PowerPoint Presentation

Stains, Stains, Go AwayBy: Htay Paw, Susan Winterand Kristen AllenS2 Types of Many Common StainsOil based stainComes from plants or animalsCar or motor oil Hand/suntan lotionsButterBaconCooking oilsOintmentsSalad dressings

Protein based stainBloodDairy productsBodily soilsBaby formulaBaby foodMudEggs

(Tibbits, n.d.)

KWhy Laundry Detergent?Improved cleanlinessEncourages good healthInformed choices

HWhy consumers choose the brands they doCost/budget $$Health/skin allergiesTradition and comfortEnvironmental impact

S

Products Used

Vegetable OilTurmeric Powder Baby Food CarrotsWisk liquidTide liquidArm & Hammer liquid100% White Cotton fabric

KStains we used

100% Soybean Oil based

Plant basedPlant from Ginger familyCooking spiceMedicinal use

Protein basedCarrots and water

MixtureHWisk

Before liquid detergents, pre-treatments consisted of making pastes out of powder detergentsLaunched in 1956 as 1st liquid laundry detergent and ultimate stain fighter1968, Ring Around the Collar Campaign2012, Wisk introduced newest breakthrough in cleaning Deep Clean

(Wisk, n.d.)STideDebuted in 1946First heavy-duty synthetic detergentResult of years of research in search of replacing traditional soapsRemains the #1 selling laundry detergent in the U.S. market every year since its launch in 1946

(Tide, n.d.)HArm & HammerArm & Hammer, division of Church & Dwight, has been around for more than 165 yearsVery committed to environment and served as the 1st corporate sponsor of Earth Day in 1970Supplied baking soda that was used to clean Statue of Liberty for its 100th anniversary in 1986 (Arm & Hammer Ingredients, 2010)1982, first liquid laundry detergent for Arm & Hammer2006, 2x concentration liquid2011, Sensitive Skin liquid laundry detergent (Olivia, 2013)

KInquiry 1Question: Which brand of detergent will get the vegetable oil and Turmeric Powder mixture out completely compared to the original swatch of cotton fabric?

KClaim: Tide Detergent

KInquiry 1Variable: Cold WaterProcess Overview:Scrubbed 5 drops of Termuric/Vegetable Oil mixture into cotton swatchDried using hairdryer for 5 minutes to help set stainPre-treated: Using tsp. of laundry detergent , scrubbed onto stain then rinsed in bowl of cold water for 5 minutesDried with hairdryer and compared to other swatchesWashed each cotton swatch at home in cold water to complete washing processCompleted process 3 times total, once for each detergent

SObservationsArm & Hammer turned stain reddish/orange on contactPre-treating: Wisk removed stain the mostAfter laundering in washer, Wisk swatch was the cleanest of all three detergents used

Arm & HammerWisk

Results

HScientific ConceptsChemical Reaction:Turmeric has a pigment known as xanthophylls that lends the yellow color to it.Turmeric also has a pigment know as carotene that is reddish orange in color. Turmeric turns red when it is combined with any base liquid like soap, but it turns yellow when it comes into contact with any substance that is an acid. (Every Day Chemistry - Why Does, n.d.).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Olezbt9cxfo (K Class Science Channel, n.d.).

HSurfactant:Is a compound that lowers surface tension of a liquid, increasing contact between liquid and another substance.A molecule that contains a polar portion and a non polar portion is called a surface active agent or surfactant.A surfactant can interact with both polar and non polar molecules.A surfactant increases the solubility of the otherwise insoluble substances.In water, surfactant molecules tend to cluster into a spherical geometry non polar ends on the inside of the sphere polar ends on the outside. These clusters are called micelles. (Surfactant, n.d.)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKlyofu0Xw (MWVevotherm, n.d.).

HConcepts continuedInquiry 2Question:How does the change in water temperature used affect the removal of the stain?

Claim: The hotter the water used, the more the stain will be removed compared to the original swatch of fabric

HInquiry 2Variable: Hot WaterProcess Overview:Scrubbed 5 drops of Termuric/Vegetable Oil mixture into cotton swatchDried using hairdryer for 5 minutes to help set stainPre-treated: Using tsp. of laundry detergent , scrubbed onto stain then rinsed in bowl of hot water for 5 minutesDried with hairdryer and compared to other swatchesWashed each cotton swatch at home in hot water to complete washing processCompleted process 3 times total, once for each detergent

TideKObservationsWiskArm & HammerTideBeginning Water Temperature124.5 F126.7 F131.7 FEnd Water Temperature113.4 F114.6 F121.5 FResults

Hotter water isnt always betterTide didnt remove the stain as well as Wisk even though hotter water was used with it

SScientific ConceptsWater Temperature Change:Stain removal is the dissolving (loosening) of a stain and then washing it off the fabric. Either cold or hot water serves as the solvent.Hot water works much better with some stains as the molecules are moving around faster than they would be if the water was cold.Faster moving molecules are better at removing the stain material off the fabrics fibers because the faster they move, the harder they hit (just like a moving baseball).Some stains can be set in the fabric and are harder to remove if hot water is used. Hot water may cause a chemical reaction to occur that binds the stain and its reaction products to the fabric.Cold water does not remove some stains; it simply permits the stain removing agents to work before the stain is set by heat. Heat, such as in the form of hot water, will cause some stains to set and become permanent. (McClintock, n.d.).Never use hot water on protein based stains because it cooks the protein making the stain hard to remove (Wagner, 2013).

SConcepts continuedOptical brighteners:Optical brighteners are synthetic chemicals that make fabrics appear to glow in the presence of ultraviolet light.Brighteners are added to detergents to make us think our laundry is brighter and whiter than it really is.A real clean shouldnt be an optical illusion, according to Cara Bondi, a Research chemist at Seventh Generation.http://www.seventhgeneration.com/learn/video/no-glow (Woodburne, 2010)Optical brighteners may cause skin irritations and are not good for the environment because they can survive wastewater treatment and escape into our lakes, rivers and streams (Weekely, 2007).

Inquiry 3Question:Which detergent will get the protein mixture out completely using cold water compared to the original swatch of cotton?

SClaim:Wisk will remove the baby food carrot stain the most completely compared to the original fabric.

SInquiry 3Variable: Baby food, CarrotsProcess Overview:Scrubbed tsp. Carrots into 1 white cotton swatchDried using hairdryer for 5 minutes to help set stainPre-treated: Using tsp. of laundry detergent, scrubbed onto stain then rinsed in bowl of cold water for 5 minutesDried with hairdryer and compared to other swatchesWashed each cotton swatch at home in cold water to complete the washing processCompleted process 3 times total, once for each detergent

TideH

ObservationsPre-treating a protein based stain while still fresh reduces the chances of it staining permanentlyUsing cold water does not set the stain like hot water will

Wisk

Arm & HammerTideKScientific ConceptsEnzymes:Biological catalysts or assistants and can either launch a reaction or speed it up (What Are Enzymes?," n.d.).The detergent industry is the largest single market for enzymes at 25% to 30% of total sales. Allows for water temperatures to be lowered and shorter wash times needed thus decreasing energy costs and prolonging the life of the clothes. (Chaplin, 2012)More environmentally friendly due to reduction in CO2 emissions when produced, allow for less use of harsh chemicals and biodegradable ("Detergent Enzymes," n.d.).http://www.novozymes.tv/video/625292/producing-a-modern-detergent ("Producing a Modern Detergent," n.d.).

KK25Concepts ContinuedEmulsifiers:Are chemicals that are added to detergent that help to break down and remove oil, grease and other stains.These molecules work together to surround oil and grease on clothing, breaking the stains into extremely small particles that then dissolve in the wash or wash away with the water. (Grant, n.d.)Emulsifiers have a hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail.

HydrophilicHydrophobic ("Detergents," n.d.).And the winner is... Wisk was best overall laundry detergent using the different variables

SFurther QuestionsHow would changing to a thicker cotton fabric affect the results? (baby onesie or t-shirt)?How would the results be affected changing to a different fabric, i.e. silk, polyester, nylon, etc.?How would shortening the time between pre-treating a stain and washing it in the washing machine affect the results?What kind of outcome would there be using a different type of stain?

KResourcesArm & Hammer Ingredients Additions. (2010, May 18). Retrieved from Arm & Hammer website: http://www.armandhammer.com/ARMandHAMMER-Ingredients.aspx.Chaplin, M. (2012, September 26). The Use of Enzymes in Detergents. Retrieved from Enzyme Technology website: http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/detergent.html.Detergent Enzymes. (n.d.). Retrieved from Novozymes website: http: //www.novozymes.com/en/about-us/positions-and- policies/Novozymes-positions/Pages/Detergent-enzymes.aspx. Detergents. (n.d.). Retrieved from BBC Bitesize Science website: http:://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway _pre_2011/chemical/detergentsrev1.shtml

Every Day Chemistry - Why Does Turmeric Turn Red? (n.d.). Retrieved from The Human Touch of Chemistry website: http://humantouchofchemistry.com/why-does- turmeric-turn-red.htm.Grant, A. (n.d.). What is a Laundry Emulsifier? Retrieved from eHow website: http://www.ehow.co.uk/facts_7411901_ e471-emulsifier_.html.K Class Science Channel. (n.d.). Tumeric as Indicator, Acids and Bases, Chemistry. Retrieved from Youtube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Olezbt9cxfo.McClintock, S. (n.d.). Baby Stains: A Guide to Removing Baby Stains. Retrieved from About.com website:http//babyclothes. about.com/od/babyclothingcare/a/BabyStainRmvl.htm.

MWVevotherm. (n.d.). Evotherm Chemistry Episode 2 Surfactant Chemistry. Retrieved from Youtube website: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKlyofu0Xw.Olivia, (November 14, 2013). Retrieved from phone call with Church & Dwight Customer Relations Department.Our History. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wisk website: http://www.wisk.com/#filter=.home.Producing a Modern Detergent. (n.d.). Retrieved from Novozymes website: http://www.novozymes.tv/video/625292/producing-a- modern-detergent. Surfactant. (n.d.). Retrieved from Encyclopaedia Britannica website: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575010/surfactant.

Tibbits, D. (n.d.). Types of Laundry Stains. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/list_7310610_types-laundry-stains.html.Wagner, C. (2013, October 7). The Basic Principles of Baby Laundry. Retrieved from Pasporta Servo website: http://www.pasportaservo.org/forumoj/basic-principles-baby-laundry.What are Enzymes? (n.d.). Retrieved from wiseGEEK website: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-are-enzymes.htm#.Weekley, A. (2007, May 31). Optical Brighteners: Are Your Clothes as Clean as They Appear? Retrieved from Yahoo! Voices website: http://voices.yahoo.com/optical-brighteners-clothes-as-clean-as-they- 366187.html?cat=46.Woodburne, L. (2010, October 13). Optical Brighteners: Just Say No to the Glow. Retrieved from Seventh Generation website: http://www.seventhgeneration.com/learn/video/no-glow.