Stakeholder@Lili Adi Wibowo

8/6/2019 Stakeholder@Lili Adi Wibowo

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STAKEHOLDER

Oleh :

Lili Adi WIbowo

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Introduction To The Field

A Framework for Studying

Business, Government, and

Society


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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation

Company history Main business is discovering, producing,

and selling oil and natural gas

Descended from the Standard Oil trust In 1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust

Act to outlaw its monopoly

Once had more than a 90% market shareof the American oil market

The values of its founder, John D.Rockefeller, defined the company culture

In 1972 Standard Oil of New Jersey

changed its name to Exxon, and in 1999 itmerged with Mobil, to form ExxonMobil

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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation (continued)

The leader John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)

Brilliant strategist and organizer whocrushed competitors

Emphasized cost control, efficiency,centralized organization, andsuppression of competitors

Although Rockefellers influence is

buried in the passage of time,ExxonMobils actions remain

consistent with his nature

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Opening Case:ExxonMobil Corporation (continued)

Today ExxonMobil remains a powerful force, but that power islimited by economic and political forces.

It now controls only 5.6% of oil production and holds less than1% of petroleum reserves, far less than it did in the 1950s.

It has complex relationships with powerful governments.

For a considerable time, company managers denied that theworld is warming.

ExxonMobils large size attracts the watchful eye ofenvironmental, civil rights, labor, and consumer groups.

It engages in corporate citizenship by funding a variety ofprograms to benefit education, communities, health, nature,

and the arts.

The story of ExxonMobil illustrates the importance of interactionsbetween one large corporation, governments, and society.

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Definition of Basic Terms

BUSINESS

GOVERNMENT

SOCIETY1-6

HJ Taft & LE Taft 2001


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BUSINESS

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A broad term encompassing a range of actions andinstitutions:

HAMBURGER STANDSMANUFACTURINGFINANCETRADESERVICEOTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

GIANT CORPORATIONS

Fundamental Purpose:TO SATISFY HUMAN NEEDS BY CREATING

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

HJ Taft & LE Taft 2001


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GOVERNMENT

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Structures and processes in society thatauthoritatively make & carry out policies & rules.

Local Level

State Level

Federal Level

International Level

ONE FOCUS OF THIS COURSE:THE ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY POWERS OF GOVERNMENT

(FEDERAL LEVEL) AND THEIR IMPACT ON BUSINESS.


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SOCIETY

IDEAS: intangible objects of thought VALUES: enduring beliefs concerning fundamental choices in

personal and social life

IDEOLOGIES: bundles of values that create a certain world view

INSTITUTIONS: formal patterns of relations that link

people together to accomplish a goal Rules and procedures determine how they work (legal system)

Reflect prevailing ideas in a society (U.S. Constitution)

Essential to coordinate the work of individuals who have nopersonal relationship with each other

MATERIAL THINGS: help shape, and are partlyproducts of, ideas and institutions

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BGS FIELD

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PRIMARY FOCUS:

Business

Government Society

PRESSURE


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BGS FIELD

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OF SPECIAL INTEREST:

HOWThe Managers Task

is affected by the

forces in the BGS nexus.


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SOCIAL CONTRACT

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MANAGERS SOCIETYDefines broad relationships between business and society.


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The Market Capitalism Model

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BUSINESS

WEAK IMPACT

PRIMARY FORCE

Figure 1.1

C


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Market Capitalism ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP

Government regulation should be limited.

Markets discipline private economic activity

to promote social welfare. The proper measure of corporate

performance is profit.

The ethical duty of management is topromote the interests of shareholders.

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The Dominance Model

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MASSES

BUSINESS-

GOVERNMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL FORCES

Figure 1.2

D i M d l


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Dominance ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP

Corporations are insulated from pressures thatpromote responsibility to society.

Regulation by a government in thrall to bigbusiness is feeble.

Market forces are inadequate to ensure ethicalmanagement.

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The Countervailing Forces Model


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The Countervailing Forces Model

1-17 Figure 1.3

Environmental

Catalysts

Economicconditions Markets

War Ideology Technology

Nature

Culturechange

The Public

Values Opinions

Demands

Supports

Corporations

Marketoperations

Influenceefforts

Lobbying

Leadership

Government

Statutes Regulations

Politicalleadership Partisan

behavior


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Countervailing Forces ModelCONCLUSIONS ABOUT BGS RELATIONSHIP

Business is deeply integrated into an open society and mustrespond to many forces, both economic and noneconomic. It isnot isolated from its social environment, nor is it dominant.

Business is a major initiator of change in society through its

interaction with government, its production and marketingactivities, and its use of new technologies.

Broad public support of business depends on its adjustment tomultiple social, political, and economic forces. Incorrect

adjustment leads to failure. This is the social contract at work.

BGS relationships continuously evolve as changes take place inthe main ideas, institutions, and processes of society.

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Stakeholder

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Stakeholder

Person, group, or organization that has

direct or indirect stake in an organizationbecause it can affect or be affected bythe organization'sactions, objectives,

and policies.

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Key stakeholders in a business organizationinclude creditors, customers, directors, employees,government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, andthe communityfrom which the business draws its resources.Although stake-holding is usually self-legitimizing (those

whojudge themselves to be stakeholders are de facto so), allstakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled todifferent considerations. For example, a firm'scustomers areentitled to fair tradingpractices but they are not entitled to the sameconsideration as the firm's employees. See also corporate

governance.

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Definisi Stakeholder

Menurut Phillips (2003:81) adalah : Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by achievement of the

firms objectives.

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Dalam buku Cultivating Peace, Ramizes mengidentifikasi berbagaipendapat mengenai stakekholder

Freeman (1984) yang mendefenisikan stakeholder sebagai kelompokatau individu yang dapat mempengaruhi dan atau dipengaruhi olehsuatu pencapaian tujuan tertentu.

Stakeholder ini sering diidentifikasi dengan suatu dasar tertentusebagaimana dikemukakan Freeman (1984), yaitu dari segi kekuatandan kepentingan relatif stakeholder terhadap issu, Grimble andWellard (1996), dari segi posisi penting dan pengaruh yang dimilikimereka

Biset (1998) secara singkat mendefenisikan stekeholder merupakanorang dengan suatu kepentingan atau perhatian pada permasalahan.


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The Stakeholder Model

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Corporation

Stockholders

Customers

EmployeesCommunities

Governments

EducationalInstitutions

The

Poor

FutureGenerations

Earths

Biosphere

ReligiousGroups

PoliticalParties Creditors

Political

InterestGroups

TradeAssociations

Suppliers

Media

Competitors

Unions

PrimaryStakeholders

SecondaryStakeholders


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Tipe Stakeholder

TYPES OF STAKES - An interest, a legal ormoral right, or ownership

PRIMARY - Any identifiable group that can affecta firms survival

SECONDARY - Any identifiable group that canaffect a firms objectives

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Perspektif Stakeholder terhadap Perusahaan - 1

1. Trust

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Dalam konteks Relationship, trustadalah kesediaan salah satu pihakterkait dalam perusahaan untuk menerima kritikan dari pihak lain.Sebaliknya, distrust adalah tidak bersedianya seseorang untukmenerima kritikan dari orang lain.

2. CommunicationPertukaran informasi yang dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak terkait di dalam

perusahaan.

3. Learning

Interaksi selalu memberikan peluang kepada berbagai pihak untukmempelajari bagaimana suatu kejadian mempengaruhi seseorang,pihak lain ataupun hubungan secara umum


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Perspektif Stakeholder terhadap Perusahaan - 2

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4. PowerAdalah sumber bagi pihak-pihak yang bekerjasama yang digunakanuntuk mempengaruhi pihak lain di dalam perusahaan untuk melakukanapa yang diinginkan dan bukan sebaliknya

5. Reciprocity and CommitmentDalam relationship marketing, commitmentatau perjanjian merupakan halyang paling dasar untuk memperkuat dan memperpanjang hubungan diantara berbagai pihak dimana keduanya melakukan pertukaran (hak) dantimbal balik satu sama lain.


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Stakeholder Relationship Orientation - 1

1. Allied StakeholdersDalam hubungan ini Stakeholdersyang berkepentinganmenjalin kerjasama dengan perusahaan, dan masing-masing pihak peduli terhadap kesejahteraan pihak lainnya.

2. Cooperative stakeholdersHubungan ini terjadi sama halnya dengan Alliedstakeholders, namun komunikasi yang dilakukan lebihformal.

3. Neutral Stakeholders

Hubungan yang terjadi adalah hubungan individualistikantara perusahaan dan stakeholders. Mereka melakukankerjasama untuk meraih tujuan masing-masing

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St k h ld R l ti hi O i t ti 2


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Stakeholder Relationship Orientation - 2

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4. Competitive StakeholdersCompetitive Stakeholders memiliki hubungan denganperusahaan berdasarkan individualistik dan kadangkala denganorientasi bersaing. Mereka tidak hanya meraih tujuannyamasing-masing tetapi berusaha untuk mengalahkan pihak

lainnya.

5. Treating Stakeholders

Perusahaan menghormati hubungan mereka dengan kekuatanmasing-masing, dan dengan kekuatan tersebut salah satudiantara mereka yang akan menang. Dalam hubungan mereka,masing-masing menolak kritikan yang diberikan.


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Contoh Stakeholder

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN

INDONESIA 29

St k h ld U i it P didik I d i


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Stakeholder Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

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PemegangSaham

Masya-rakat

ReligiusGroup

Customer/MahasiswaPemerin-

tah

TenagaPengajarKaryawan

Creditors

UniversitasPendidikan Indonesia

Lembaga

Pendidikan

Perusahaan

Media

Primary Stakeholder

Secondary Stakeholder

Alumni

Competitor


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Primary Stakeholder

Pemegang Saham Pihak Rektorat

Rektor Pembantu Rektor I Pembantu Rektor II Pembantu Rektor III Pembantu Rektor IV

Dewan Penyantun 1. Para Anggota Musyawarah Pimpinan Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Barat2. Dada Rosada(Walikota Kepala Daerah Tingkat II Bandung)

3. Ketua Dewan Penyantun Letjen TNI (Purn) DDr. (Hc) H. Mashudi4. Basyuni Suriamihardja. H.

(mantan Ketua Umum Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia5. Ibu Otje Djandjunan, Dra. Hj.

(mantan anggota DPR RI)6. Habibie, Prof. Dr. Ir. B. J.7. Suratman, H. E.

(mantan Ketua DPRD Propinsi Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Barat8. Somali Wiria, H. (mantan Dirut BNI 1946 Jakarta)

Customer/ Mahasiswa Mahasiswa Terdaftar Senat Mahasiswa Himpunan Mahasiswa Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa Dll

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Primary Stakeholder


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Primary Stakeholder

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Employee DosenKaryawanCleaning Service

Alumni Alumni mahasiswa UPI, khususnya yang telah bekerja di lembagapemerintah atau swasta

Masyarakat Merupakan masyarakat luas yang secara langsung dan tidak langsungdapat mempengaruhi kebijakan UPI.Tokoh-tokoh AgamaTokoh PolitikTokoh SeniLSMMasyarakat Umumdll

Pemerintah Keputusan Presiden RIMenteri-Menteri, Khususnya Menteri Pendidikan

KanwilPemerintah Daerahdll

S d S k h ld


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Media Media yang dapat mempengaruhi dan mempromosikan keberadaan UPI Televisi Radio Majalah dan Koran Billboad MPR Sponsorship dll

Perusahaan Perusahaan yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung berkaitan denganUPI

Pemerintah BUMN Swasta Lembaga Pendidikan Sekolah-sekolah Dll

Creditor Pihak-pihak yang dapat memberikan bantuan bagi pembangunan dankesejahteraan UPI

IDB Worldbank BNI 46 BTN BRI dll

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S d St k h ld


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Relegious Group Kelompok-kelompok Agama Lembaga Pendidikan Lembaga-lembaga yang secara khusus memerlukan lulusan UPI

Lembaga bimbingan belajar Lembaga kursus Sekolah-sekolah pelatihan dll

Competitor Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Kota Bandung UNPAD ITB Perguruan Tinggi Swasta Sekolah Tinggi

Lembaga Pendidikan Dll

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Stakeholder@Lili Adi Wibowo

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