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Stages in Learning to Write

Abd. Rafail Bin Zarak Khan

(2008411222)Mohd Hazwan Bin Yasin (2008411198)

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Outline

Stages in Learning to Write

Writing Readiness

Early Writing

- General guidelines

- Handwriting

- Further copying activities

Developmental Writing

-Spelling & Writing

- Communicative writing activities

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Stages in Learning to Write

Writingreadiness

Early writing

Developmentalwriting

*Maturewriting

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Writing Readiness

Develop knowledgeof the English

language

Develop interest inwanting to write in

English

Recognize print isdifferent from

pictures and it hasmeanings

Develop the ability to

discriminate betweenshapes

Develop visualmemory for shapes

Develop large muscleof arm and hands andmuscles of forefinger

and thumb

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Early Writing

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1. General guidelines

� Pre-communicative activities: pupils learn the

mechanics and convention for effective

communicative writing.

� Knowledge of aspects of English is increased.

� However, T cant leave it to chance that the

other aspect of writings will develop on their

own.

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Provide meaningf ulcontexts for learning

the mechanics of writing

Use pupils own oralcomposition for

giving them insightinto writing.

Constantly keep thebenefits of learning

to write beforethem.

Make it practice to

read to your pupils avariety of things

Develop your pupils

natural curiosity andthinking skills.

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2. Handwriting

� Coaching to improve accuracy, regularity,fluency and knowledge of writing conventions.

� Can be achieved by emphasizing theseaspects:

a) A space between letters in a word and spacebetween words in a sentence

b) The proportion of parts of the letters (samesize and height)

c) The correct direction of pen movements.

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How these 4 aspects can be developed?

- Use paper with 4 lines.

- Make sure pupils move their pencils in the

correct direction.- From copying letters and patterns move on to

copying words and sentences.

- PRACTICE!

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Guidelines for preparing writing

worksheets

Concentrate on a fewdifficulties faced by

your students.

Provide sufficientguidance to ensure

pupils do not makeerrors.

The practice mustevoke the feeling that

something has beenwritten.

There must be a sense

of purpose in thepractice.

T must ensure that there isprovision for the elements of good

handwriting (formation, slant, size,alignment and spacing)

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3. Further copying activities

- Help students master the mechanics of 

writing.

- Variety of copying activities.

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Developmental Writing

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Spelling & Writing

Importanceof spelling& writing

Guarantee aneffective writtencommunication

Poor spelling willinterfere

comprehensionand hampers

communication

Goal of writing iscommunication -

spelling instruction isan importantcomponent

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� The English writing system is alphabetic.

However, some letters have more than onesound.

�

Some symbols areu

sed to signal somethingabout another symbol.

� The inconsistencies in English phonetics createserious spelling problems for students.

� However, English spelling is teachable.

Eg. The letter c in Car and Circle

Eg. e at the end

Hid Hide

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Most spelling courses take multi-

pronged approach:

Teaching the relationship between the mostcommon phonemes of English and the graphemes

Teaching the most common words

Develop visual memory for shapes of words

Develop relevant dictionary skills

Help pupils device ways of helping themselves toremember common but troublesome words.

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Possible procedure for teaching

spelling

� Words learnt through a multi-sensory

approach are likely to be recalled more readily

than words learnt through a single sense.

� Thus, a practical approach of teaching spelling

is to integrate spelling with the 4 skills.

� Eg. Puzzles

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Dealing with irregularities

� Make Ss aware of the irregularities in the

spelling of English words.

�

Different combinations of letters may bepronounced in the same way.

� T can also help Ss to learn spelling by

introducing amusing poems that reveal

irregularities.

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A flea and a fly flew up in a flue.

Said the flea, "Let us fly!"

Said the fly, "Let us flee!"

So they flew through a flaw in the flue.

Source: http://www.ukstudentlife.com/Ideas/Fun/Wordplay.htm

Example of poem that reveals irregularities.

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Communicative writing activities for

beginners

� In real life, we do not write, unless we are

strongly motivated and have something that

we really want to put on paper.

� T can create situations to only allow Ss to

exercise written conversation.

� Eg. Using word cards

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Other examples of early

communicative writing activities:

Write note if theywant to talk to

their friends inclass.

Write a list of 

things to dofor an event birthday party

Keep a diary

each must atleast write oneentry a week

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Thank you for listening