READING THE SCRIPTSTEPS IN SCRIPT ANALYSIS

First Reading

Read for pleasure.

“The first read allows for the director’s personal reaction that is the seed from which all further work grows.”

First Reading

Make notes about what you read.

Ask questions…

1. What did you feel after reading the play?2. What did you love about the play?3. What did you dislike?4. What did it make you think about?5. Was it entertaining? Engaging?

Second Reading

Read for vision“The ability to think about or plan the future with imagination or wisdom.”

Develop a concept

Record new ideas

Third ReadingRead for analysis.

“This reading is slow and detailed.”

Third ReadingAs you read, you need to jot down information as it is revealed…word by word, line by line, page by page…

Final thoughts on reading a play

• Reading the play repeatedly is important because it allows youto discover nuance and detail.

• Each type of reading yields its own particular benefit

• Remaining faithful to the play is the production’s responsibility.

Primacy of the script

Remember that you are interpreting a work, not creating your own…

INTERPRETING THE SCRIPT

The Importance of Analysis

ARISTOTLE was the first to define the structure of drama

The Six ElementsARISTOTLE observed six elements necessary to interpret the play: plot, character, ideas, language, music and spectacle.

These observations from his POETICS have been the basis of play analysis for over 2300 years.

Aristotle’s definition of tragedy“A tragedy, then, is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in language with pleasurable accessories, each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work; in a dramatic, not in a narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions.”

(Imgram Bywater: 35).

“Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action of high importance, complete and of some amplitude; in language enhanced by distinct and varying beauties; acted not narrated; by means of pity and fear effectuating its purgation of these emotions.”

(L. J. Potts: 24).

Aristotle’s definition of tragedy

“Tragedy, then, is an imitation (mimesis) of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity (eleos) and fear (phobos) effecting the proper purgation (catharsis) of these emotions. “

(S.H. Butcher, The Poetics, Part VI).

How to remember the six elements

The play is about people (character) in a situation (plot) who communicate with one another (dialogue) about something (ideas), in a certain way (music/rhythm) somewhere in time and space (spectacle).

A heirarchy

Sophocles identified the six elements in a particular sequence noting that ACTION (plot) is the most important element, followed by CHARACTER (agents of the plot), THEME (idea), LANGUAGE (rhetoric), RHYTHM (harmony and music) and finally, SPECTACLE (what is seen).

Dramatic ActionThe audience wants to see the characters fight adversity, learn grow as human beings and either succeed in the case of comedy, or fail in the case of tragedy.

Genre

“Plays are grouped together according to style, theme and subject matter. Knowing the genre of the play allows the director to situate it within certain expectations.”

Spectacle

Given CircumstancesTime. When is the play written? When is it set? How much time passes?Place. Where is the play set? How does environment affect the action?Society. What social groups are the norm? What are sexual, class, gender, family relationships? What role does family play in this world?Economics. How does money figure into the world of the play? What control does it have over the characters?Culture. What trends in art, theatre and literature are implicity or explicity revealed in the play? Does this affect the characters?Spirituality. Identify the religious or spiritual aspects of the play and how the affect the characters or impact the story.

CharacterIdentify and define the characters

– Protagonist is the main character who drives the plot

– Antagonist opposes the main action and creates the central conflict of the play

– What roles do the other characters play?

Character

Given circumstances include age, language and time period; social status, family history and might include a brief physical description. What is the essential action of the character. What does he or she want?

CharacterQualities might describe the tactics the character uses to pursue his or her goals.

Conflict and relationships describe how the various characters relate to one another. What can they get from one another? What can they take? Who can help them? Who can hurt them?

Other qualities of character (cont.)

– Willpower is the amount of intensity employed to pursue a goal.

– Values describe how a character views what is good or bad; what characters stand for or against.

– Personality is how the characters appear to others and demonstrated by their actions.

– Complexity suggests how aware characters are of their situation.

Objectives and superobjectives

From the Stanislavsky “system”Characters want to

accomplish goals or objectives

A character’s super-objective is the need that governs all needs.

What is needed to resolve the character’s central conflict?

Hodge approachFrom Hodge and McLain’s PLAY DIRECTING: Analysis, Communication & Style, 7th edition

Character is ACTION Characters are SIMPLE or COMPLEXCharacter is revealed in ACTION

A METHOD OF CHARACTER DESCRIPTION

DESIRE. What the character wants most. WILL. The character’s relative strength in attaining his or her goals.MORAL STANCE. How honest is he with other and with himself? What is his or her sense of integrity? Is this an “evil” or “good” character?DECORUM. What a character looks like… manners… poise. The projection of an outward appearance. (Can be altered by casting.)SUMMARY ADJECTIVES. What character traits does the action reveal?CHARACTER-MOOD-INTENSITY. The physical or body-state of the character (nervosity) at the beginning of the play and the beginning of each group of associated units.

Patterson approach

Personality traits

Action traits

Functional traits

Superobjective

PLOTA collection of action points from beginning to end. These allow the director to chart the progress of the plot in a detailed way.

A common system of identifying such units is to describe French scenes.

Divide the play into unitsBreak down the play into workable units of action. Sometimes you can find a break where an entrance or exit occurs, while at other times it is a change in subject. A one-act play typically has between 6-15 units, but not always.

Describe the Essential Action

Number the units in the scene or play and give a nominative phrase as a title for each unit.

The Prologue of Oedipus Rex might be described with the following—“Something is rotten in Thebes”

Describe the action

Express the action of each line (speech) by using the initial of each character followed by a present tense verb.

For example: In the closet scene of Hamlet, when he first accuses Ophelia, you might write:

“H threatens O”

Summarize the action

Summarize the action of each unit with a compound sentence.

“As Hally struggles with a homework assignment, Sam compares the world to a dance contest where the contestants do not bump.”

ACTION

External action is the blocking, movement and location of characters on the stage

Internal action is what happens in the character’s mental, spiritual and emotional life.

An example from HAMLET (I:v)

CHARACTERS presentHamletThe Ghost

EXTERNAL actionHamlet speaks with the ghost

INTERNAL actionHamlet resolves to avenge his father’s

death

Backstory or Exposition

Create a list of all story points and describe each units essential action.

- What is revealed in the scene?- Who reveals it? To whom?- How is it revealed?- Is the information true or false?- How does it impact the plot or

characters?

Structure of dramatic action• Inciting action is the event the sparks the action of

the play…where the major conflict comes alive• Climax is where the conflict reaches its highest

intensity• Falling action is the moment the conflict

is resolved

Conflicts and obstaclesThis clash is between two characters– In HAMLET, for example it is a conflict

between Hamlet and Claudius– Notably, the conflict in the action is

not between Hamlet and God, although that is a thematic element

An obstacle is what gets in the way of the protagonist in his or her pursuit of the super-objective

IDEAS or theme

What does the title tell us about the play?What major ideas are discussed in the dialogue?

– Aphorisms (a concise statement of thruth)– Allusions (references to other places of

things)– Imagery (metaphor, simile, figurative

language)– Symbolism

Themes are ideas that recur or pervade a work of art

RHYTHM

Beats– Acts– Scenes– Major beats (units)– Minor beats or “bits”

Atmosphere– pace and tempo (speed or rate)– rhythm (a pattern of tempos)– atmosphere (mood)

DIALOGUE

STYLES OF DIALOGUE– Realistic– Abstract– Naturalistic– Formal or informal– Colloquial– Dialect

Diction and Grammar

Characters are shaped by the way they speak.How does language distinguish characters?

SUBTEXT“Because a play is not readily afforded the luxury of third person narration like a novel, what a character is really thinking is often not explicitly stated. Great playwrights, like Chekhov, are masters of subtext.”

What does subtext tell us?

What thoughts are true?

What is spoken out loud?

What is shown but not said?

What is being concealed?

Final thoughts“Once the director has completed the analysis, it is important to return to the play as a unified, coherent whole. Formulating the main idea of the play is part of this reassembling of elements.”

Formulate the main idea“Creative a subjective statement that expresses, in a short sentence, what the play is about…the director can use this main idea to communicate to the artistic team and the actors what the director wants the production to say.”

Hamlet is a 1948 British film adapted, directed by and starring Sir Laurence Olivier. His main idea for the film is simply stated in the film’s prologue…"This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind."

Steps to develop the main idea

1. List the prevalent themes.2. Select a single theme that resonates strongly.3. Relate the theme to yourself.4. Write a short, personal statement from your

point of view that communicates the play’s theme and the writers reasons for writing it.

5. Keep it short, succinct and in cause-and-effect format.

RIDERS TO THE SEA is the story of a mother trying to cope with a family tragedy despite the good intentions of others around her.

Testing the IDEA

From Hodge, PLAY DIRECTING.

Arrive at the idea of a play by analyzing the action—that is by drawing the logical conclusion from the action and the outcome or ending for each principal character. Write a brief statement that captures the character, the essence of her struggle and the outcome.

Use the following form…The is a play about a _________ who______________.

OEDIPUS THE KING is the story of a man who challenges himself to seek truth regardless of the consequences.

STAGE DIRECTINGA Director’s Itineraryby Michael Wainstein

Chapters 4 & 5Reading a PlayInterpreting the Script

SOURCE MATERIALS

PLAY DIRECTINGAnalysis, Communication and Style

By Francis Hodge and Michael McLain