&*+ "..2*"(+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#

301

is_confident

TRUEFALSE

In-degree

BetweennessPageRank

TRUEFALSE

is_community

7,+8'( </ 0(4,5,"* $'(( 4?&55,H('6

=&>?( </ PC(*$,#E,*+ &*C N',"',$,5,*+ !$&9(2"?C('56%'3"5;6%0-8.% /%$044 9$$8.0$:

TG-62-34 0%2'#. V<BNL X[>Y%2(%%33%66 V<WHV V<L9:P1#6%3%66 V<WV: V<LNBU=4%F=3* V<RN: V<::RJ%4)%% V<WV: V<NBW

M3D.%4)%% V<WV: V<NLWZ,2D.%4)%% V<WV: V<LNL

(3"# (3+ >&%( "..2*"(+ /#6/4/62"0 >+"%2*+ b;',6''44'++ )/(35 n F6eHYc: A3+ 6+./%/&# (*++ .0"%%/9+* 3"% "# "..2*".$ &'5 n F6H[J< "#6 (3+ h"2%%/"# j*&.+%% .0"%%/9+* 3"% " 3/83+*"..2*".$ &' 5 n F6HWG: U/82*+ G %3&)% (3+ 0+"*#+6 6+./%/&#(*++: R+ 0+"*# (3"( ;',6''44'++ "4&/6% %("5+3&06+* .&>7>2#/(/+% )3& 3/830$ %288+%( &#+ "#&(3+* '*&> 8"/#/#8 6/%7,*&,&*(/&#"0 /#@2+#.+< D7='!742 "4&/6% %"0/+#( %("5+3&067+*% *+.&>>+#6+6 &#0$ 1$ " '+) %"0/+#( %("5+3&06+*% '*&>0&%/#8 /#@2+#.+< "#6 )4*0'=-'' "4&/6% %"0/+#( %("5+3&06+*%'*&> 1+/#8 ,+#"0/%+6 '&* (3+/* "#%)+*%: C+4+*(3+0+%%< &(3+*"((*/12(+% >"$ 1+ >&*+ ",,*&,*/"(+ '&* &(3+* ,*&-+.(% "#6&*8"#/%"(/&#%:

5.3.4 Identifying and Prioritising StakeholdersW($2"C6 R+ .&>,"*+ (3+ 0/%(% &' %("5+3&06+*% *+(2*#+6

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bJc /# B+.7(/&# Y:E:[< )/(3 G "% (3+ %+( &' /6+#(/9+6 %("5+3&06+*% 1$B("5+C+( &* (3+ +=/%(/#8 >+(3&6< "#6 H-<.40I-.,1 "% (3+%+( &' %("5+3&06+*% /# (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3:U&* %("5+3&06+* *&0+% )/(3 >&*+ (3"# &#+ %("5+3&06+*< )+

"0%& ,*/&*/(/%+ (3+ %("5+3&06+*% "..&*6/#8 (& (3+/* %2/("1/0/($(& *+,*+%+#( (3+ *&0+: A3+ "..2*".$ &' %("5+3&06+* ,*/&*/(/7%"(/&# /% (3+ %/>/0"*/($ 1+()++# (3+ &*6+*/#8 &' (3+ /6+#(/9+6%("5+3&06+* "#6 (3+/* ".(2"0 &*6+*/#8 /# (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3:R+ 2%+ j+"*%&#^% .&**+0"(/&# .&+i./+#( &# (3+ %("5+3&06+*0/%( '&* +".3 %("5+3&06+* *&0+: A3+ (&("0 "..2*".$ /% (3+ "4+*7"8+ "..2*".$ '&* "00 %2.3 *&0+%: Q8"/#< )+ >+"%2*+ &#0$ (3+B("5+C+( 0/%(% "% (3+ +=/%(/#8 >+(3&6 0/%( /% 2#,*/&*/(/%+6:O(58?$56 B("5+C+( /6+#(/9+% %("5+3&06+*% )/(3 3/83 *+7

."00: ?',6''44'++ 3"% (3+ 3/83+%( *+."00 /# /6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+73&06+*%< WYX >&*+ (3"# (3+ +=/%(/#8 >+(3&6 bA"10+ Gc: S#0/#+ )/(3 (3+ 0/(+*"(2*+< (3+%+ >+"%2*+% ,*/&*/(/%+ %("5+3&067

=&>?( X/ Q-(*O U56 @?"5(CO7.1 Identifying Stakeholder Roles

Precision RecallOpenR 0.903 0.903

ClosedR 0.949 0.597

7.2 Prioritising Stakeholder Roles (Accuracy)btw close pgrank deg in-deg out-deg

OpenR 0.785 0.628 0.716 0.686 0.653 0.625ClosedR 0.712 0.467 0.767 0.802 0.786 0.713

7.3 Identifying Stakeholders (Recall)btw close pgrank deg in-deg out-deg

OpenR 0.920 0.907 0.867 0.907 0.907 0.907ClosedR 0.823 0.839 0.806 0.855 0.806 0.855

7.4 Prioritising Stakeholders (Accuracy)btw close pgrank deg in-deg out-deg

OpenR 0.517 0.564 0.778 0.649 0.659 0.565ClosedR 0.427 0.278 0.910 0.956 0.918 0.366

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

*"(+0$: D7='!742 3"% (3+ 3/83+%( "..2*".$ &' eHX bA"10+ Gc:B("5+C+( ,*&62.+% 3/83 "..2*".$ /# ,*/&*/(/%/#8 %("5+3&067+*% "% /( ,*/&*/(/%+% (3+> 1"%+6 &# (3+/* *+0"(/&#% )/(3 &(3+*%("5+3&06+*% *"(3+* (3"# (3+/* '&*>"0 ,&%/(/&#%: p2%( '*&>0&&5/#8 "( (3+ &*8"#/%"(/&#"0 .3"*( '&* B+.2*/($ B+*4/.+%< &#+>"$ "%%2>+ (3"( (3+ g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f+%/6+% 5#&)/#8 )3& (3+ %2/("10+ %("5+3&06+*% "*+< /( /%

"0%& 2%+'20 (& 5#&) "1&2( ,&(+#(/"0 ,*&10+>% )/(3 " %("5+73&06+*^% /#4&04+>+#(: S#%,/*+6 '*&> (3+ %&./"0 #+()&*5 0/(+*7"(2*+ K[EL< )+ 9#6 (3"( .&>,"*/%&#% 1+()++# 6/]+*+#( >+"7%2*+% (3"( "*+ %(*&#80$ .&**+0"(+6 *+4+"0 ()& %2.3 ,*&10+>%:U/*%(< %("5+3&06+*% )3& 3"4+ " 3/83 *"#5 /# 0'=-'' 12( 0&)*"#5 /# ;',6''44'++ (+#6 (& 3"4+ 3/83 /#@2+#.+ 12( 0&) /#74&04+>+#(: Q# +=">,0+ /% (3+ g+"6 &' B+.2*/($ B+*4/.+% P>"#$ %+.2*/($ *+0"(+6 /%%2+% 6/%.2%%+6 /# >++(/#8% *+?2/*+63/% /#,2( 12( 3+ )"% "1%+#(: B+.&#6< %("5+3&06+*% )3& 3"4+" 3/83 *"#5 /# ;',6''44'++ 12( 0&) *"#5 /# /3<+'4'++ "*+%"0/+#( %("5+3&06+*% )3& "*+ &'(+# &2( &' (3+ 0&&,:

5.3.5 OpenR vs. ClosedRW($2"C6 R+ .&>,"*+ (3+ 0/%(% ,*&62.+6 '*&> \,+#M

"8"/#%( (3+ 0/%(% ,*&62.+6 '*&> T0&%+6M< 2%/#8 ,*+./%/&#<*+."00< "#6 "..2*".$ "% 1+'&*+:O(58?$56 S# /6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+3&06+*% "#6 (3+/* *&0+%< T0&%+6M

302

3"% 0+%% *+."00 (3"# \,+#M< EFX 0+%% *+."00 /# /6+#(/'$/#8*&0+%< "#6 "# "4+*"8+ &' HX 0+%% *+."00 /# /6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+73&06+*% bA"10+ ec: T3+.50/%(% 0/>/( (3+ 6/%.&4+*$ &' ,*&-+.(7%,+./9. %("5+3&06+* *&0+% "% (3+$ .&#%(*"/# %2*4+$ &2(.&>+%"*&2#6 (3+ 8/4+# &,(/&#%: Q0(3&283 *+%,&#6+#(% )+*+ +#7.&2*"8+6 (& *+.&>>+#6 %("5+3&06+*% #&( /# (3+ .3+.50/%(<&#0$ EWX &' (3+> 6/6 %&< )/(3 "# "4+*"8+ &' 0+%% (3"# (3*++*+.&>>+#6"(/&#% +".3: Q% '+)+* #+) %288+%(/&#% *+62.+(3+ 0/5+0/3&&6 &' +**&*< T0&%+6M 3"% YX >&*+ ,*+./%/&# (3"#\,+#M /# /6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+3&06+* *&0+%:S# ,*/&*/(/%/#8 %("5+3&06+*% "#6 (3+/* *&0+%< >+"%2*+% (3"(

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

5.3.6 StakeNet vs. Individual StakeholdersW($2"C6 R+ .&>,"*+ (3+ /#6/4/62"0 ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#% ,*&7

4/6+6 1$ +".3 %("5+3&06+* "8"/#%( (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3< /# (+*>%&' "..2*".$ "% /# B+.(/&# Y:E:J: Q% 1+'&*+< )+ ("5+ (3+ /#(+*7%+.(/&# 1+()++# (3+ 0/%(% (& ,*&62.+ 0/%(% &' (3+ %">+ %/k+:O(58?$56 j*/&*/(/%"(/&#% 1$ /#6/4/62"0 %("5+3&06+*% "*+

0+%% "..2*"(+ .&>,"*+6 (& (3+ .&00+.(/4+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&# 1$B("5+C+(: A3+ Ye /#6/4/62"0 ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#% 3"4+ "# "4+*7"8+ "..2*".$ &' 5 n F6EGF< 0+%% (3"# 3"0' .&>,"*+6 (& B("57+C+(^% >&%( "..2*"(+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&# '*&> ;',6''44'++ /'4*,-73),> b5 n F6eHYc: !"#"8+*% 3"4+ (3+ 3/83+%( "..2*".$b5 n F6Y[Wc< '&00&)+6 1$ 6/*+.(&*% b5 n F6WFWc< 6+4+0&,7+*% b5 n F6E[ec< 2%+*% b5 n F6JWFc< "#6 (3+# 0+8/%0"(&*%b5 n F6[GEc: A3+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#% "*+ 1/"%+6 1$ 0&."0 ,+*%,+.7(/4+: I+4+0&,+*% (+#6 (& ,*/&*/(/%+ (3+/* />>+6/"(+ >"#"8+*%"#6 &(3+* 6+4+0&,+*%d >"#"8+*% ,*/&*/(/%+ &(3+* >"#"8+*%:

5.3.7 Survey ResponseW($2"C6 R+ ."0.20"(+ (3+ *+%,&#%+ *"(+ &' &2* %2*4+$ "%

(3+ #2>1+* &' %("5+3&06+*% )3& *+%,&#6+6< &4+* (3+ (&("0#2>1+* &' %("5+3&06+*% )+ .&#(".(+6< +=,*+%%+6 "% " ,+*7.+#("8+: R+ "0%& 0&&5 "( (3+ ,*+./%/&# "#6 *+."00 &' %("5+73&06+* *&0+% "% (3+ %#&)1"00 ,*&8*+%%+%< (& 5#&) (3+ ?2"0/($&' (3+ /6+#(/9+6 *&0+% 3"6 )+ %2*4+$+6 '+)+* %("5+3&06+*%:O(58?$56 B("5+3&06+*% )+*+ >&(/4"(+6 (& *+.&>>+#6

&(3+* %("5+3&06+*%: \2* %2*4+$ *+%,&#%+ *"(+ )"% H[X< )3/.3/% EFX 3/83+* (3"# (3+ )+/83(+6 "4+*"8+ *+%,&#%+ *"(+ )/(37&2( *+8"*6 (& (+.3#/?2+! KJWL: A3&%+ )3& 6/6 #&( *+%,&#6(& &2* +>"/0 *+?2+%( )+*+ >&%(0$ ")"$< #&( %("5+3&06+*%< &*3"4+ 0&) %"0/+#.+:I2*/#8 &2* %2*4+$< (3+ *+."00 /#.*+"%+% ?2/.50$ "( (3+ %("*(

"#6 (3+# %("1/0/%+%< "#6 (3+ ,*+./%/&# 0&)+*% .&#%/%(+#(0$(3*&283&2( bU/82*+ ec: Q% (3+ %#&)1"00 ,*&8*+%%+% (&)"*6%(3+ 1&2#6"*$ &' (3+ #+()&*5< '+)+* "66/(/&#"0 %("5+3&06+**&0+% "*+ /6+#(/9+6 /# +".3 *&2#6 &' /#(+*4/+)%: B("5+C+((+*>/#"(+% "'(+* M&2#6 W &' %2*4+$%< "% #& #+) %("5+3&06+**&0+% "*+ /6+#(/9+6: Q'(+* M&2#6 W< #+) %("5+3&06+* *&0+%

!S# (3+ %(26$ 1$ q2 "#6 T&&,+*< (3+ %">,0+ %/k+% '&* WZe*+%,&#%+ *"(+% '*&> 4"*/&2% %2*4+$ >+(3&6% b+:8:< >"/0 %2*74+$%< (+0+,3&#+ %2*4+$%< ,+*%&#"0 /#(+*4/+)%c 4"*/+6 '*&> [J(& [W<eHY: Q% %2.3< (3+ *+%,&#%+ *"(+ "4+*"8+% "*+ )+/83(+61$ (3+ #2>1+* &' .&#(".(% 2#6+*0$/#8 (3+ *+%,&#%+ *"(+:

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71

Number of stakeholders surveyed

Precision

Recall

Round 1: initial stakeholders Round 2 Round 3 Round 4

7,+8'( X/ N'(4,5,"* &*C '(4&?? &5 $2( 5*"%>&?? '"??56

."# %(/00 1+ /6+#(/9+6< 12( "( " %0&)+* *"(+: A3+ /#.*+"%+/# *+."00 "( (3+ +#6 )"% '*&> "# /#/(/"0 %("5+3&06+* )3& )"%2#"4"/0"10+ "( (3+ %("*( &' &2* %2*4+$: A3+ 8*",3 %3&)% (3"((3+*+ /% "0)"$% " (*"6+&] 1+()++# ,*+./%/&# "#6 *+."00:M+%,&#6+#(% /#4&04+6 /# %&'()"*+ ,*&-+.(% "*+ 5++# (& 2%+

B("5+C+( /# (3+/* )&*5: I2*/#8 (3+ %2*4+$< " %$%(+> %2,7,&*( "%5+6 +"8+*0$< `R/00 ;TV 2%+ B("5+C+(oa: g+ +=,0"/#+6(3"( >"#$ &' (3+ .3"#8+ *+?2+%(% 3+ *+.+/4+6 ."# 1+ "4&/6+6/' %("5+3&06+*% )+*+ /6+#(/9+6 /#/(/"00$: Q 6/*+.(&* *+.&>7>+#6+6 B("5+C+( (& 1+ 2%+6 /# 3/% 6/4/%/&#: g+ "66+6D`!"#"8+*% &'(+# (3/#5 /# (+*>% &' %$%(+>% "#6 &*8"#/%"7(/&#: R3+# )+ 3"4+ " '2#.(/&#< )+ &#0$ 0&&5 "( (3+ 0"$+* /#(3+ &*8"#/%"(/&# "]+.(+6 1$ (3+ '2#.(/&#: A3/% 0/>/(+6 4/+)&'(+# 8/4+% 2% ,*&10+>% /# (3+ 0&#8 *2#ra

6. THREATS TO VALIDITY\2* %(26$ /% 1"%+6 &# " %/#80+ ,*&-+.(< 3+#.+ (3+*+ >2%(

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

>+#6"(/&#% "#6 (3+ *+%20(%: B&>+ *+%,&#6+#(% 3"4+ " 6/'7'+*+#( 2#6+*%("#6/#8 &' %("5+3&06+*% 62+ (& >20(/,0+ +=/%(/#86+9#/(/&#% K[ZL< "#6 %&>+ 9#6 %"0/+#.+ "#6 *&0+ 6/i.20( (&8*"%,: U&* *&0+%< *+%,&#6+#(% )3& "*+ #&( ".(/4+0$ /#4&04+6/# (3+ ,*&-+.( ,2( (3+/* -&1 (/(0+% /#%(+"6 &' )3$ (3+$ "*+%("5+3&06+*%: U++61".5 '*&> *+%,&#6+#(% *+4+"0% (3"( (3+($,+% &' %("5+3&06+*% ,*&4/6+6 "% ,*&>,(% %3&206 3"4+ /#7.026+6 (3+ ."(+8&*/+%D (747='+ ,1' 0'5'3<:('4, <@ ,1' +>+*,'(< :-<5)0'+ )4:., ,< ,1' +>+,'(< "#6 (7)4,7)4+ ,1' +>+,'(:R+ .0+"# (3+ 6"(" ,*&4/6+6 1$ *+%,&#6+#(% /# ()& )"$%D

b[c >+*8+ %$#&#$>&2% %("5+3&06+* *&0+% b+:8:< *+%+"*.3 %(276+#(% "#6 j3I %(26+#(%c< bJc >+*8+ 6/]+*+#( #">+% *+'+*7*/#8 (& (3+ %">+ ,+*%&# b+:8:< C/.3&0"% /% %&>+(/>+% *+.&>7>+#6+6 "% C/. &* C/.5c: !"#2"0 >+*8/#8 &' *&0+% >"$ 1+/#.&#%/%(+#( "#6 %21-+.(/4+ b+:8:< &#+ >"$ .&#%/6+* *+%+"*.3%(26+#(% "#6 j3I %(26+#(% "% 6/]+*+#( *&0+%c< )3/.3 (3+# /#7@2+#.+% (3+ *+%20(% &' *&0+ ,*/&*/(/%"(/&#: U2(2*+ )&*5 %3&206

303

"/> '&* >&*+ &1-+.(/4+ "#6 /6+"00$ "2(&>"(+6 .0+"#/#8:S# B(+, J &' B("5+C+( )3+*+ )+ /6+#(/'$ /#/(/"0 %("5+3&067

+*%< &#+ ."# %"$ (3"( 5#&)0+68+ "1&2( (3+ %("5+3&06+*% b+:8:<'*&> (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3 &* (3+ ,*&-+.( 6&.2>+#("(/&#c "'7'+.(% (3+ 6+(+*>/#"(/&# &' (3+ /#/(/"0 %("5+3&06+*%< "#6 (3+?2"0/($ &' (3+ 9#"0 %+( &' %("5+3&06+*%: C+4+*(3+0+%%< &2*/#/(/"0 %+( /% .&#%(*2.(+6 ;'@<-' (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3: Q0%&< "%)+ 2%+ +%("10/%3+6 ",,*&".3+% (& /6+#(/'$ %("5+3&06+* *&0+%'*&> 5+$ %("5+3&06+* ."(+8&*/+% b2%+*%< 6+4+0&,+*%< 0+8/%0"7(&*%< "#6 6+./%/&#7>"5+*%c< &2* ",,*&".3 .&#4+*8+% "#6 /%*+0"(/4+0$ /#%+#%/(/4+ (& (3+ /#/(/"0 %+(:\#+ ."# %"$ (3"( (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3 /% 1/"%+6 /# &2* ,+*%,+.7

(/4+< (32% "]+.(/#8 (3+ *+%20(% &' &2* %(26$: C+4+*(3+0+%%<)+ "*82+ (3"( /( /% *+,*+%+#("(/4+ &' (3+ ".(2"0 %("5+3&06+*0/%( 1+."2%+ )+ 3"4+ (3+ 80&1"0 ,+*%,+.(/4+ '*&> *+4/+)/#8,*&-+.( 6&.2>+#("(/&#< &1%+*4/#8 (3+ %("5+3&06+*%^ +#8"8+7>+#( )/(3 (3+ ,*&-+.(< "#6 /#(+*4/+)/#8 (3+>: R+ "0%& 4"07/6"(+6 (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3 )/(3 >"#"8+>+#( 0+4+0 %("5+3&067+*%: B(/00< '2(2*+ )&*5 %3&206 .&#%/6+* "0(+*#"(/4+ )"$% &'.&#%(*2.(/#8 (3+ 8*&2#6 (*2(3 (& /#.*+"%+ /(% &1-+.(/4+#+%%:

7. CONCLUSIONB("5+C+( 2%+% %&./"0 #+()&*5% (& /6+#(/'$ "#6 ,*/&*/(/%+

%&'()"*+ ,*&-+.( %("5+3&06+*% "#6 (3+/* *&0+%: f$ ",,0$/#8B("5+C+( (& (3+ ;TV "..+%% .&#(*&0 ,*&-+.(< )+ 6+>&#%(*"(+(3"( B("5+C+( ,+*'&*>% 1+((+* (3"# (3+ +=/%(/#8 >+(3&62%+6 /# (3+ ,*&-+.(< )/(3 " 3/83+* ,*+./%/&# "#6 *+."00 /#/6+#(/'$/#8 %("5+3&06+*% "#6 (3+/* *&0+%: I/]+*+#( %&./"0 #+(7)&*5 >+"%2*+% ,*/&*/(/%+ 6/]+*+#( 5/#6% &' %("5+3&06+*%< "#6B("5+C+( &2(,+*'&*>% /#6/4/62"0 %("5+3&06+*%:B("5+C+( ,*/&*/(/%+% %("5+3&06+*% 1"%+6 &# (3+ %2> &' (3+/*

%"0/+#.+ &4+* (3+ ,*&-+.( 0/'+.$.0+: U2(2*+ )&*5 %3&206 .&#7%/6+* ,*/&*/(/%/#8 &4+* (/>+ (& "..&>>&6"(+ .3"#8/#8 %.&,+<%("5+3&06+*%< *&0+% "#6 %"0/+#.+d ,*/&*/(/%/#8 ".*&%% 6/]+*+#(/%%2+%< %2.3 "% '2#6/#8< 6+4+0&,>+#(< "#6 2%"8+d "#6 2%7/#8 >20(/76/>+#%/&#"0 %"0/+#.+< %2.3 "% ,&)+*< 0+8/(/>".$<"#6 2*8+#.$: R+ 3"4+ 6+4+0&,+6 " %&'()"*+ (&&0 (3"( />,0+7>+#(% B("5+C+(< )3/.3 /% #&) 2%+6 /# *+"0 %&'()"*+ ,*&-+.(%:g+#.+< &2* #+=( %(+, /% (& >+"%2*+ B("5+C+(^% ,+*'&*>"#.+/# ,*".(/.+: U/#"00$< )+ "*+ %(*&#80$ ,+*%2"6+6 (3"( '2*(3+*+>,/*/."0 %(26/+% &' %("5+3&06+*% "*+ ."00+6 '&*:S# " 1*&"6+* .&#(+=(< )+ ,*&,&%+ " #+) >+(3&6&0&8$ (3"(

%3/'(% (3+ +>,3"%/% '*&> %("5+3&06+* "#"0$%/% *2# 1$ " %>"00#2>1+* &' +=,+*(% (& " .&00"1&*"(/4+ ",,*&".3 /# )3/.3 "00%("5+3&06+*% 3"4+ " %"$:

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSR+ (3"#5 MQVST %("5+3&06+*% '&* (3+/* ,"*(/./,"(/&#< C+"0

V"(3/"< V/./" T",*"< O>>"#2+0 V+(/+*< O*/. j0"(&#< "#6Q#6$ !"20+ '&* (3+/* 6/%.2%%/&#% "#6 '++61".5< "#6 p+##/'+*4"# g++*6+ '&* 3+* %2*4+$ "64/.+:

9. REFERENCESK[L S: Q0+="#6+* "#6 B: M&1+*(%&#: ;#6+*%("#6/#8 ,*&-+.(

%&./&0&8$ 1$ >&6+0/#8 %("5+3&06+*%: $KKK &<@,67-'<J[b[cDJEPJe< JFFW:

KJL Q: V: f"*"1"%/ "#6 M: Q01+*(: O>+*8+#.+ &' %."0/#8 /#*"#6&> #+()&*5%: &/)'4/'< JHGbYWEZcDYFZ< [ZZZ:

KEL ;: f*"#6+%: Q '"%(+* "08&*/(3> '&* 1+()++##+%%.+#(*"0/($: L<.-473 <@ M7,1'(7,)/73 &</)<3<=><JYbJcD[GEP[ee< JFF[:

KWL ;: f*"#6+%: \# 4"*/"#(% &' %3&*(+%(7,"(3 1+()++##+%%.+#(*"0/($ "#6 (3+/* 8+#+*/. .&>,2("(/&#: &</)73F',6<-2+< EFbJcD[EGP[WY< JFFH:

KYL B: f*/# "#6 V: j"8+: A3+ "#"(&>$ &' " 0"*8+7%."0+3$,+*(+=(2"0 )+1 %+"*.3 +#8/#+: %<(:.,'- F',6<-2+740 $&NF &>+,'(+< EFb[7ecD[FeP[[e< [ZZH:

KGL Q: T&.512*#: O-),)4= KP'/,)5' Q+' %7+'+:Q66/%&#7R+%0+$< JFFJ:

KeL I: I">/"#< B: !"*.k"5< "#6 S: s)"#: T&00"1&*"(/&#,"((+*#% "#6 (3+ />,".( &' 6/%("#.+ &# ")"*+#+%% /#*+?2/*+>+#(%7.+#(*+6 %&./"0 #+()&*5%: S# D-</+8 <@ ,1'CR,1 $4,8 !'98 K4=8 %<4@8< ,"8+% YZPGH< JFFe:

KHL I: T: h"2%+ "#6 h: !: R+/#1+*8: KA:3<-)4=!'9.)-'('4,+S T.73),> ?'@<-' N'+)=4: I&*%+( g&2%+j210/%3/#8< [ZHZ:

KZL !: h0/#k "#6 M: p: R/+*/#8": B("5+3&06+*% /#*+?2/*+>+#(% +#8/#++*/#8: $KKK &<@,67-'< JWbJcD[HPJF<JFFe:

K[FL p: V: g+*0&.5+*< p: Q: s&#%("#< V: h: A+*4++#< "#6p: A: M/+60: O4"02"(/#8 .&00"1&*"(/4+ 90(+*/#8*+.&>>+#6+* %$%(+>%: "%M I-74+8 <4 $4@<-(7,)<4&>+,'(+< JJb[cDYPYE< JFFW:

K[[L M: s: !/(.3+00< f: M: Q80+< "#6 I: p: R&&6: A&)"*6 "(3+&*$ &' %("5+3&06+* /6+#(/9."(/&# "#6 %"0/+#.+:"/70'(> <@ M747='('4, !'5)'6< JJbWcDHYEPHHG< [ZZe:

K[JL Q: !&.52% "#6 p: I: g+*1%0+1: O=,+*(/%+ 1*&)%+*D "?2"#(/("(/4+ ",,*&".3 (& /6+#(/'$/#8 +=,+*(/%+: S#D-</+8 <@ ,1' UV,1 $4,8 %<4@8 <4 &<@,8 K4=8< ,"8+%YFEPY[J< JFFJ:

K[EL !: O: p: C+)>"#: Q >+"%2*+ &' 1+()++##+%%.+#(*"0/($ 1"%+6 &# *"#6&> )"05%: &</)73 F',6<-2+<Jeb[cDEZPYW< JFFY:

K[WL f: C2%+/1+3 "#6 B: O"%(+*1*&&5: M+?2/*+>+#(%+#8/#++*/#8D " *&"6>",: S# D-</+8 <@ ,1' %<4@8 <4 ,1'W.,.-' <@ &<@,8 K4=8< ,"8+% EYPWG< JFFF:

K[YL Q: j&20&26/ "#6 O: Q: R3/(0+$: B("5+3&06+*/6+#(/9."(/&# /# /#(+*7&*8"#/k"(/&#"0 %$%(+>%: K.-<:'74L<.-473 <@ $4@<-(7,)<4 &>+,'(+< Gb[cD[P[W< [ZZe:

K[GL T: j*+00< s: g21".+5< "#6 !: M++6: B("5+3&06+*"#"0$%/% "#6 %&./"0 #+()&*5 "#"0$%/% /# #"(2*"0*+%&2*.+ >"#"8+>+#(: &</)',> X F7,.-73 !'+<.-/'+<JJDYF[PY[H< JFFZ:

K[eL B: M&1+*(%&# "#6 p: M&1+*(%&#: M7+,'-)4= ,1'!'9.)-'('4,+ D-</'++: Q66/%&#7R+%0+$< JFFG:

K[HL p: B.&((: &</)73 F',6<-2 "473>+)+S " Y740;<<2: B"8+<JFFF:

K[ZL g: B3"*,< Q: U/#5+0%(+/#< "#6 h: h"0"0: B("5+3&06+*/6+#(/9."(/&# /# (3+ *+?2/*+>+#(% +#8/#++*/#8 ,*&.+%%:S# D-</+8 CZ,1 $4,8 O<-2+1<: <4 N7,7;7+' 740 KA:'-,&>+,'(+ "::3)/7,)<4+< ,"8+% EHePEZ[< [ZZZ:

KJFL B("#6/%3 h*&2,: I1' %Y"J& !':<-,< [ZZW:KJ[L B("#6/%3 h*&2,: %Y"J& &.((7-> UZZ[< JFFZ:KJJL S: g: R/((+# "#6 O: U*"#5: N7,7 M)4)4=S D-7/,)/73

M7/1)4' #'7-4)4= I<<3+ 740 I'/14)9.'+: !&*8"#s"2'>"##< B"# U*"#./%.&< JFFY:

KJEL M: R: R&&0*/68+< I: p: !.!"#2%< "#6 p: O: g"0+:B("5+3&06+* */%5 "%%+%%>+#(D Q# &2(.&>+71"%+6",,*&".3: $KKK &<@,67-'< JWbJcDEGPWY< JFFe:

KJWL p: q2 "#6 g: T&&,+*: Q ?2"#(/("(/4+ *+4/+) &' *+%+"*.36+%/8# +]+.(% &# *+%,&#%+ *"(+% (& ?2+%(/&##"/*+%:L<.-473 <@ M7-2',)4= !'+'7-/1< JFb[cDEGPWW< [ZHE:

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