is

Staff Planning Battle Book

“Good looking Operation Orders are immaterial. What counts are clearly stated intentions which can be executed with all of one’s heart and determination.”

Guderian

Principles of WarManeuverObjectiveOffensiveSurprise

Economy of ForceMass

Unity of CommandSecurity

Simplicity

Army TenetsAgility

InitiativeDepth

SynchronizationVersatility

Tactical Logistical FunctionsManningArmingFuelingFixing

MovingSustaining Soldiers & Systems

Logistics CharacteristicsAnticipationIntegrationContinuity

Responsiveness & VersatilityImprovisation

Staff Planning Book

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Table of Contents

Decision Making Process (time constrained) 5Planning Timeline 6Troop Leading Procedures 6Mission Analysis Steps 7Analyze Higher’s Intent 7Conduct Nesting Analysis 7-9Staff Preparation of the Battlefield 10

See the Terrain & Weather 10-12See the Enemy 12-14

See Yourself 14Identify Specified/Implied Tasks 14Identify Combat Potential 14Identify Limitations 15C2W 15Risk Analysis 15Facts and Assumptions 15-17Identify Time Available 17Identify Essential Task/Purpose 17

Restated Mission Statement 17Task and Purpose 18Staff Checklists 19-21Mission Analysis Products 21Mission Analysis Brief Format 22Nesting Diagrams 23-24Mission Analysis Briefing Charts 25-32Master Timeline 33-34Planning Timeline 35Commander’s Guidance 36-38

CCIR 38Decisive Point 38Specific Questions 39Example Format 39

Course of Action Development 39COA Development Steps 39-40Analyze Relative Combat Power 40-41Array the Forces 41Develop a Scheme of Maneuver 42Task Organize 43Determine C2 Means 44Assign Headquarters 45Prepare Sketch(es) and Statement(s) 46Briefing Format 46

Course of Action Analysis 47-48Rules of Engagement 48Gather the Tools 48List Friendly Forces 48List Assumptions 48List Decisive Area(s)/Point(s) 48List Significant Factors 49Select Wargame Method 49-50Select a Technique to Record Results 50Wargame and Assess 50Staff Roles and Duties 50-51Lessons Learned 52

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Guidelines 52Products 52Comparison 52-53Briefing Format 53

Rehearsal 54Rehearsal Types 54-55Rehearsal Techniques 55Principles of Rehearsals 55Scheduling of Rehearsals 55Conduct of a Rehearsal 55-58

Enemy Planning Factors 59Soviet Type Organizations 60-63Iraqi Organizations 64Threat Planning Ranges 65Threat Vehicle Characteristics 66

US Maneuver Planning Factors 67Vehicle Characteristics 67Organization 67Planning Ranges 68Area of combat control 69Rates of March 69

Field Artillery Planning Factors 70Fire Support Planning Methodology 70-71Tactical Missions 72Basic Loads 72FA/Mortar Characteristics 73-74Planning Data for Smoke 74Planning Data for Illum 74Timing of DP’s and Triggers 75CAS Reference Data 75-76

Engineering Planning Factors 77Survivability Planning Factors 77Countermobility Planning Factors 78Synchronizing Engineer Efforts 78-79Synchronizing a Breach 79

ADA Planning Factors 79Tactical Roadmarch Planning 79-82Recon and Surveillance Plan 83CSS Planning 84-85Warning Order Format 85OPORD Briefing Agenda 86Matrix Order Format 87-88BUB Format 88Operation Order Format 89-92LNO Operations 93Operational Terms 94-105Army Operations 106

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Time Constrained Decision Making Process

Receive Mission

Issue WARNO #1Mission AnalysisProposed Restated

MissionIssue WARNO #2

ReceiveCdr’s Guidance

Mission Analysis Brief

COA DevelopmentHasty Wargame (Decision if Required)

COA Analysis, Comparison, and Recommendation(Decision if Required)

COA Decision Brief (if Required)Receive

Cdr’s Decision

Issue WARNO #3

OPORD prep,approval, reproduction Issue OPORD

ExecuteRehearseBackbrief

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Planning Timeline

Critical Timeline Events

7 Hour Timeline (18-72 hours)

16 hour Timeline (72+ hours)

Time Start Time

Complete

Time

Time Start Time

Complete Time

Receive Order Z hour Z hourIssue WARNO #1 30 min Z hour Z+0:30 30

minZ hour Z+0:30

Mission Analysis 1 hr Z+0:30

Z+1:30 2.5 hrs

Z+0:30

Z+3:00

Mission Analysis Brief

30 min Z+1:30

Z+2:00 30 min

Z+3:00

Z+3:30

Break 10 min Z+2:00

Z+2:10 20 min

Z+3:30

Z+3:50

Commander’s Guidance

10 min Z+2:10

Z+2:20 20 min

Z+3:50

Z+4:10

Leaders’ Recon N/A N/AIssue WARNO #2 30 min Z+2:2

0Z+2:50 45

minZ+4:1

0Z+4:55

Develop/Analyze COAs

N/A 1 hr Z+4:55

Z+5:55

Hasty Wargame COAs

N/A 2 hr Z+5:55

Z+7:55

COA Brief N/A 30 min

Z+7:55

Z+8:25

Refine COA/Prep Wargame

15 min Z+2:50

Z+3:05 30 min

Z+8:25

Z+8:55

Wargame selected COA (Prep Sync

Matrix)

1 hr Z+3:05

Z+4:05 2 hrs Z+8:55

Z+10:55

Issue WARNO #3 30 min Z+4:05

Z+4:35 30 min

Z+10:55

Z+11:25

OPORD Preparation 1 hr Z+4:35

Z+5:35 2 hrs Z+11:25

Z+13:25

Reproduction 1.5 hrs Z+5:35

Z+7:05 2.5 hrs

Z+13:25

Z+15:55

Total Planning Time 7.5 hours 16 hoursIssue OPORD 1 hr 1 hr

Backbriefs to Cdr 30 min 30 min

Troop Planning/Prep Time

15 hours 32 hours

Troop Leading ProceduresUse for FRAGOs/Continuous Ops

Receive the missionIssue a warning orderMake a tentative planEstimate of the situation Mission Analysis Develop Situation and COAs Enemy Situation/COAs OCOKA Friendly Situation (troops and time) Wargame/Compare COAs

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Decision Make a tentative planStart movementConduct reconnaissanceComplete the planIssue the orderSupervise and refine the plan

Mission Analysis Steps

1. Intent of higher command two levels above.2. Initial Staff Preparation of the Battlefield:

See the Terrain

• Define the battlefield environment• Describe the battlefield effects

See the Enemy• Evaluate the threat• Determine threat COAs/nesting

See Yourself3. Specified and implied tasks4. Analyze available assets5. Identify limitations (constraints/restrictions)6. Command and control warfare considerations7. Conduct risk analysis8. Determine facts and assumptions relevant to the mission (current/ projected combat power, logistics status, personnel status, etc.)9. Assess time available10. Determine essential task(s) and purpose11. Prepare the restated mission statement

Mission Analysis

Step 1: Analyze the intent of higher command two levels above: first step in nesting your unit found in the higher’s order:

paragraph 1b contains HQ two levels up mission, intent and concept of operation paragraph 2 contains unit’s higher mission essential task and purpose paragraph 3a(1) contains higher commander’s intent and concept of operation

staff should analyze the order and determine task and purpose of the higher two echelons

Step 1a. Conduct Nesting Analysis

Requires both a horizontal and vertical understanding of the unit’s around you.– Horizontal linkage between main and supporting efforts at each level of command.– Vertical linkage among main efforts (i.e.. Div through Bn)

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Current doctrine focuses on vertical (two levels up), while the majority of a unit’s nesting is more horizontal (i.e.. supporting a supported effort).

Key to situational awareness and mission attainability.– drives decisions on use of LNOs and communication monitoring– updates on adjacent unit(s) location/activities

Information on nesting should be in para.s 1,2, or 3 of OPORD depending on your unit’s mission as a main or supporting effort.

Mission AnalysisNesting

Main Effort

XX

Supporting Effort

X

Main Effort

X

Supporting Effort

X

Main Effort

ll ll ll

Supporting Effort Supporting Effort

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1 2 33 3 3

Horizontal Nesting(Supporting Effort of a Supporting Effort)

Directly Support

Indirectly Support

The Y Bn Commander must :-understand his unique contribution to Bn Z’s (the main effort) success

(directly or indirectly) then...-understand other supporting effort’s support of either his unit or the

main effort. (horizontal)-The Bn’s linkage is more horizontal. His requirement to understand

higher’s higher is limited.

YZ

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Mission AnalysisNesting

Main Effort

XX

Supporting Effort

X

Main Effort

X

Supporting Effort

X

Main Effort

ll ll ll

Supporting Effort Supporting Effort

3

1 2 33 3 3

Vertical Nesting(Main Effort of a Main Effort)

Directly Support

Indirectly Support

The Y Bn Commander must :-understand how other forces within the Bde support his

success (horizontal) then...-understand the other Bde’s missions within the Bde (vertical)

particularly those directly supporting his Bde.-the Bn mission is directly linked to the higher’s higher

(vertical to division)

YZ

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Staff Preparation of the Battlefield(Situational Analysis)

SPB is the entire staff’s responsibility, not the S2’s, to ensure a clear understanding of the entire situation to ensure mission accomplishment.

Staff Preparation of the Battlefield(Step 2)

See the Terrain & Weather

Develop MCOO within the AO & AI– Time distance analysis must be done given enemy capabilities– Analyze Ground/Air potential– Analyze Sustainment Potential– Weather considerations• Temp, Humidity, Precipitation, Winds, Clouds, Visibility• Current and projected

Commander and Staff should evaluate terrain in terms of potential usages of combat power.

Terrain & weather are neutral--don’t focus entirely on the enemy.

Staff must remain unbiased, recognizing the potential of terrain and weather to maximize our forces ability to generate effects of maneuver, firepower and protection; while simultaneously minimizing vulnerabilities.

Terrain Analysis

O -- Observation and fields of fireC -- Concealment and CoverO -- ObstaclesK -- Key TerrainA -- Avenues of Approach (Air and Ground)

Terrain Factor Overlays

Overlays can be prepared with info not found on military maps.Tree spacing and tree trunk diameter that impede movement of wheeled and tracked vehicles.

Stream width, depth, current speed, bank height, and river bed composition for determining crossing points and fording sites.

Soil characteristics that limit mobility.

The height of vegetation or buildings in urban areas that limit or interfere with horizontal or vertical LOS.

Synthetic or natural changes to the terrain that have occurred since the available maps were printed (urban sprawl, new highways, rail lines, or forest growth and cutback).

Slope and other surface conditions that impede cross-country movement.

Vegetation and surface roughness (micro relief).

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Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay

Identify Severely Restricted Terrain Black Outline/Green Crosshatch- Built up areas 500 meters or larger or difficult to bypass- Water features that can not be forded or spanned by an AVLB- Slopes of 45% or greater uphill, Terrain with elevation changes of 200 to 400 meters per km-Trees of 6 - 8 inches in diameter and less that 20 feet apart- In woods, one trail per km and no hard surface roads.- man made obstacles

Identify Restricted Terrain Black Outline/Green Hatch- Water features that can be forded in several areas- Slopes of 30-45%- Trees of 2 inches in diameter less that 20 feet apart- In woods, one hard surface road or two trails per km, or one hard surface road and one trail per km

Identify Mobility Corridors Blue or Red arrows w/Unit sizeSize Unit WidthCompany 500mBattalion 1.5 kmBrigade/Regiment 3 kmDivision 6 km

Identify Avenues of Approach Blue or Red w/Unit SizeSize Unit Maximum Distance ApartBattalion 2 kmBrigade/Regiment 6 kmDivision 10 km

Identify Key and Decisive Terrain Circle K # in Purple or black

Identify Inter-visibility Lines Highlight highlighter

Weather Analysis

Weather and visibility conditions create advantages and disadvantages for opposing forces. Commanders and their staffs must acquire weather information about the entire battlefield area and know how to exploit the opportunities the weather offers while minimizing its adverse effects. Because weather is a major factor affecting both personnel and all battlefield systems, its influence must be recognized.

- Visibility- Low visibility hinders the defense.- C2 is more difficult.- Recon, surveillance, and target acquisition are degraded.- Generally favors the offense.

- Wind speed and direction.- Both usually favor the force upwind.- Affects employment of smoke and chemicals.- As wind speed increases, wind chill becomes a consideration.

- Precipitation.

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- Decreases cross-country mobility.- Decreases visibility.- Extensive cloud cover reduces the effectiveness of CAS and aerial resupply.

- Temperature. Temperature affects personnel and equipment.

Terrain & Weather

• Key Questions:– How does the terrain/weather effect enemy/friendly movement? Why?– What terrain is important to the enemy/ friendly forces? Why?– What are enemy/friendly forces approaches to the important terrain? Why?– How does the terrain/weather effect enemy/ friendly direct/indirect fires? Why?• Products:– Facts and Assumptions– Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay– Weather/light data chart– Proposed CCIR chart with respect to key terrain, obstacles, weather, etc.

Staff Preparation of the Battlefield See the Enemy(considerations)

In seeing the enemy you are attempting to identify indicators of the enemy main efforts vs. potential indicators of economy of force. Recent and ongoing significant activities must be considered: recon, direct and indirect fire activities, etc. Known locations are FACTS, the remainder on a SITTEMP and/or event template are ASSUMPTIONS. Main Effort indicators:– tank/airborne heavy formations (#/model/dtg)– FA units (MRL/BM21/BM27)– ADA assets Supporting Effort indicators:– Engineer assets (bridging/digging/CM)– AT assets

Threat Evaluation

Doctrinal Template

Uses the enemy’s doctrine without considering the effects of terrain and weather on operations for the current situation. Concerned mainly with the Order of Battle, tactical doctrine, weapons and equipment, and supporting battlefield functional systems.

- Information sources.- Higher headquarters' intel overlays, INTSUMs, PERINTREPs.- Order of battle handbooks.- Doctrine, training, and equipment publications.

- Enemy information the staff should maintain is the following:- Composition (Order of Battle)- Strength- Committed forces. Units currently in contact.- Reinforcements. Enemy units not committed in or out of the friendly sector, but which can react to the friendly

course of action.- Artillery, air, NBC. Other forces, such as EW, air defense, AT, unconventional warfare, combat surveillance.

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Threat Integration

- Combines the enemy doctrine with the terrain and weather.

Situation Template

- Three analysts using the same doctrinal template will develop three different situations for the same area. - Each situation must be analyzed, with the possibility that several templates depicting alternative dispositions may

be developed for a single area.

Event Template

- Identifies and analyzes significant battlefield events and activities which provide indicators of enemy courses of action.

- By recognizing what the enemy can do, and by comparing it with what the enemy is doing, we can predict what the enemy probably will do next.- Offensive

- Depicts how the enemy commander perceives the friendly attack and how the enemy might potentially counter attack.

- Help predict where the enemy can be expected to employ enemy intelligence collection assets, and were and when any potential counterattack may originate.

NAI - (named area of interest) activity here will confirm or deny a particular course of action. (Points, routes or areas)

TPL - (time phased line) help keep track of enemy movements and assist the collection manager in directing collection assets.

Enemy Rates of MarchSecurity Area .........................................6 km/hrMain Battle Area...................................2 km/hrRear Area .........................................5 km/hr

Decision Support Template

- Combines the intelligence estimate and operations estimate in graphic form.

- Does not require the commander to make a decision, only indicates when one might be required in order to best affect the battle.

- Is a combined effort of the S2, S3, FSO, S4, and briefed by the S3.

TAI - areas where we can delay, disrupt, destroy, or manipulate the enemy force.- normally already NAIs.- Terrain dependent (Bridges, road junctions, choke points, DZs, LZs, fording sites, FARPs, Rear Area refueling

and arming points.

Decision Points - Tactical decisions are required. Not what decision only where a decision must be made to have an affect on the battlefield.

- Dependent on the availability of fire support, maneuver, combat support, and CSS systems.- Equate time to specific points on the battlefield and are determined by comparing times required to implement

decisions, enemy movement rates, and distances.

Average Speeds of Vehicles (KM/MIN)Type Surface Undamaged 10% Damage >10% Damage

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Concrete, asphalt .66 to .83 .33 to .58 .17 to .33Gravel and rubble .66 to .75 .33 to .5 .17 to .33Dirt .25 to .42 .13 to .25 .08 to .17

Average March Rates for Mixed ColumnsDay, on roads.......................33 to .5 KM/MINNight, on roads.....................25 to .33 KM/MINCross Country......................08 to .25 KM/MIN

See the Enemy

Key Questions:– What is the enemy’s location/disposition? Known? Suspected?– What is the enemy’s strength? Composition?– Does the commander have any assumptions about the enemy? What are they?– What are the enemy’s capabilities? Possible COAs?– Where and when do you perceive enemy vulnerabilities? Why?– What is the enemy deception plan/objective?

Products:– Facts and Assumptions– Enemy Nesting Diagram (T/P)– SITEMPs/Event Templates– Possible enemy COAs sketches– Enemy Order of Battle Chart– Proposed PIR Chart

Mission AnalysisSteps 3-11: See Yourself

Step 3. Identify specified and implied tasksStep 4. Identify combat potential Step 5. Identify limits on possible COAs Step 7. Conduct risk analysisStep 8. Determine facts and assumptionsStep 9. Identify Time AvailableStep 10. Identify your essential Task and PurposeStep 11. Restated Mission

Step 3. Identify Specified and Implied Tasks

Specified tasks are dictated by the higher HQ in the order Implied tasks are tasks the unit must perform in order to accomplish specified tasks.

Step 4. Identify Combat Potential

Confirm Task Organization Analyze and collect two levels down. Provide the CO with an initial assessment of capabilities based on assumptions of time available and projected operational readiness. Advise the CO of higher’s priorities and where the unit fits into those priorities. Key questions:– What assets have been added to my task organization?

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– What assets must I give up?– What time do I receive or give up these assets?– What do I need that I currently will not receive?

Step 5. Identify Limits on Possible COAs

Constraints: things we must do. Restrictions: things we can not do or limit things we can do.– What constraints and restrictions have been place on our freedom of action?– Why has higher limited our possible solutions?

Step 6. Command and Control Warfare

Analyze to make the most effective use of all lethal and nonlethal weapon systems

Step 7. Conduct Risk Analysis

• Identify hazards or factors that may adversely affect mission accomplishment• Assess extent of hazard detrimental to mission• Make risk recommendation to reduce risk• Implement controls• Supervise

Step 8. Determine Facts and Assumptions

• Facts are statements of known data• Assumptions replace necessary but missing or unknown facts

FACTS (examples)- S1

- Personnel status of organization, subordinate units, and attached and supporting units.

- S2- Battlefield Area Evaluation (BAE)- Terrain analysis- Current weather

- Known enemy information

- S3- Mission and commander's intent (one and two levels up)- Current task organization (two levels down)- Current unit status (assigned, attached, or supporting)

- Unit locations- Unit combat capabilities- Unit activities

- Combat support - Other unit information (flank units, supporting units, higher's uncommitted units)- Radiation exposure status (before operation)- Time

- S4- Provide current assessment of the logistic situation of the organization, subordinate units, and attached and

supporting units

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ASSUMPTIONS (examples)

Replace necessary but missing facts. Assumptions may also be required for facts that change due to the time difference between receipt of the mission and the time of execution.

An assumption is considered valid if:- The situation will exist when the plan becomes an order. (For OPLANs)- It is essential to the solution of the problem.- The results of your plan would change if the assumptions were not made.

- S1- Percent fill of force - Status of critical MOSs- Replacement flow- Medical evacuation capability- Hospital support capability- Human factors

- S2- Terrain

- Best avenues- Best defensible ground- Proposed FEBA/LD- Effects of terrain on both enemy and friendly- Complete MCOO

- Effects of weather- Enemy forces

- Develop possible enemy COA- Determine enemy capabilities (EW, CI, FA, ADA, Air, NBC)- Anticipate enemy objectives, missions and intentions

- Enemy vulnerabilities- Personnel strength- Combat effectiveness- Logistical capabilities

- Own capabilities- Status of intelligence support- Organic & supporting collection assets- Effects of AO on enemy COA

- S3- Status of maneuver forces- Status of combat support units

- Fire support (include Tac Air)- Air defense support- Chemical (include Decon, and offensive support)- Engineer support- Electronic warfare support- General aviation support- Military police capabilities

- Battlefield circulation control and security of MSRs- Prisoners of war- Rear area operations center- Command posts

- Signal capabilities (MSE, TACSAT)- Time

- S4- Discuss differences between the current logistic status in the functional areas identified above and the anticipated

status of the organization at the time it begins the operation.

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Step 9. Identify Time Available

• Your unit vs. the enemy/problem– The enemy has a vote. – 12/36/72 hrs -- 1/3x2/3 : 1/5x4/5– CTC/peacetime may be a fact.– In combat it is always a shifting assumption

• Subordinate timeline– Understand how the planning will limit their time– Informal contract with commanders on how or what (rehearsals, etc....) will limit their time.

• Key questions:

-Are there any subordinate units whose time spectrum is different from others? (i.e. counterrecon) What special considerations have we made?

-Will orders, rehearsals and other meetings enhance or inhibit time usage?-Have we created an order clear and attainable that will meet 1/3:2/3, or have we allowed major changes,

not due to enemy or terrain, that will not allow the subordinates the proper time.

Step 10: Identify Essential Task and Purpose

• Task = What must be done– It is a clearly defined and measurable activity accomplished by individuals and units

• Purpose = Why it must be done– The main effort’s purpose relates to your unit’s purpose– Supporting effort’s purpose relates to the accomplishment of your own unit’s main effort’s purpose– It is the unique contribution only your unit makes to the commander’s concept at the decisive point and time

• PURPOSE takes precedence over TASK

Step 11. Restated Mission StatementWho, When, Where, Task, and Purpose

The Restated Mission is a clear, concise statement of the task to be accomplished by the command and the purpose to be achieved.

Clearly and concisely state the mission essential task and its purpose.

The mission statement should stand alone and convey the commander’s intent for the unit.

The mission statement should be clear enough that subordinates understand end state success.

It should describe for the subordinate commander the effect of his firepower, maneuver or protection relative to the enemy, terrain, or a friendly force.

Task and Purpose

The staff will use the task/purpose when writing orders or briefing operations.

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Purpose: in order to...

Allow Deceive Draw Influence ProtectCause Deny Enable Open SupportCreate Divert Envelope Prevent Surprise

Tactical Tasks:

Enemy Terrain Friendly

Assault Clear BreachBlock Retain Follow and SupportBypass Secure DisplaceCanalize Seize GuardContain Recon ExfiltrateDemonstrate InfiltrateDestroy OccupyExploit OverwatchFeint ScreenFix Support by FireInterdict DisengageNeutralizePursuePenetrateSuppressAttack by FireReconRupture

Types of Operations:

Attack Counterattack DefendMovement to Contact Retrograde MobilityCountermobility Survivability River CrossingRelief in Place Raid PursuitExploitation Breakout

Mission AnalysisStaff Checklists

ALL STAFF OFFICERS Specified and implied tasks.

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Assets available in your area. Limitations. Facts and assumptions. Time considerations. Mission-essential tasks and purpose.

S2 (w/ Staff input) Initial IPB including the following:

Conduct Battlefield Area Evaluation (AO/AI/BS). Define Battlefield effects. Evaluate the threat. Determine threat COAs. Determine enemy vulnerabilities. Determine assets available.

Conduct terrain analysis using OCOKA. Conduct weather analysis using THPWCV.

XO/S3 CONDUCT TIME ANALYSIS Conduct risk analysis Conduct nesting analysis (vertical and horizontal) Identify current combat power and assets available.. Assess current situation of subordinate units and activities. Status of task organization. Answer the following questions:

What is our task? What are the specific results we must attain in terms of the enemy, terrain, or friendly force? Why were we given this task? (Purpose) Who is the main effort and how does this task relate to the main effort? What is the unique contribution our mission makes to the brigade’s mission? What are the limitations placed on our freedom of action? Do the limitations limit our possible courses of actions?

Fire Support Officer Brigade Scheme of fires

Identify higher commander’s intent for fires. Brigade Fire Plan Identify specified and implied tasks (targets the Bn is resp for) Limitations Allocation of priority targets and FPFs Current and O/O fire support coordination measures Priority of fires

FA organization for combat Location When in position

Assets available/when FIST status Mortar tube status and location CAS allocated to the Task Force COLTs allocated/location

Current ammo status # of killing missions available # minutes of smoke # / amount of FASCAM # of copperhead rounds

Assist the S2 with enemy Fire Support template: Possible FA locations

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Determine enemy range fans Type of enemy units available Identify enemy main effort indicators (MRL/BM21/BM27)

Engineer Determine:

Purpose for engineer efforts Higher CO’s intent for engineers Specified, implied and essential tasks Engineer Battlefield Assessment OCOKA and impact on friendly/enemy operations.

Assist the S2 with the following: Enemy M-CM-S Enemy IRD, MOD, and MSD (configuration, location, capabilities) Templated obstacle locations, type, and construction Location of breaching assets in the enemy formations Enemy survivability and obstacle matrices based on organic equipment Number of survivability positions based on available assets Number of minefields Templated FASCAM

Friendly M-CM-S Status of all equipment Number of breaches assets are capable of conducting Timelines (fighting positions, ditches, etc....) Class IV status

ADO Identify:

Purpose for ADA Higher CO’s intent for air defense Specified, implied, and essential tasks. Limitations Assets available Availability of AD munitions Understand higher and adjacent unit ADA scheme of maneuver EW assets available

Assist the S2 in templating the enemy ADA employment

NBCO Identify:

Purpose for NBC operations Higher CO’s intent Specified, implied, and essential tasks. Limitations

Assist the S2 with IPB Identify where, when and how the enemy will employ NBC agents Identify enemy NBC capabilities (means of delivery by types, numbers and ranges)

Locate locations and support for Decon (sites, roads, water, etc....) Identify possible smoke usage areas Analyze effects of weather on smoke and NBC agents Analyze friendly situation:

MOPP level Chemical assets available Task Organization Capabilities (amount of smoke, types of Decon, etc....) Status of internal assets (M12s, M8s, etc.) Link up procedures for chemical assets

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S4 Lead the CSS staff in the mission analysis. Identify specified, implied and essential CSS tasks. Identify the purpose for CSS assets. Determine forecasted vehicle/weapon status. Update supply statuses of all classes.

S1 Update personnel status of organic and attached units. Forecast personnel status.

MEDO Medical Assets available

SIGO Unit commo maintenance status Identify possible TOC sites

Mission Analysis Products

Product StaffNesting Diagrams (Friendly & Enemy) S2/S3MCOO/SITTEMPS/Event Templates AllIntent Two Levels Up XO/S3Facts and Assumptions AllSpecified/Implied Task List AllEssential Task and Purpose XO/S3Combat Power Chart XOCapabilities/Constraints/Limitations Chart AllDetailed Timeline XO/S3Risk Analysis XO/S3Restated Mission Statement XO/S3

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XO/S3: AgendaCombat PowerAO/AI

S2: Initial Intel Estimate (Terrain, Weather and Threat Analysis)Initial Collection Plan (Assets/NAIs, PIR)

S3: Nested Diagram HigherMission & Intent (2 levels up) Facts/AssumptionsSpecified/Implied/Essential TasksConstraint/LimitationsCONCLUSIONS (SHORTFALLS/ WARSTOPPERS/ RECOMMENDATIONS)

FSO: Available FA AssetsScheme of Fires

EN: Breach/Digging Assets

SLICE: As Necessary

S4/S4: SUSTAINMENT/MANNING Facts/Assumptions (Classes of Supply/Arming/ Fixing/Fueling/Moving) CONCLUSIONS (Shortfalls/Warstopper/ Recommendations)

XO: Proposed Restated Mission

CDR: Commander’s Guidance

Mission Analysis Agenda

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XX

T:___________P:___________ ___________

X

T:___________P:___________ ___________

X

T:___________P:___________ ___________

X

T:___________P:___________ ___________

II

T:___________P:___________ ___________

II

T:___________P:___________ ___________

II

T:___________P:___________ ___________

I

T:___________P:___________

I

T:___________P:___________

I

T:___________P:___________

I

T:___________P:___________

I

T:___________P:___________

OPORD_______Nesting Diagram

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XX

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

II

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

OPORD_______ Enemy Nesting Diagram

IIII

T:___________P:___________ ___________

T:___________P:___________ ___________

II II

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DIVISION CDR’S INTENTPURPOSE:

METHOD:

ENDSTATE:

DIVISION MISSION OPORD_______

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BDE CDR’S INTENTPURPOSE:

METHOD:

ENDSTATE:

BDE MISSION OPORD_______

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Assumptions

OPORD_______Facts

27

Intel:

Maneuver:

Fire Spt:

M/CM/S:

ADA:

C2:

CSS:

OPORD_______Specified Tasks

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Intel:

Maneuver:

Fire Spt:

M/CM/S:

ADA:

C2:

CSS:

OPORD_______Implied Tasks

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Intel:

Maneuver:

Fire Spt:

M/CM/S:

ADA:

C2:

CSS:

OPORD______Constraints Tasks Limitations Tasks

Things We Cannot Do Things We Must Do

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OPORD______Changes to TaskOrganization

31

OPORD_____Proposed Restated Mission

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MASTER TIMELINE

TIME/Illum ENEMY TLPs CRITICAL TASKS Log/CSS

DTG_____

0001

0200

0400

0600

0900

1000

1200

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MASTER TIMELINE

TIME/Illum ENEMY TLPs CRITICAL TASKS Log/CSS

DTG_____

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

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Planning Timeline

Critical Timeline Events

7 Hour Timeline (18-72 hours)

16 hour Timeline (72+ hours)

Time Start Time

Complete

Time

Time Start Time

Complete Time

Receive OrderIssue WARNO #1 30 min 30

minMission Analysis 1 hr 2.5

hrsMission Analysis

Brief30 min 30

minBreak 10 min 20

minCommander’s

Guidance10 min 20

minLeaders’ Recon N/A N/A

Issue WARNO #2 30 min 45 min

Develop/Analyze COAs

N/A 1 hr

Hasty Wargame COAs

N/A 2 hr

COA Brief N/A 30 min

Refine COA/Prep Wargame

15 min 30 min

Wargame selected COA (Prep Sync

Matrix)

1 hr 2 hrs

Issue WARNO #3 30 min 30 min

OPORD Preparation 1 hr 2 hrsReproduction 1.5 hrs 2.5

hrsTotal Planning Time 7.5 hours 16 hours

Issue OPORD 1 hr 1 hrBackbriefs to Cdr 30 min 30

minTroop Planning/Prep

Time15 hours 32 hours

35

Commander’s Guidance

The CO’s vision of the operation• Enemy Courses of Action• Restated Mission• Commander’s Intent• The Concept of the Operation• The Deception Objective• Priorities• The Time Plan• The Type of Order to Issue• The type of Rehearsal to conduct• Other elements of Commander’s Guidance

The following is a guideline and not all inclusive, but serves as an initial point for the commander. It also serves as a tool for the staff to ask for clarification in their specific area to ensure full understanding of the Commander’s

intent

Enemy COAs

• Identify most likely, dangerous, or combination• Prioritize which COA(s) to plan against first• Identify enemy’s critical decision points• Identify high value targets• Give initial PIR guidance• Issue R & S guidance

Issue Initial Commander’s Intent:

• Purpose: Understanding one level up and our unique contribution to that intent and mission.• Method: How the CO sees the force achieving the end state. Broad yet concise. (Phases/sequences/ forms of maneuver, etc.) • End State: Understanding two levels up intent.

Concept of operations:

• Decisive Area(s) or Point(s)

• Battlefield organization (close/deep/rear)– Main effort (location and combat power)– Critical supporting efforts

36

• COA Development Guidance– Critical Events– Number of COAs to develop– Concepts to consider or not consider• Formations to consider• Shaping the battlefield• Defeat mechanism• Main and supporting efforts– Task Organization– Where/what risk to accept– Subordinate Task/Purpose– Reserve guidance (composition, mission, priorities, C2)– Deception guidance– Recon/Counter-recon guidance– EEFI (CCIR)

• Commander’s Intent for Fire Support (concept of fires): (see CTC bulletin No. 96-4)– High payoff targets – Synchronization and focus of fires with maneuver– Commander’s Critical Fire Support Tasks (CCFST)• Task: state in terms of desired effects (suppress, destroy, obscure, screen)• Purpose: as the fires relate to the scheme of maneuver• Method: FA, mortars, CAS, etc.• End state: as it relates to the enemy or friendly formation/function

• Engineer Guidance– Priority of work (M/C-M/S)– FASCAM and Volcano usage– Breaching guidance

• NBC Guidance– Recon assets– MOPP posture– Smoke employment

• ADA Guidance– Protection priorities– Positioning guidance– Weapon control status• CSS Guidance– Location– Priorities in terms of MAFFMS– Controlled supply rates

• Command and Control Guidance– CP positioning– CO position

The Deception Objective

• Forces and material to dedicate to the plan• What do we want the enemy to believe• How do we expect the enemy to behave• How do we expect to exploit how he behaves

37

Priorities

• Manning• Arming• Fueling• Fixing• Moving• Sustaining

Timeline Guidance

• Time available• Complexity of the mission• Positioning of forces• Planning requirements to synchronize the mission• Combat preparations (including: subordinate time, movement, rehearsals, PCIs, etc.)• Light conditions• How and where the order will be issued

Type of order to issue

• FRAGO• Oral• Overlay Order• Open (fill in the blank) order

Type of rehearsal

• Backbrief• Radio Rehearsal• Map Rehearsal• Terrain Model Rehearsal• Sketch map Rehearsal• Key Leader Rehearsal• Full up Rehearsal

Other Elements of Commander’s Guidance

• Priorities and desired effects for fire support systems• R & S plan• Timing of the operation• Key Terrain• Force protection guidance• OPSEC considerations• Constraints imposed by higher• Posture for sequels• Guidance for reserves

Commander’s Critical Information Requirements

• Priority Intelligence Requirements:– How does the commander see the enemy?– What information about the enemy is essential to making a decision?• Essential Elements of Friendly Information (EEFI):– How does the enemy see us?

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– What information on us is essential to the enemy commander in order to defeat us?• Friendly Forces Information Requirements (FFIR)– How does the commander see his own unit.– Information needed about own unit or other friendly units in order to make a decision. (Nesting)

Decisive Point

• A point in space, time, or an event which we seek a decision• A tool for synchronization of combat power

Specific Questions• What is the objective for the recon force?• What is the form of maneuver?• What COAs do you want/not want developed?• Are there any specific terrain objectives?• Who is the main effort and how do we weight it?• What is the focus deep?• What is the focus rear?• What is the definition of success?• Where do you see the decisive points?• Where do you want to kill the enemy?• What is the deception plan?

Commander’s GuidanceExample Format

• Problem/Mission– Enemy COAs

• Intent– End State (success criterion)– Purpose – Method• Decisive Area(s)/Point(s)• Main effort (T/P)• Reserve (configuration, T/P)• R & S plan guidance• Branches/sequels• C2 considerations• Deception guidance

• CCIR• Priorities• Timeline guidance• Type of order• Type of Rehearsal

COA Development

• Must include the entire staff to integrate all BOSs• Ensure COAs are:– Suitable (will it accomplish the mission?)– Feasible (do we have the resources?)– Acceptable (do benefits outweigh the costs?)– Distinguishable– Complies with the commander’s guidance

39

COA Development Steps

1. Analyze relative Combat Power2. Array Main and Supporting effort forces two levels down

3. Develop Scheme of Maneuver:Identify Purposes for main and supporting effortsDetermine Tasks that will accomplish stated purpose for main and supporting efforts

4. Task Organize5. Determine Command and Control means and assign initial graphic control measures6. Assign headquarters to each unit grouping7. Prepare COA statement(s) and sketch(es)

COA Development StepsCOA Development

Step1: Analyze relative combat power. Make a rough subjective estimate of relative combat power.

Combat Power = Manuever+Firepower+Protection+(Leadership)

- AO and AI- List all combat power in AO

Determine Ratio (2.5 : 1)- Then do for AI- Remember to use % below strength

Friendly Mission Ratio Enemy MissionDelay 1 : 6Defend 1 : 3 Prepared or FortifiedDefend 1 : 2.5 HastyAttack 3 : 1 Prepared of FortifiedAttack 2.5 : 1 Hasty positionCounterattack 1 : 1 Flank

Comparison of Forces

USStrength Platoon Company Battalion

Light 1 3 9 31M113 1.5 6 18 78M2/3 2 8 24 102M1 3 12 36 150

M1A1 3.15 12.6 37.8 157.2M60A3 2.25 9 27 108

HMMWV 0.6 6AH 64 4 4 20 60AH 1 3 3 15 45

ArtilleryM109 1 4 8 24MLRS 2.5 12.5 25

Soviet-typeStrength Platoon Company Battalion Regiment*

BTR 1 3 12 48 171

40

BMP 1.5 4.5 18 64.5 224.5T80 2 6 20 64 279T72 1.86 5.58 18.6 59.66 265.84T64 1.55 4.65 15.5 50.05 236.7T62 1 3 10 33 168.5T55 0.83 2.49 8.3 27.73 152.52

ArtilleryStrength Platoon Company Battalion Regiment*

SP 122 0.8 2.4 4.8 14.4SP 152 0.85 2.55 5.1 15.3 61.2MRL 2 6 12 36

* Add a tank battalion to the BTR & BMP Regiment strengthStep 2: Array Forces two levels down at the decisive area or point per commander’s intent.

Array the Forces

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***

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******

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The array is layed out on a template using the SITTEMP portraying the enemyCOA which the CO dictated in his guidance. Array forces for each criticaltask/decisive point throughout the operation.

Array Initial ForcesUsed to determine the force necessary to defeat each enemy line (1st Belt, 2d Belt, Regt Counterattack, 2d Echelon, Div Counterattack)- Determine the ratio of friendly forces required- Determine the size of unit to be arrayed

Brigades consider battalion size avenues and array companiesBattalion consider company size avenues and array platoons

41

- Determine a proposed FEBA/LD- Develop the deception story - Make initial array (Generic ground, w/o regard to Task Organization)

Step 3: Develop a Scheme of Maneuver

– Assign Purpose then Task(s) in regard to the terrain, the enemy or friendly forces (nesting). Example:• (ME) destroy to prevent an enemy attack into the southern flank of 2d Bde.• (SE) breach to create an exposed flank for the ME.• (SE) support by fire to prevent enemy from massing fires onto the ME.• (SE) fix to allow the ME the ability to mass fires on the two MRCs.– Address all elements of the battlefield framework.• Deep Operations• Covering force/security force• Close Operations• Rear Operations• Reserve– This step will turn into the narrative of the COA statement.

Develop the Scheme of Maneuver

- Uses the initial array as a starting point.- Reevaluate the terrain and enemy.- Reevaluate the force ratio considering:

- Risk- Initiative- Surprise- Logistics- Morale and skill

- Consider the impact of shortages and/or uncommitted forces in initial array.- Evaluate type of opens identified as possible during the relative cat par analysis.- Determine the defeat mechanism.- Determine the location of the main effort and supporting effort.- Array additional forces.

- provide depth, security, and act as a reserve.- Converting generic forces. (task organize the units directly under you)

Five Basic Forms of ManeuverEnvelopment

Turning MovementInfiltrationPenetration

Frontal AttackPhases of Operations

to be Considered when Developing Courses of Action

Deliberate Attacka. Rehearsalb. Reconnaissancec. Movement to LDd. Maneuvere. Deployment

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f. Attack(1) Break-in

(a) Approach(b) Penetration(c) Assault

(2) Fight-throughg. Consolidation and reorganizationh. Continuation

Step 4: Task Organize: Tailor the force to the task/purpose

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******

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BreachDestroy

Fix

Support by Fire

– The assigned Tasks and purposes from step 3:• (ME) destroy to prevent an enemy attack into the southern flank of 2d Bde.• (SE) breach to create an exposed flank for the ME.• (SE) support by fire to prevent enemy from massing fires onto the ME.• (SE) fix to allow the ME the ability to mass fires on the two MRCs.

43

Step 5: Determine Command and Control means and assign initial graphic control measures to enhance the intent.

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******

******

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BreachDestroy

Fix

Support by Fire

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Step 6: Assign Headquarters.

l (+)

l

l(-) ***

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******

******

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Breach

Fix

Support by Fire

l

45

Step 7. Prepare COA Sketch(es) and statement(s)

– At a minimum the statement should include:• Use Battlefield framework format (Deep, Close, Rear)• Operation’s purpose• Main effort or main attack• Scheme of maneuver, including the defeat mechanism, and any significant risk.• Tasks and purposes for subordinate headquarters– At a minimum the sketch should include:• Phase lines• Ground/air axis of advance• Zones of attack or defense sectors• Assembly areas• Strong points• Battle positions• Engagement areas• Objectives• FEBA or LD/LC• Major Obstacles• Fire support coordination measures• Main effort designated

- Sketch answers: Offensive Framework:- What Main/Supporting Attack- Where Recon/Security Opens- How Rear Opens

- Statement answers: Reserves- What- When- Where Defensive Framework:- How MBA, Main/Supporting Effort- Why Security Opens- Also includes: Deep Opens

- Defeat Mechanism Rear Opens- Close battle Reserves- Main effort- Deep battle- Rear area- Reserve- Security (Flanks, front, rear)- Risk accepted

Briefing Format Courses of Action

- Updated intel Estimate (current terrain & weather analysis and enemy situation) (S2)- Possible enemy COA (Situation templates) (S2)- Restated Mission (S3)- Higher and own Commander's intent (S3)- COA statement and sketch as a single entity (S3)

46

- VGT, butcher paper, or map overlay- COA rationale (for each one) (S3)

- Considerations affected by enemy COA to be war gamed- Deductions resulting from relative combat power analysis- Why units are arrayed as shown on sketch- Why selected control measures are used

- Updated facts and assumptions, if available (S1 and S4)

47

Course of Action Analysis

1. Gather the tools

2. List Friendly Forces

3. List Assumptions

4. List Decisive Area(s)/Point(s)

5. List Significant Factors

6. Select Wargame Method

Avenue Belt Box

7. Select how to Record and Display the Results

Narrative Worksheet Synch Matrix

8. Wargame the Battleand Assess the Results

Wargame Sequence Action Reaction Counteractions

Example of critical eventsand decision points.Offense- Passage of Lines- Breaching of main obstacle belt- Penetrations- Reaction to counterattack- River Crossing- Seizing the objective- Use of reserves- Deep Operations- Prep fires- Use of attack helosDefense- Deep operations- Destruction of first echelon forces- Destruction of folow-on forces- Commitment of reserve- Counterfires- Battle handover

Course of Action Analysis

• Purpose:– initial synchronization of the battlefield at critical/decisive area(s)/point(s)– visualization of the flow of an operation

• It is NOT:– an exercise to validate the COA

• Can result in:– modifying or changing missions in the COA for subordinate units– changing the COAs organization for maneuver forces

• Products:– R & S Plan– Synchronization Matrix/Wargame worksheet– Task Organization

48

– Overlays– Branches to COA (FRAGOs)– Decision Support Template(<two DPs at TF level)– Advantages/Disadvantages Chart

Wargaming Rule of Engagement• Remain unbiased• Accurately record advantages and disadvantages• Continually assess feasibility• Avoid drawing premature conclusions and gathering facts to support such conclusions• Avoid comparing one COA with another

Step 1: Gather the tools

• Wargame tools:– Commander’s Guidance– Enemy SITTEMP(s) and event template(s)– COA statement(s) and graphics– Understanding of nesting concepts– Battle staff assessment of how their assets best support a COA– Synchronization matrix or worksheet to record the results of the wargame– Overlays

• XO/S3 Preparation for wargaming– Ensures staff understands commander’s guidance– Staff briefed on the COA and enemy SITTEMP– Prioritizes assessment of work for the staff, i.e.:• If you want to wargame the counterrecon fight, S2 must bring detailed event templates of enemy recon elements• If you are within artillery range, direct the FSO to demonstrate brigade/division counter fire plan– Organizes for the wargame• Focuses on the decisive area(s)/point(s)• Identifies time you will spend wargaming each box or belt• Identifies method to be used and then identifies location so overlays can be cut for each box• Fills in times, units, and events to wargame on the matrix• For each box, identify key assets needed to ensure success

Course of Action Analysis

Step 2: List all friendly forces.

• Include all forces and combat multipliers available– CAS– EW– Surveillance and reconnaissance

Step 3: List assumptions• Validate any assumption:– “Is this assumption likely to occur?”– Must be logical and realistic

Step 4: List decisive area(s)/point(s)

• Derived from commander’s guidance.• Will drive the DST and decision point(s)

Step 5: List significant factors/criteria for comparison• Will derive the comparison criteria• Can Use doctrinal fundamentals:

49

– the principles of war - flexibility– the tenants of army operations - tactical deception– mutual support - BOSs– sustainability

Criteria for Comparison

Principles of War- Mass - Objective - Offensive- Economy of Force - Maneuver - Security- Surprise - Unity of Command - Simplicity

Air-Land Battle Tenets- Agility - Initiative- Depth - Synchronization- Versatility

Air-Land Battle Offensive Characteristics- Surprise - Flexibility- Speed - Audacity- Concentration

Air-Land Battle Defensive Characteristics- Preparation - Flexibility- Disruption - Concentration

Battlefield Operating Systems- Maneuver - Fire Support- C3 - Mobility/CounterMobility/Survivability- CSS - ADA- Intel

Risk (Do not Forget)

If the criteria are qualitatively the same for each course of action, they may not need to be displayed.

• Does the COA plan for the following:– Find and track the enemy?– Deny friendly information (EEFI)?– Fix the enemy?– Maneuver the main effort to strike the decisive blow?– Exploit the success?– Facilitate transition to the next mission?• Commander’s significant factors

Step 6: Select the wargame method

Box technique– isolates analysis on a few critical areas so staff can focus on key subordinate unit’s T/P or other events– useful when time is critical (hasty attack)

Belt technique -AO divided into not more than three sequential sectors. -Staff focus is on all subordinate unit’s T/P and critical events throughout the depth of the AO.

-Useful when time is not critical (defense)

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Step 7: Select a technique to record results

• Narrative technique– most time consuming– sentence form visualization

• Sketch note/worksheet technique– brief notes concerning critical locations/tasks– uses sequence numbers and events

• Synchronization matrix

Step 8: Wargame and assess the results

• Sequence– Action• S3 uses mission(s) or event(s) initiated by friendly forces• What additional assets are required or available to execute the action?

– Reaction• S2 uses SITTEMP/event templates.• Enemy’s reaction in relation to friendly action.• What assets did he use to react? Can we target them?• Is the enemy reaction something we must counter?• If the COA will counter the enemy reaction, no need to counter.

– Counteraction• How do we prevent or counter his reaction?• If we can target the enemy’s reaction, how do we target it? Decide, Detect, Deliver, Assess.• Use combat, combat support, and combat service support assets to ensure mission accomplishment.

• Staff Roles and duties

– S3 demonstrates action• briefs staff on COA(s)– prior to wargame– allow time for the staff to assess the COA• serves as expert on subordinate units missions and critical events• works with S2 on R & S plan (counteraction)• makes changes to task organization (counteraction)• makes changes to missions (O/O, be prepared (counteraction))• adds graphic control measures and manages terrain

– S2 demonstrates reaction• presents current relationship between friendly and enemy COAs• provides enemy COAs/event templates• discusses enemy use of combat multipliers• updates PIR• identifies NAIs (counteraction)• works with S3 on R & S plan

– FSO demonstrates counteraction• translates the CFSTs into detailed Battery level Critical FA Tasks (CFATs) (synchronize the FS)• shows FA available• records FA priority targets and FPFs• records FIST location and usage

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• provides current location of FA units• discusses displacement consideration of FA units and mortars• identifies– mortars status and location– current and on order FS coordination measures– current ammo status and future needs• develops fire support execution matrix and target overlay

– S4 demonstrates counteraction• identifies– status of critical combat systems– status of C2 vehicles and maintenance status by platoon– number of recovery vehicles available– unit class III and V status– location of adjacent and higher medical assets– number of tracked/wheeled ambulances– location of ammunition transfer point– logistics distribution plan using HEMTTs– records employment of CTCP, forward aid station, and UMCP

– Engineer demonstrates counteraction• identifies friendly mobility/countermoblity/survivability• records placement of breaching assets (squads, ACEs, CEVs, AVLBs, MICLICs, plows, and rollers)• identifies– digging timeline (# positions/NLT time)– obstacle timeline (# km/NLT time)– class IV and V needed to execute on time line• with the S2 identify– obstacle locations, type, and details– location and mission of mobile obstacle detachments (MODs)– location of breaching assets in the enemy formation• records task organization• records air delivered mines• discusses capabilities to execute countermobility and survivability based on equipment and troops– Chemo demonstrates counteraction• identifies – friendly capabilities and limitations– water and road network for Decon sites– company and task force defense equipment status– Decon sites• discusses impact of smoke, chemical recon and Decon on the operation• predicts fallout and downwind hazard and timing of templated NBC strikes with impact on the COA

– ADO demonstrates counteraction• understands when, where, and how the enemy will use air• records ADA coverage priorities and risk areas• identifies current ADA weapons and personnel status• records task organization• demonstrated understanding of higher and adjacent ADA coverage• records use of passive ADA measures

• Lessons Learned

Commanders and staffs should prioritize the engagements to synchronize given METT-T Synchronization of the entire battlefield is impossible Effective and efficient synchronization can only occur if the XO and staff are masters of BOS prerequisites and have a practiced technique

52

Wargaming will not fix: misunderstood friendly and enemy situation (mission analysis) unfocused or menu-driven commander’s guidance

an invalid course of action

Wargame Guidelines

Unit Type Action Capability StatusBn TF Attack Defeat a Co Reorg 4-12 hrBn TF Mtg Engage Fix a Bn Reorg 12-24 hrBn TF Flnk CA Defeat a Bn CM at reducd capabBn TF Flnk CA Fix a Regt Rearm/RefuelBn TF Defend Defeat a RegtFully committed duringBn TF Delay Defeat a RegtHigh RiskBn TF Delay Defeat a Bn Low RiskBn TF Delay Delay a Regt Low RiskBn TF Penetration Penetrate a Bn Reorg 12 - 24 hrArty Bn Suppression Suppres man Co Fully committedArty Bn Cntr Bty Suppres Arty Bn Fully committedMLRS Plt Suppression Neutrliz Arty Bn Reposition/ReloadAtk Hel Bn Defeat a Tk Bn Committed for 1 hrEng Plt Breach Std Mine one lane 100m x 4m 1 hr Eng Co Create Minefield GEMSS 500m/hr

Std 100m/hrCreate AT ditch 200m/hr

A10 CAS 2.2 Tnk/Sortie Avg5 Tnk/Sortie Mvng Tgt, SEAD, JAAT

• Products:– R & S Plan– Synchronization Matrix/Wargame worksheet– Task Organization– Overlays– Branches to COA (FRAGOs)– Decision Support Template(>two DPs at TF level)– Advantages/Disadvantages Chart

COA Comparison

• Two methods available– Decision Matrix– Simple Advantages/Disadvantages Chart

Decision Matrix

- Matrix:

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Courses of Action

WtCriteria 1 2 3

Simplicity

Surprise

Mass

Agility

Initiative

Speed

Risk 2

2

2

1

1

1

1

Total

1

1

3

3

2

2

2

2

3

3

2

2

3

6

2

4

1

1

2

2

1

1

3

3

2

2

3

3

1

1

2

4

3

6

1

1

24

12

36

1421

1622

1316

- State that Least is Best

Other staff sections do their comparison and the S3 combines them all for the decision brief.

Briefing Format War game

- Mission and Intent of higher (one and two levels up) (S3)- Updated intel estimate (terrain, weather & enemy situation) (S2)- Enemy COA war gamed (S2)- The COA war gamed (S3)

- Assumptions - War game technique used (belt, box, avenue)- Critical Events war gamed- Visualization of the entire operation

- each critical event- actions one level down- CS and CSS needed for mission accomplishment

- Possible enemy reactions considered during the war gaming (S2)- Results of the War game (S3)

- synchronization matrix- modifications to the COA- proposed task organization- decision support template and event template- priorities for combat and CSS units- estimated time required for the operation- estimated enemy losses- estimated friendly losses- advantages to the COA- disadvantages to the COA include Risk

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Rehearsal

• Rehearsal is a commander’s tool to:– ensure synchronization– reduce friction– confirm and/or teach techniques– gain agility– aid in gaining the initiative

• An ineffective rehearsal is worse than no rehearsal

• Rehearsals confirm and reinforce the commander’s intent and, therefore, cannot be solely maneuver oriented

• Purposes:– helps the commander visualize the battle– ensures understanding of intent, scheme of maneuver, etc.– identifies disconnected activities, such as C2, CS, or CSS– Outlines conditions for branch(es) and sequel(s)– determines movement and reaction times– enhances coordination– refines the plan– identifies key events and critical tasks– ensures synchronization

• Rehearsal Types– Confirmation brief• Why: to ensure that subordinate commanders understand the intent, concept, and their tasks/purposes.• What:– Enemy most probable COA– Higher commander’s intent– Higher unit’s concept (ID main effort and decisive point)– Own mission statement (task and purpose)• When: within 30 minutes of OPORD issue• Where: OPORD location or via FM• Who: subordinate commander’s to higher commander

– Backbrief• Why: to ensure subordinate commander’s concepts support the higher plan• What:– Assumptions– Task organization– Mission statement– Concept, maneuver, fires– Actions at critical events– Questions and additional resource requests• When: after subordinates issue their plan• Where: convenient location for subordinates• Who: subordinate commanders and specialty leaders brief commander

– SOP walk through: shows how the SOP will support the specific operation or plan. It should include:• LOGPAC operations• Reporting• Casualty evacuation• Battle drill– breach– defile

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– trench clearing– actions on contact

– Reduced Force• key leaders attend (down to CO or PLR)• replicate actions on mock ups

– Full Force• all personnel are available and attend• at every level units replicate actions

• Rehearsal techniques– Map– Sketch map– Terrain model– Radio– TEWT– Full-up

• Principles of rehearsals– Prioritize tasks and events (can’t do it all)– Commander leads and S3/XO moderates– Conduct multi-echelon combined arms rehearsal– Tie subordinates orders to a purpose/intent – Use a detailed SOP for the different types and techniques– List resources– Predetermine participants– Establish and enforce standards– Provide a visualization to commander and participants of the units applications of combat power at the decisive area or point

• Scheduling of rehearsals– Each WARNO should contain the rehearsal time– Schedule to allow subordinates at least 1/3 of available time before rehearsal– Set a time limit for the rehearsal

• Conduct of a rehearsal (Backbriefing using terrain model)– Start at appointed time

– XO/S3 orients terrain to map, overlay, or rock drill site and points out key terrain and/or AAs on both

– XO briefs timeline, records start time, and announces time hacks

– Establish an SOP that articulates the following:• commanders control rehearsals• players must demonstrate actions on the terrain board• how the rehearsal is controlled• when special staff officers brief• friendly and enemy events occur within each BOS

– S3• reads mission and commander’s intent• has TOC boards and charts rehearsal

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• lays out friendly situation as it currently exists including adjacent units

– S2• briefs templated enemy situation• demonstrates the most likely enemy COA for the following events or times: – LD– NLT Defend time– expected first enemy contact– existing R&S plan and ongoing actions at rehearsal time– patrols still out, OP locations, etc.– recon routes– objectives– security force composition and locations– initial contact– initial fires (artillery, air, attack helos)– probable main force objectives or fire sacks– commitment of the combined arms and AT reserves• The S2 must be specific, tying the enemy actions to specific terrain or friendly units’ actions

– S3 briefs friendly maneuver unit dispositions, including security forces, at rehearsal time other staff officers brief their slice unit locations and particular points of interest at the start time (i.e. MOPP, etc.) commander gives appropriate missions or commands; subordinate commanders and staff officers respond or give commands at the appropriate time, move to appropriate locations on the terrain model Terminate the first phase of the rehearsal after the desired end state (from the commander’s intent) is achieved

– Attack: usually on the objective after consolidation– Defense: usually after the decisive action such as commitment of the reserve and final destruction or withdrawal of the enemy

If additional coordination is required, accomplish it immediately: coordination is one of the key points of rehearsal make sure coordination is clearly understood by all and recorded all changes to the published order are verbal FRAGOs the S3 collects verbal FRAGOs and writes change to the order

– After initial walk through of the base order, go back to the initial decision point:• identify the criteria for a decision to change the plan• assume criteria have been met• refight the fight from that point forward all the way to the desired end state• complete any coordination to ensure understanding and requirements are met• record any changes

– Go to the next decisive point and repeat the process. Continue until all decision points have been rehearsed

– CSS items should be interjected at appropriate times• plans for cas evac• routes, AXPs, etc.• ROM sites• forward logistic bases• planned locations and effective times• LRPs• displacement times and locations and effective times• EPW collection points

– Commander and staff demonstration• Commander– identifies his decisive area or points

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– gives mission(s) for main and supporting effort– tells when the initiate fires IAW FS plan– FISTs initiate calls for fire

• FSO portrays– when they initiate fires– who is firing– from where– ammo type– desired target effect

• XO ensures all actions listed on the synch matrix or DST are addressed at the proper time or event

• Avoid rewargaming, except as necessaryGood Rehearsal = Synchronization

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Enemy Planning Factors

Soviet Actions US Defense

KM5

4

3

2

1

0

60

US Cdr Decision Pt: Continue to Defend, CATK,

Disengage

FA PRE-PLAN PREP

CoCol

PltCol

1,500m 1,500m

Soviet CdrDecision PtAslt, Fix or

Bypass

Maneuver& March

LineFA Fire Accompaniment

60% Preplan, 40% Calls

Atk Helo Ops

AssaultDismountat 400m

BP

3,750m

FA, Mortars,

EW, CAS

TOW

Tanks

25mm

FPFDragonSmall Arms

Soviet Type Organization

Motorized Rifle CompanyBMP BTR

Co Hq 1 BMP Co Hq 1 BTR3 x MRPs of 3 x BMP 9 BMP 3 x MRPs of 3 x BTR 9 BTRMachine Gun PLT 2 BMP MG/AT PLT 2 BTR

2 BMP 12 BTR

Motorized Rifle BattalionBn Hq *1 BMP Bn Hq *1 BTR3 x MRC of 12 BMP 36 BMP 3 x MRC of 12 BTR 36 BTRMortar Bty 6 120mm Mortar Bty 6 120mmADA PLT SA 7/14/16 3 BMP ADA PLT SA 7/14/16 3 BTRAGL PLT 30mm 3 BMP AGL PLT 30mm 3 BTR

42 BMP AT PLT 73mm/ RPG 7 5 BTR 47 BTR

Motorized Rifle RegimentRegt Hq 2 BTR Regt Hq 2 BTR

1 BTR PA 1 BTR PA 1 BMP

3 x MRB of 42 each 126 BMP 3 x MRB of 47 each 141 BTR1 Tank Bn 31 Tnk 1 Tank Bn 31 TnkHow Bn 3 Bty of 6 18 2S1 How Bn 3 Bty of 6 18 D30ADA Missile/Arty Bn 6 2S6 ADA Missile/Arty Bn 6 2S6

6 BMP 6 BTRAT Missile Bn 9 BRDM AT Missile Bn 9 BRDM

6 T12 6 T12Chemical PLT 3 BRDMrkh Chemical PLT 3 BRDMrkhRecon Co 3 BMP Recon Co 3 BMP

4 BRDM 4 BRDM 1 BRM 1 BRM 135 BMP 3 BMP 3 BTR 150 BTR 31 Tnk 31 Tnk 18 Mortar 18 Mortar 4 BRDM 4 BRDM

61

Tank Company

Hq 1 Tnk3 x Tnk PLT 3 each 9 Tnk 10 Tnk

Tank Battalion

Hq 1 Tnk 2 BTR3 x Tnk Co 10 each 30 Tnk 31 Tnk

Tank RegimentMRD TD

Hq 1 Tnk Hq 1 Tnk 1 BTR 1 BTR 1 BTRPA 1 BTRPA

3 x Tnk Bn each 31 93 Tnk 3 x Tnk Bn each 31 93 Tnk MRB 42 BMP

SP How Bn 18 2S1 SP How Bn 18 2S1AD Missile Bn 6 2S6 AD Missile Bn 6 2S6

6 BMP 6 BMPRecon Co 3 BMP Recon Co 3 BMP

4 BRDM 4 BRDM 1 BRM 1 BRM

Chemical Plt 3 BRDMrkh Chemical Plt 3 BRDMrkh 94 Tnk 94 Tnk 9 BMP 51 BMP 4 BRDM 4 BRDM 18 2S1 18 2S1

62

Divisions

MRD TDHq 3 BTR Hq 3 BTR2 x MRR(BTR) ea 31 62 Tnk 3 x TR each 94 282 Tnk

ea 150 300 BTR each 45 135 BMPea 18 36 D30 each 18 54 2S1

1 x MRR(BMP) 135 BMP 1 x MRR(BMP) 135 BMP 31 Tnk 31 Tnk 18 2S1 18 2S1

1 x TR 94 Tnk 18 2S1

Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3 Arty Regt each 24 48 2S3 18 BM21 18 BM21

SAM Regt each of 4 20 SA 6/8 SAM Regt a of 4 20 SA 6/8Recon Bn 6 Tnk Recon Bn 6 Tnk

12 BMP 12 BMP 12 BRDM 12 BRDM

AT Bn 9 BRDM 12 T12

Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 6 MI 8 6 MI 8 6 MI 24 6 MI 24

SSM Bn each of 2 4 FROG SSM Bn ea of 2 4 FROGChem Co 4 BRDMrkh Chem Co 4 BRDMrkh

193 Tnk 319 Tnk 147 BMP 282 BMP 300 BTR 72 2S3 48 2S3 36 D30 36 2S1 2 2S1 18 BM21 18 BM21 4 FROG 4 FROG

63

Divisions Continued

MRD with 2 BMP MRR MRD with 4 MRRHq 3 BTR Hq 3 BTR1 x MRR(BTR) 31 Tnk 2 x MRR(BTR) ea 150 300 BTR

150 BTR each 31 62 Tnk18 D30 each 18 36 D30

2 x MRR(BMP) ea 135 270BMP 2 x MRR(BMP) 270 BMP ea 31 62 Tnk each 31 62 Tnk ea 18 36 2S1 each 18 36 2S1

1 x TR 94 Tnk 18 2S1

Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3 Arty Regt each 24 72 2S3 18 BM21 18 BM21

SAM Regt each of 4 20 SA 6/8 SAM Regt ea of 4 20 SA 6/8Recon Bn 6 Tnk Recon Bn 6 Tnk

12 BMP 12 BMP 12 BRDM 12 BRDM

AT Bn 9 BRDM ITB 31 Tnk 12 T12

Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 Helo Sqdn 6 MI 2 6 MI 8 6 MI 8 6 MI 24 6 MI 24

SSM Bn each of 2 4 FROG SSM Bn ea of 2 4 FROGChem Co 4 BRDMrkh Chem Co 4

BRDMrkh 193 Tnk 161 Tnk 282 BMP 282 BMP 50 BTR 303 BTR 72 2S3 72 2S3 18 D30 36 D30 54 2S1 36 2S1 18 BM21 18 BM21 4 FROG 4 FROG

64

IRAQI BRIGADES

AR (RGFC) ARHq Hq 3 x TB ea 55/60 180 Tnk 3 x TB each 40/45 135 Tnk

ea 3 TK CO ea 3 TK CO1 x MECH BN(BMP) 45/50 BMP 1 x MECH BN(BMP/APC) 45/50

ea 4 MECH CO ea 3 MECH CO 1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 6 120mm1 ENG PLT 1 ENG CO1 CHEM PLT 1 CHEM PLT1 EVAC/MAINT PLT1 SUPPLY PLT 1 SUPPLY PLT1 COMMANDO CO 1 COMMANDO CO

MECH (RGFC) MECHHq Hq 3 x MECH BN (45/50) 150 BMP 3 x MECH BN (40/45) 135 BMP/APC

ea 3 MECH CO ea 3 MECH CO1 x TB (4 TK CO) 55/60 TNK 1 x TB (3 TK CO) 45/50 TNK1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 6 120mm1 ENG PLT 1 ENG CO1 CHEM PLT 1 CHEM PLT1 EVAC/MAINT PLT1 SUPPLY PLT 1 SUPPLY PLT1 COMMANDO CO 1 COMMANDO CO

INF (RGFC) INFHq Hq 3 x INF BN 270 MEN 3 x INF BN 270 MEN1 MORT BTY 6 120mm 1 MORT BTY 4-6 UNK mm1 ENG PLT1 CHEM PLT 1 CHEM PLT1 SUPPLY PLT 1 SUPPLY PLT1 COMMANDO CO 1 COMMANDO CO

65

Threat Planning Ranges

T80......................................2000mT72......................................2000mT64......................................2000mT62......................................1600mT55......................................1500mmAT-3....................................500m - 3000mAT-4....................................70m - 2000mAT-5....................................100m - 4000mAT-6....................................500m - 5000mAT-7....................................1000mAT-8....................................4000mRPG 7.................................500m Stat.............................................300m MovRPG 16...............................800m Stat.............................................500m MovRPG 18...............................200mRPG 22...............................250mSPG 9..................................1000mAGS 17 GL.........................800m Point.............................................1200m Area14.5 MG..............................2000m73mm..................................800m30mm..................................2500m100mm BMP 3....................2000m120mm Mort.......................5700mD30......................................15,300m2S1......................................15,300m2S3......................................17.2km - 20.5kmBM-21.................................20,380mFROG - 7............................70,000m

66

Vehicle Characteristics

T-55 T-62 T-64 T-72/T-80Crew 4 4 3 3Weight 36 37.5 38 41/42Road Spd 50 50 50 50/60 (km/hr)Range (km) 500 450 450 450 w/aux tnks 715 650 600 600Fording 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 w/snorkel 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5InfraredDriver Yes Yes Yes YesGunner Yes Yes Yes YesCommander Yes Yes Yes YesNBC Radiation Radiation Filtration and overpressureProtection Detection Detection Radiation Detection sysMain ArmamentCaliber 100 115 125 125Rate of Fire 5-7 3-5 6-8 6-8 (rd/min)Max Effective 1,500 1,600 2,000 2,000

4,000 (AT-8) 4,000 (AT-8)Basic Load 43 40 40 40

BMP BMP2 BMD MTLBCrew 3 3 3 2Passenger 8 7 4 10Weight 13.5 14.3 7.5 9.7Road Spd 70 65 80 60Water Spd 6 7 10 6 (km/hr)Range (km) 500 600 320 500Fording Amphib Amphib Amphib AmphibInfraredDriver Yes Yes Yes YesGunner Yes Yes No NoCommander Yes Yes Yes NoNBC Filtration & Filtration & Filtration & Filtration &Protection Overpress Overpress Overpress OverpressMain ArmamentCaliber 73 30 73 7.62Rate of Fire 8 550 8 650 (rd/min)Max Effective 800 2,500 800 1,000

3,000(AT-3) 4,000(AT-5) 3,000(AT-3)Basic Load 40/4 500/4 40/3 2,000

67

Maneuver Planning Factors

Ve hicle Characte ris tics

System Weapons M ax EffRange

B asic Load Fuel Capacity CruisingRange

M ax Speed

M 1A 2 120 mm7.62 coaxM 2 M G

25009001500

40100001000

505 289 41.5/30

M 2 IFV TOW25mm A P25mm HE

375017003000

7225675

175 300 41/30

M 3 CFV TOW25 mm A P25mm HE

375017003000

124251280

175 300 41/30

OH 58D HellfireStinger

2.75‘‘ rocket.50 cal

7000+500090002000

447

500

413 km 110 knots

A H 64 Hellfire2.75‘‘ rocket

30 mm .

7000+90003000

47

3000

480/800 km 140 knots

Battalions and Supporting Companies

Tank MechBn Hq 2 Tnk Bn Hq 2 M24 x Tnk Co each 14 56 Tnk 4 x Mech Co each 13 52 M2Sct Plt 10 M1025 E Co 12 M901

Sct Plt 10 M1025Mortar Plt 6 M106 Mortar Plt 6 M106

FA Engr (ERI)Bn Hq 12 FIST Hq3 x Gun Bty each 8 24 M109 3 x Eng Co each 7 21 ACE each 8 24 FASV each 3 9 5t Dump

each 12 36 M1133 x Equip Sec ea 4 12 5t Dump

each 3 9 MICLIC each 2 6 SEE each 1 3 GEMSS

3 x Mob/C Mob ea 4 12 AVLB each 2 6 CEV

1 x Bridge Co 1 ACE Ribbon Bridge

ADA Co Smk Plt2 x V/S Plt ea 4 8 V/Sting Plt Hq 1 M113Stinger Plt 2 x Smk Sqd each 3 w/2 6 M113

3 Stinger Sec ea at 412 Stingers

68

Friendly Forces Planning Ranges

M1A1...........................................2800mM1................................................2500mM60A3.........................................2000mM60A1.........................................2000mTOW II........................................65m - 3750mDragon.........................................65m - 1000mLAW............................................200m Stat.....................................................150m Mov.50 Cal..........................................1600m7.62mm........................................900mStinger.........................................5000mVulcan.........................................1200m Air25mm...........................................2500mMK19...........................................4.2 in Mort..................................6850mM109............................................18,100mM110A2.......................................22,900mMLRS..........................................30,000mACE.............................................2 Hasty Posn/hrGEMSS........................................2400m/hr (30/60 w)AVLB...........................................15m spanSEE..............................................3 Crw Served/hrCEV.............................................1000mMICLIC.......................................100m x 14mSmoke Trk...................................1 - 2 hrAN-PPS 5....................................10 km (Vehicles).....................................................6 km (Personnel)FASCAM.....................................400m X 400m

69

Area of Combat Control

Standard Extended Gaps between SubordinatesUnit Frontage Frontage Standard Extended

Tank Platoon 300m 600m 100m 200mMech Platoon 300m 600m 100m 200mTank Heavy Tm 900m 1,800m 300m 500mMech Heavy Tm 900m 1,800m 300m 500mTank Heavy TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 1,000mMech Heavy TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 800mBalanced TF 4,000m 8,000m 600m 900m

Unopposed Rates of MarchTerrain Foot Infantry MechanizedGO 4 km/h (day) 24 km/h (day)

3.2 km/h (night) 24 km/h (night)Slow-Go 2.4 km/h (day) 16 km/h (day)

1.6 km/h (day) 8 km/h (night)No-Go 1.0 km/h (day) 1 km/h (day)

.1 to .5 km/h (night) .1 to .5 km/h (night)

Opposed Rates of Advance in (km/hr)

Against a Hasty defense (2 - 12 hours of preparation)

Ratio GO SLOW-GO NO-GOAtk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf Mech Inf

1:1 1.0 .8 .8 .5 .4 .22:1 1.5 1.0 1.0 .7 .6 .33:1 2.0 1.2 1.3 .9 .8 .54:1 2.4 1.4 1.75 1.1 .9 .85:1 2.6 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.0 .96+:1 3.0+ 1.7+ 2.3+ 1.3+ 1.1+ 1.0+

Against a Prepared defense (24 hours of preparation)

Ratio GO SLOW-GO NO-GOAtk/Def Mech Inf Mech Inf Mech Inf

1:1 .6 .5 .5 .3 .15 .12:1 .9 .6 .6 .4 .3 .23:1 1.2 .7 .75 .5 .5 .34:1 1.4 .8 1.0 .6 .5 .55:1 1.5 .9 1.1 .7 .6 .56+:1 1.7+ 1.0+ 1.3+ .8+ .6+ .6+

NOTE: Half all movement estimates at night. These rates cannot be maintained for 24 hours. SURPRISE: (Multiply the rates of advance by these figures)

- Complete x5 (Germans at the Ardennes in 1944)- Substantial x3 (Germans invasion of Russia 1941)- Minor x1.3 (Allied Normandy landing 1944)

Field Artillery Planning Factors

70

Fire Support Planning Methodology(CTC Quarterly Bulletin No. 96-4 & Newsletter No. 95-6)

Following MissionAnalysis

Commander’s Guidance

Commander’s specifiedManeuver COA

Commander’s Concept of Fires

Sequenced CriticalFire Support Tasks

TaskPurposeMethod Endstate

Wargame

Scheme of firesFire SupportExecution Matrix

Target Location MovementSequence PositionsPriorities CFZsTarget #s NFAsTriggers MunitionsObserver Plan FSCMs

Rehearsal

Refinement

Submit to Brigade

Fire Support Planning MethodologyStep 1: Mission Analysis Brief

• Brigade Scheme of fires– Identify higher commander’s intent for fires.– Brigade Fire Plan– Identify specified and implied tasks– Limitations – Allocation of priority targets and FPFs– Current and O/O fire support coordination measures– Priority of fires• FA organization for combat– Location– When in position• Assets available/when– FIST status– Mortar tube status and location– CAS allocated to the Task Force– COLTs allocated/location

Fire Support Planning MethodologyStep 2: Specify the Concept of Fire Support

• Critical Fire Support Tasks (CCFST)– Task: state in terms of desired effects (suppress, destroy, obscure, screen)– Purpose: as the fires relate to the scheme of maneuver– Method: FA, mortars, CAS, etc.– End state: as it relates to the enemy or friendly formation/function

71

Fire Support Planning MethodologyStep 2: Specify the Concept of Fire Support

• Example:– Task: Separate the FSE from the Advanced Guard Main Body.– Purpose: To allow the destruction of the FSE and AGMB in echelon.– Method: Emplace FASCAM (200 x 800) minefield between the FSE and AGMB at WP0002.– End State: Delay AGMB 20 minutes at WP0002.

Fire Support Planning MethodologyStep 3: Wargame-Develop the Scheme of Fires

• Translate the CFST into detailed Critical Field Artillery Tasks (CFAT):– Task: Fire FASCAM minefield, TGT WP0002.– Purpose: Separate FSE from AGBM.– Method:

– emplace FASCAM medium density (200 x 800)– Low angle, 8 RAAM aim points, 4 ADAM aim points; use one howitzer/aim point technique.– Ensure RAAMs complete before firing ADAM.– Minefield requires 96 RAAMs (12/aim point)/24 ADAM (6/aim point)– Batteries in place and ready to fire NLT 181500 Dec__; A (PA10)/C (PA 30)– 108 RAAM/30 ADAM delivered to (PA10)/(PA 30) NLT 181800 Dec__; select one howitzer for backup.– Pre-position FASCAM on ground (primary positions) PA10/PA30– MET broadcast at 190530, and 190630 Dec__.

A Btry alternate position (PA40)/C Btry alternate position (PA60) fully prepared NLT 182000 Dec__; A Btry priority of work to PA40.• Execute TGT WP0002 from primary positions (PA10/PA30)• A Btry executes with minimum essential personnel and equipment; preposition everything else in alternate position. A Btry, upon successful execution of WP0002, immediately displaces to alt. pos. PA40. Rehearse this move and report estimated OUTIL time to the TOC NLT182230 Dec__. C Btry, follow A Btry’s execution of WP0002; be prepared to pick up mission in progress. If A Btry does not complete the mission, fire all aim points. Do not move to alt pos. After A Btry completes minefield, load FASCAM on HEMTT prepositions with battery at PA30.• Trigger to execute WP0002 is CRP at NAI 4. Tentative window for planning purpose is 190500 to 190600.

End State: Minefield complete in 20 minutes or less. If A Btry executes, A Btry moves to alternate position (PA40), ready to fire in 40 minutes or less; C Btry uploads FASCAM in HEMTTs. If C Btry executes, C Btry stays in primary position (PA30).

72

Field Artillery Planning Factors

Tactical Missions

FA unit with amission of:

Answers Callsfor fire inpriority from:

Has as its zoneof fire:

Furnishes firesupport team:

FurnishesLNO:

Establishescommo with:

Is positonedby:

Has its firesplanned by:

DS 1. Supportedunit2. Ownobservers3. Force FAHQ

Zone of actionof supportedunit

Providestemporaryreplacementsfor casualtylosses

Norequirement

CompanyFSOs, FSOs,and supportedmanuever unitHQ

DS FAcommander oras ordered byFA HQ

Develops ownfire plan

R 1. ReinforcedFA2. Ownobservers3. Force FAHQ

Zone of Fire ofreinforced FA

Norequirement

To reinforcedFA HQ

Reinforced FAHQ

Reinforced FAHQ or asordered by FAHQ

Reinforced FAHQ

GSR 1. Force FAHQ2. Reinforcedunit3. Ownobservers

Zone of actionof supportedunit to includezone of fire ofreinforced FA

Norequirement

To reinforcedFA HQ

Reinforced FAHQ

Force FA HQor reinforcedFA ifapproved byforce FA HQ

Force FA HQ

GS 1. Force FAHQ2. Ownobservers

Zone of actionof supportedunit

Norequirement

Norequirement

Norequirement

Force FA HQ Force Fa HQ

Basic Loads

155 mmBn

(SP,M109) 203 mm Bn (SP, M110) MLRS Battery (Pods)

per tube per Bn per tube per Bn Launcher Battery

HE 18 432 28 672

RAP 24 576 16 384

APICM 5 120 3 72

DPICM 135 3240 93 2232 18 162

Illum 5 120

Smoke (HC) 7 168

WP 5 120

RAAMS 19 456

ADAM 7 168

Copperhead 9 216

Totals 234 5616 140 3360 18 162

73

Characteristics of FA and Mortars

Weapon Combat load(bulk loaded)

Range(RAP)

Rate of fire1st 3 min/ #/hr

Time toemplace

# weapons perunit

FPF#tubes/size

120mmXM120 M998

39 200/7200 15 in 1min4/ min sust

6/Ar/InfBn

107mm (4.2”)M106A1

88 770/6840 18 for 1min3/min sust

6/Ar/InfBn 3/120x40

M109A2/A3155mm SP

28/36(206)

18100(23500)

12/60 1 24/FA Bn 4/200x506/300x508/400x50

M109A6155 mm SP

39(203)

24000(30000)

12/60 1.3 24/FA Bn same

M110A2203 mm SP

2(138)

22900(30000)

5/30 2 24/ Corps FABn

4/320x808/640x80

MLRS 12(96)

30 km 12 2-20 18/div27/corps

Field Artillery Planning FactorsCharacteristics of FA and Mortars

Mission Weapon Density/Duration

# Rounds BattalionVolleys

Time toEmplace per

Battalion

# Missionsper Bn basic

load

400 x 400meter

minefield

155 mmRAAMS/ADAM

.001

.002

.004

24/648/1296/12

1.536

1995

Smokescreen600 meterscrosswind,

wind speed 5k

155 mm HC155 mm HC155 mm HC

10 minutes20 minutes30 minutes

30 rounds60 rounds90 rounds

1.534

52.51.5

300 msmokescreenH/T wind, 10

knots

155 mm HC155 mm HC155 mm HC

10 minutes20 minutes30 minutes

48 rounds108 rounds168 rounds

24.57

31.51

600 metersmokescreen,

crosswind

107 mm WP 10 minutes 30 rounds

74

Characteristics of US Indirect WeaponsMin

RangeHE

MaxMax

RangeMaxFPF

Rate of Fire(Rds/Min)

Type Weapon(Meters) Range

(Meters)RAP

(Meters)Width

(Meters) Maximum Sustained

60mm mortar(lightweight) M224

70 3,500 NA 2 tubes75x30

30 15

81mm mortar M29A1 70 4,790 NA 140x40 20 881mm mortarimproved M252

80 5,600 NA 4 tubes150x50

35 15

107mm mortarHE M329A1HE M329A2

920770

5,6506,840

NA3 tubes120x40 18 3

105mm(M119)

14,000 15,100 210x35Btry

62 min

330 min

105mm(M102)

11,500 15,100 210x35Btry

103 min

3

105mm(M101A1)

11,000 14,500 210x35Btry

103 min

3

155mm(M114A1/A2)

14,600 19,400 300x506 gun

43 min

1

155mm(M109A1/A2/A3)

18,100 23,500 200 Plt400 Btry

43 min

1

155mm(M198)

18,100 30,000 300x506 gun

43 min

230 min

203mm(M110A2)

22,900 30,000 240 Plt480 Btry

1.53 min

.5

MLRS(M270)

8,000 30,000 NA NA 12 Rockets

Planning Data for SmokeTime to Build Average

Avg Obscuration Length(meters per round)

Delivery Type Effective Burning Wind DirectionSystem Round Smoke Time Cross Quartering Head/Tail155mm WP .5 min 1-1.5 min 150 75 50

HC 1-1.5 min 4 min 350 250 75105mm WP .5 min 1-1.5 min 75 60 50

HC 1-1.5 min 3 min 250 175 50107mm WP .5 min 1 min 200 80 4081mm WP .5 min 1 min 100 60 4060mm WP .5 min 1 min 75 50 40

Note: All rounds are fired as standard missions with parallel sheafs under favorable conditions.

Planning Data for Illumination

TypeRate of Descent

(Feet/second)

Burn time Seconds

Rate of Continuous Illumination

(Rounds/minute)

Area Illuminated

(Meters)Candlepower

107mm/M335A2

12 90 2 1,500 850,000

105mm/M314

30 60 2 1,000 450,000

155mm/M485

15 150 1 2,000 1,000,000

81mm/M301

18 60 2 1,200 750,000

60mm 9 25 4 800 250,000

Timing of Decision Points and Triggers

75

HE/SmokeSpeed Priority Target of Maneuver

Opportunity Cdr Called

Digital 5 104m 192m 167m

Voice 5 146m 333m 375m

10 208m 383m 333m

10 292m 667m 750m

15 313m 575m 500m

15 438m 1,000m 1,125m

20 417m 767m 667m

20 583m 1,333m 1,500m

25 521m 958m 833m

25 729m 1,667m 1,875m

30 625m 1,150m 1,000m

30 875m 2,000m 2,250m

CAS Aircraft Reference Data

Aircraft Min. Radios Acquisition Loiter Night OPSCeiling Means Time Capability

A-7 2,000 UHF/FM Visual/LST 30-50 min Radar/Flare/LST

A-10 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual/LST 1-2 hr Radar/FlareFM LST

F-4 3,000 UHF Visual/Radar Radar/Flare/FLIR

F-16 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual/Radar Radar/FlareFM

OV-10 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual FlareFM

OA-37 1,500 UHF/VHF/ Visual FlareFM

F-111 700 UHF/HF Visual/Radar Radar/Flare/FLIR

76

CAS Ordnance Reference Data

Weapon Description Minimum Safe Distance10% Pi .1% Pi

MK 82 LD 500# bomb 250m 425mMK 82 HD 500# bomb 100m 375mMK 82 LGB 500# bomb (GBU-12) * *MK 83 LD 1,000# bomb 275m 500mMK 83 HD 1,000# bomb 275m 500mMK 83 LGB 1,000# bomb (GBU-16) 275m 500mMK 84 LD 2,000# bomb 225m 500mMK 84 LGB 2,000# bomb (GBU 10-22) * *MK 20 ** Rocky CBU (anti-armor) * *2.75 FFAR Rockets (various warheads) 100m 175mSUU-11 7.62mm mini-gun * *M-4/M-12/ 20mm Gating gun * *SUU-23/M-61GAU-12 25mm Gating gun * *GPU-5A/ 30mm Gating gun * *GAU-8AAGM-65(AF) Maverick missile * *

(TV/IR/Laser)MK 21/29 WALLEYE I 1,000# bomb 275m 500m

(TV guided)MK 23/30 WALLEYE II 2,400# bomb * *

(TV guided)AGM-123A SKIPPER 100# bomb 275m 500m

(Laser guided; rocket boosted)

Legend* - Minimum safe distances have not been determined.** - Not recommended for use near friendly troops.

Pi - Probability of incapacitation LD - Low dragLGB - Laser guided bomb HD - High dragFFAR - Folding fin aircraft rocket GBU - Guided bomb unit

Engineering Planning Factors

77

Survivability Planning Factors

Vehicle Dimensions (meters)/(feet)

VEHICLE LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH DEPTH(HULL) (TURRET)

M1A1 9.8m/32ft 4.9m/16ft 1.7m/5.5ft 3m/10ftM2 8m/26ft 4.3m/14ft 2.1m/7ft 3m/10ftITV 6.7m/22ft 4.3m/14ft 2.1m/7ft 2.7m/9ftM113 6.7m/22ft 4.3m/14ft 1.8m/6ft 2.3m/7.5ft

Dug by M9 ACE

VEHICLE LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH DEPTH(HULL) (TURRET)

M1A1 1.5 ACE 2 Blade Bottom of Flood Top ofLengths Widths Light Bracket Cupola

M2 1.25 ACE 1.75 Blade Top of Apron Top ofLengths Widths Windshield

ITV 1 ACE 1.5 Blade Top of Blade Top ofLengths Widths Sprung Mode Cupola

M113 1 ACE 1.5 Blade Top of Blade Base of AntennaLengths Widths Sprung Mode Mount

Dug by D7 Dossier

VEHICLE LENGTH WIDTH DEPTH DEPTH (HULL) (TURRET)

M1A1 2 Dossier 1.5 Blade Top of Battery Top of yourLengths Widths Box Head

M2 1.5 Dossier 1.5 Blade Top of Engine Top of SmokeLengths Widths Housing Stack

ITV 1.5 Dossier 1.25 Blade Top of Engine Top of yourLengths Widths Housing Head

M113 1.5 Dossier 1.25 Blade One Fist above Top of Air

78

Countermobility Planning Factors

FASCAM

System Size Self-destruct times Arm times Time to emplace

Volcano 1115 x120

4 hrs/48 hrs/15 days 2.5 min (AT)4 min (AP)

MOPMS 70 x 35 4 hrs/ 16 hrs 2 min

RAAMS/ADAM 400 x 400 4 hrs/48 hrs 2 min/45 sec

Gator 200 x 650 4 hrs/48 hrs/15 days 2 min

GEMSS 60 x 250 5 days/15 days 45 min

Flipper 70 x 245 5 days/15 days 45 min

Countermobility Planning Factors

Mission Size Planning Time

AT DitchDozerACE

70 meters50 meters

1 BTH1 BTH

Disrupt Minefield 250 x 100 1.5 PH

Fix Minefield 250 x 120 1.5 PH

Turn Minefield 500 x 300 3.5 PH

Block Minefield 500 x 320 5 PH

Triple Strand Concertina 300 meters 1 PH

Road Crater 1 ea 1.5 SH

PH = platoon hourSH = squad hour

Synchronizing Engineer Efforts

Commander's Guidance to Engineer:Locations of BPSLocations and functions for obstacles w/in beltsPriority of obstacle emplacementPriority of blade effort (obstacles versus survivability position)Assistance in the transportation of barrier materialsControl of forward stockade points

Engineer Provides:

79

Obstacle overlayObstacle list w/grid coordinates, type of obstacles, and priorityTimetable for execution of obstacles/survivability plan showing emplacing unit, start and completion timeDefending and executing unit for all obstaclesRoutes to be left open to support tactical and logistical requirements

Obstacle Unit Time RemarksMinefieldsSurface laid, row, 1km front500 mines per 1km

1 Engr Plt 2 hrs Does not include time for

1,000 mines per 1km 1 Engr Plt 4 hrs hauling & uncrating minesBuried, 500 mines per 1km 1 Engr Plt 8 hrs Includes time for markingPoint Minefield 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr 24 ft roadway w/18 ftGEMMS Minefield500 mines, 1,000m front

1 Engr Sqd 15 min shoulders.

Anti-vehicular Wire Obstacles 1 Engr Sqd 1 hr 11 rows of concertinaTank DitchV-Ditch, 500m 2 dozers 6 hrs Best in clayTrapezoidal Ditch, 500m 2 dozers 6 hrsRoad Crater 1 Engr Sqd 2 hrs Del, 6 holeAntitank Wire Road Block (15m) 1 Engr Sqd 15 min 11 rows concertinaAbatis (hasty) 1 Engr Sqd 1 hrBridge Demolition (hasty) 1 Engr Sqd 1 hrBridge Demolition (massive) 1 Engr Sqd 2 hr Time may vary with larger

bridges

Synchronizing a Breach

Action Element Time Controlled ByDevelop Situation Force in m-m+2 S-3 (Verify boundary) ContactSet Arty DS Arty m+2-m+10 FSOSet Mortars Mortars m+2-m+8 FSOSupport force into Support m+2-m+15 Supportoverwatch CdrAssault force to Assault m+2-m+15 AssaultASLT Posn CdrCall for Arty DS Arty m+2-m+15 FSOBuild Smoke Mortars m+2-m+10 FSOSuppress enemy Support m+15-m+29 Supportw/direct fires CdrSuppress enemy DS Arty m+15-m+29 FSOw/arty firesMaintain Smoke Arty/Mort m+10-m+30 FSODecide to begin Breach CdrBreach force to Breach Breach m+20-m+23 Breach CdrReduce obstacle Breach m+23-m+30 Engr (2 lanes) LdrPlace smoke pots Breach m+23-EOM Breach CdrShift direct fires Support m+29-m+30 Assaultoff of Obj CdrShift arty fires DS Arty m+29-m+30 Assault beyond Obj CdrAssault thru obstacle Assault m+30-m+45 Assault CdrReorganize/ TF m+45-EOM S-3Continue Mission

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ADA Planning Factors

System AcquisitionRange

EngagementRange

EngagementAltitude

# per unit MutualSupportDistance

Basic Load

Avenger Visual/FLIR9-10 km

4+ km 3+ km 24/ Battery 3 km 8 missles

BSFV Visual/IRScope

Stinger: 4kmTOW: 3.7 km

25 mm: 1.7 km

3+ km 8/Battery24/Battalion

2 km 6 Stingers5 TOWs

MANPADS Visual 4+ km 3+ km 2 men/tm5 tms/sect2 secs/plt

2 km 6 missles/ team

Patriot 160 km 160 km 24+ km 8 lchrs/btry48 lchrs/bn

15 km 32 missles/battery

Hawk 80 km 40 km 15 km 3lchrs/AFP6 lchrs/btry18 lchrs/bn

20 km 36 missles/APF72 missles/

BatteryChaparral Visual/FLIR

9-10 km3+ km 3+ km 4 /plt

3plt/btry36/bn

2 km 12 missles

Tactical Road March

March Column - Includes all elements using the same route for a single movement under control of a single commander.Serial - Is organized as a single unit under the commander for purposes of planning, regulation and control. A Task Force is usually a Serial.March Unit - Is a subdivision of a Serial and is normally a squad, section, platoon or company. It moves and halts under control of a single commander using voice, visual, or radio when the others are not possible.Road Gap = is the distance between march units in KM.Time Gap is the time from the rear of one march unit to the beginning of the next.Column Gaps (COLMGP) = March Units - 1 * Time Gap.Determine Vehicles per March UnitSpeed - indicates the actual speed of a vehicle at a given momentPace - is the regulated speed of a column.Rate of March - includes short halts, is the total distance over the total time to be used.Pass Time (PST) - the time it takes a given march unit to pass a specific pointExtra time allowance (EXTAL) - is 1 minute per 25 vehicles, rounded up.

PST = # of vehicles * 60 + EXTAL Density * speed

Time Distance (TDIS) - is the time required to move from one point to another at a given rate of march.Due Time - is the time the first vehicle of a march unit should arrive at a critical point.Arrival Time - is the time the head of the column arrives at the release point. (TDIS + Scheduled halts + SP Time).Clearance Time - is the time at which the last vehicle of a march element passes a critical point.Completion Time - is the time the tail of a column passes the release point. (Arrival time + PST).

Time Distance Calculations

Speed Mphkm/h

Rate of MarchMiles in HourKm in Hour

Minutes toTravel 1

Kilometer

Minutes to Travel 1

Mile10 mph16 km/h

8 mih12 km/h

5 7:30

15 mph24 km/h

12 mih20 km/h

3 5

20 mph32 km/h

16 mih25 km/h

2:24 3:45

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25 mph40 km/h

20 mih32 km/h

1:50 3

30 mph48 km/h

25 mih40 km/h

1:30 2:24

35 mph56 km/h

30 mih46 km/h

1:20 2

40 mph65 km/h

33 mih53 km/h

1:08 1:48

Movement RatesDistance

Rate of March1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000

60 km/hr 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1050 km/hr 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 1240 km/hr 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 1530 km/hr 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2025 km/hr 2.4 4.8 7.2 9.6 12 14.4 16.8 19.2 21.6 2420 km/hr 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 3015 km/hr 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 4010 km/hr 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 605 km/hr 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120

Movement Rates Reduced to Minutes

60 km/hr...............................................1000 meters per minute50 km/hr...............................................830 meters per minute40 km/hr...............................................666 meters per minute30 km/hr...............................................500 meters per minute25 km/hr...............................................416 meters per minute20 km/hr...............................................333 meters per minute15 km/hr...............................................250 meters per minute10 km/hr...............................................164 meters per minute5 km/hr.................................................83 meters per minute1 km/hr.................................................16 meters per minute

Pass Times

16 16 16 24 24 24 32 32 32 Spd (km/h)Vehicles 50 75 100 50 75 100 50 75 100 Interval

1 :15 :19 :23 :10 :13 :15 :08 :09 :112 :30 :38 :45 :20 :25 :30 :15 :19 :233 :45 :56 01:08 :30 :38 :45 :23 :28 :344 01:00 01:15 01:30 :40 :50 01:00 :30 :38 :455 01:15 01:34 01:53 :50 01:03 01:15 :38 :47 :566 01:30 01:53 02:15 01:00 01:15 01:30 :45 :56 01:087 01:45 02:11 02:38 01:10 01:28 01:45 :53 01:06 01:198 02:00 02:30 03:00 01:20 01:40 02:00 01:00 01:15 01:309 02:15 02:49 03:20 01:30 01:53 02:15 01:08 01:24 01:4110 02:30 03:08 03:45 01:40 02:05 02:30 01:15 01:34 01:5315 04:45 05:41 398 03:30 04:08 04:45 02:53 03:21 03:3920 06:00 07:15 510 04:20 05:10 06:00 03:30 04:08 04:4525 07:15 08:49 623 05:10 06:13 07:15 04:08 02:54 05:4130 08:30 10:23 735 06:00 07:15 08:30 04:45 05:41 06:3840 12:00 14:30 1020 08:40 10:20 12:00 07:00 08:15 09:3050 14:30 17:38 1245 10:20 12:25 14:30 08:15 09:49 11:23

Pass Times Continued

40 40 40 48 48 48 56 56 56Speed (km/h)

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Vehicles 50 75 100 50 75 100 50 75 100 Interval1 :06 :08 :09 :05 :06 :08 :05 :06 :082 :12 :15 :18 :10 :13 :15 :09 :11 :133 :18 :23 :27 :15 :19 :23 :13 :17 :204 :24 :30 :36 :20 :25 :30 :18 :22 :265 :30 :38 :45 :25 :31 :38 :22 :27 :336 :36 :45 :54 :30 :38 :45 :26 :33 :397 :42 :53 01:03 :35 :44 :53 :30 :38 :458 :48 01:00 01:12 :40 :50 01:00 :35 :41 :529 :54 01:08 01:21 :45 :56 01:08 :39 :48 :5810 01:00 01:15 01:30 :50 01:03 01:15 :43 :54 01:0515 02:30 02:53 03:05 02:15 02:34 02:53 01:05 01:21 01:3620 03:00 03:20 04:00 02:00 03:05 03:20 01:26 01:48 02:0925 03:30 04:08 04:45 03:05 03:35 04:08 01:48 02:14 02:4130 04:00 04:45 05:30 03:30 04:08 04:45 02:09 02:41 03:1340 06:00 07:00 08:00 05:20 06:10 07:00 02:52 03:35 04:1850 07:00 08:15 09:30 06:10 07:13 08:15 03:36 04:28 05:22

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Recon and Surveillance Plan

- Understand Commanders Intent- Give warning order to R&S assets- Prepare a situational template- Brief all R&S leaders together Primary and alternate commo Report terrain and enemy Report regularly Not overtasked- Include friendly unit/ OP locations- Passage of lines back- Recognition symbols- Responsibilities for NAI, TAI, Decision Points- Indirect fire plan- Give PIR, and IR

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CSS Planning

Supported force’s COA is confirmed for supportability. Support Phases are:Prior to D-Day (before)Commitment to battle (during)Future Mission (after)

- All areas of CSS (man, arm, fuel, fix, move, sustain) must be considered during each operational phase. Project support requirements. Principal planners are: S4, S1, and FSB commander. The brigade XO monitors CSS status from Main CP.

- CSS commanders and planners must thoroughly know and understand the tactical mission and plans and the Bde Cdr’s intent. They must know:

What each of the supported elements will be doingWhen they will do itHow they will do itWhere they will do itWhat the priority of support isDensity of personnel/equipment being supported

- After analyzing the concept of the operation, CSS Cdrs and planners must be able to accurately predict support requirements. They must determine:

What type of support is requiredWhat quantities of support are requiredThe operational Cdr’s priorities by type and unit

- Using the support requirement of the tactical plan as a base, the support capabilities of the CSS structure are assessed. The FSB Cdr must determine:

What CSS resources are available (organic, lateral, and higher HQ)Where the CSS resources areWhen CSS resources will be available to maneuver unitsHow the FSB will make these resources available

- Based on this the S4 and FSB Cdr must then develop support plans that apply resources to requirements

- CSS functions should be performed as far forward as the tactical situation and available resources will permit. They should be performed at or close to the site where the weapon system is located to lessen evacuation requirements. Support must be continuous.

- The FSB Cdr, in conjunction with the DISCOM & Bde Cdrs, may support the tactical plan using any of the following four operational techniques of the FSB:

- Movement of FSB w/in the Bde formation. Enemy contact not expected. Logistical demands light. Subordinate Bns will use basic loads, & organic recovery to satisfy demand. FSB elements are dispersed w/in the Bde march columns.

- Attachment of critical CSS assets to maneuver. Operational distances long. Secure ground lines of communication not assured. For instance cross FLOT. Normally only critical assets (CL III & V), medical support. Increases vulnerability of CSS assets, & reduces mobility of maneuver forces.

- Support from BSA/displace as an entity. Bde opens in clearly defined phases, with identifiable windows between opens. Maximize support from an established base, enhances C&C. Creates a blackout of up to 12 hours during displacement and setup.

- BSA echelonement/displacement by bounds. Opens require continuous logistical support w/in a secure rear area. Recommended technique. Critical CSS assets are divided and moved by bounds. FSB Cdr. with fwd element. Minimizes support distances. Enhances survivability. C&C is degraded.

BSA

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- Logistical and personnel/administrative hub of the maneuver Bde. Normally consists of Bde rear CP, the FSB, maneuver battalion & DS artillery battalion field trains, MP platoon assets, elements of the DS engineer, ADA, and signal battalions, and service support augmentees from the DISCOM.- General location of the BSA is determined by the Bde S3, S4 & FSB Cdr.

- Out of range of enemy artillery- Offense - 20 to 25km behind FLOT- Defense - 25 to 30km behind FLOT- Convenient to units served- Situated away from the main enemy AoA- Sufficient space to allow dispersion of facilities- Concealment from hostile ground & air observation- Firm ground for support of all vehicle traffic- Avoids major obstacles or canalizing terrain- Near a water source- Possesses suitable helicopter landing site- Access to a good road network to support extensive vehicle traffic- Situated in built-up areas to harden CPs, improve work areas, and lessen visual and infrared signature- Located to enhance defensive capabilities

Issue a Warning Order(Should use 5 paragraph format when applicable)

Heading: WARNING ORDER to OPORD_______

Situation:Enemy Forces

Friendly Forces

Earliest Movement Time:______________________

Nature of Operation (Mission):

Time and Place of OPORD:___________________

Admin/Log Information:

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Acknowledgement:

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XO: AgendaCombat Power

S3: AO/AI

S2: Enemy SituationWeather

S3: Friendly ForcesMission

CDR: Commander’s Guidance

S3/FSO/EN: Execution

• Scheme of Fires• Scheme of Maneuver• Main Effort• Scheme of Fire• DST• Execution Matrix• Tasks to Mnvr Units• Coordinating Inst

SLICE: As Necessary

S4/S1: Sustainment/Manning

XO: Conclusion

CDR: Closing Remarks

OPORD Briefing Agenda

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Matrix Order Format

Phase:

Decision Points:

NAIs:

Enemy:

Scouts

Tm __

Tm __

Tm __

Tm __

Scheme:

Fire Support Mob/CMob/Surv ADA CSS/Cas Evac

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Battle Update Briefing (BUB) Format

Briefer: Battle Captain or XO and the S2 with BOS reps as applicableFrequency: Upon Cdr’s return to the TOC

Friendly Situation Current Bn status/activity Flank Ujnit status Combat power Enemy Enemy Situation Update Status of PIRs and R&S Forecasted enemy activity Operations Update Significant Activities Issues/Concerns BOS Updates FSE ENG ADA (if under Task Org) Daily Activity Update Upcoming Events/Rehearsals/Briefings

Abbreviations for Matrix Orders

Maneuver: Mobility/CMOB/SurvivabilityT............Traveling B............BreachTO.........Traveling Overwatch A............AssaultBO.........Bounding Overwatch S............SupportBX.........BoxDI..........Diamond CMOBW...........Wedge X............ExecuteV............Vee G............GuardCC.........Combat Column E............EmplaceCATK....Counter Attack ST..........SiteCORD.. .Coordinate CF..........Cover by FireEST........EstablishCTP.......Contact Point Survivability:.CP..........Check Point D............Dossier AssignedORT.......Orient Priority. .1, 2, 3 Time AllottedDefense:O............Occupy Fire SupportP............Prepare SE..........SeriesR............Recon GP.........GroupEC.........Engage Criteria PT..........Priority TargetTL..........Trigger Line MP.........Mortar Priority TgtDC.........Disengage Criteria FPF........Final Protective Fire

MFPF....Mortar FPFLT..........Linear TargetAH.........Attack HelicopterAF.........Air ForceNG.........Naval GunFC..........FASCAM

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_______(Classification)

Copy ______of ________ copiesTF 1-12, 1st Bde, 1st Cav DivPlace (coordinates, country)DTGMessage reference number

OPERATION ORDER _________ (code name, if used)

Reference(s): Map(s) and other references required.Time Zone Used Through the Order:Task Organization: Annex A (Task Organization)

- Id all organic, attached, OPCON, and DS units- Units are properly formatted

Inf, Cav, AR, FA, En, CSS Companies, then platoons, sections, squadsIn alphabetical order in sub groups

1. SITUATIONa. Enemy Forces.

(1) Overview- Address Division activity - Describe NBC activity

(2) Disposition and Composition- Is there a security zone- Enemy formation- Co Cdr needs to know vehicle locations, platoon locations- List types of weapons the enemy has and his fire sacks- Discuss all enemy in AO and that can influence the AO

(3) Enemy most probable course of action- What is the enemy's most dangerous COA- What is the enemy's most likely COA- Defend/Counterattack/withdraw/Level of Resistance/Assets

(4) Effects of weather and terrain- Use OCOKA - Terrain favors who?- Weather favors who?

b. Friendly forces.(1) Higher's mission and intent(2) Adjacent units

- Give their mission(3) Units supporting higher HQs

- What is their priority of effort/supportc. Attachments and Detachments.

- say See Task Organization- State the time that they are effective

d. Assumptions. (OPLAN only).- Ensure assumptions are logical, realistic, and stated positively

2. MISSION- Clear, concise, statement of Who, When, Where, Task and Purpose- Essential tasks identified during mission analysis- Do not include "be prepared" missions in statement

3. EXECUTION- Identify Annex for the OPS overlay

OPORD ________ -- TF 1-12 Cavalry

91

INTENT:- Commander's vision- Defines success- Purpose, End state, General method the TF is going to get there- Does not summarize the concept of operation- Does not describe subunit missions

a. Concept of Operation. Annex __ (Operation Overlay).(1) Maneuver

- Must address Reserve, Security, Close, Rear- Use phases from LD to Consolidation/Reorg on the OBJ- Comply with TF CDR guidance and assigned missions- Use Companies on enemy platoons- Breach forces position forward- Address scouts- Identify TF movement technique- Use support by fire positions- Id TRPs near adjacent units to coord their fires- Sectors of fire and orientation identified- Linked to graphics- This and graphics could stand alone- Do not duplicate information that will be listed in unit subparagraphs

(2) Fires- Use the same phases as maneuver- Include prep fires- Who has priority for FA and Mortars in each phase- Who has priority targets- Give FPF to units on their OBJ for Consolidation phase- Identify CAS in the Bde- Heading for the Fire support overlay:

Annex ____, (Fire Support Overlay) to OPORD ___, TF #-##, # Bde, 1st Cav DivReferences: {Map sheet and scale}

Overlay- Have Two grid register marks on overlay- Include higher graphics

- PLs, Passage points, Contact points, OBJs, Boundaries....- Heading:

Annex ____, (Operation Overlay) to OPORD ___, TF #-##, # Bde, 1st Cav DivReferences: {Map sheet and scale}

- Use proper symbols- Graphics provide for effective Command and Control

(3) Counter air operations.- overall concept of counter air operations- Establish priority of air defense for GS units- Provide air defense weapons status and warning status

(4) Intelligence.- Focus of intelligence collection activities of the command- Priorities of collection effort for GS elements

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OPORD ________ -- TF 1-12 Cavalry

(5) Electronic warfare.- Establish priority of collection and jamming as to type of tgts

(6) Engineer.- Id priority of mission (Mob, CMob, Surv) and Priority of spt- Id when and if the priority changes in a phase

(7) (others as needed)- for example: Deception

b. Tasks to Maneuver Units.- Do not list the same task for two or more units - put in 3a(1)

or coordinating instructions- Id Co locations and orientations on the OBJ- Id Co's responsible for Security and coordination- List critical tasks not covered in 3a(1)- Tasks are clear- Scout platoon

- Time to cross LD- Recon missions- Deployed early - Not over tasked

- Mortar platoon- Location during operation- Support requirement- Consolidation reorganization

c. Tasks to Combat Support Units.- Each unit under TF control is addressed - All units given mission- Listed as in Task Organization

d. Coordinating instructions- Include any necessary descriptions of phase lines.- Tactical instructions when two or more units involved- PIR, MOPP level, OEG, ADA weapons control and warning- Antiterrorism actions, Time or cond when plan is effective- Movement instructions to LD

- Location of passage points- Passage point times- Order of march

- Same info for road marches- Address any be prepared missions for entire TF

4. Service Supporta. General Concept of Support

- Echeloned trains- Give locations- All locations should be tactically sound- CBT Trains 4 - 10 Km from FLOT- UMCP 800 - 1000m from CBT Trains- BAS can be consolidated in the CBT Trains- Give specific procedures to evac: KIA, WIA, EPW, Vehicles- If the CSS overlay is separate show the LD/LC, and OBJ

b. Civil-Military OperationsOPORD ________ -- TF 1-12 Cavalry

93

5. Command and Signala. Command

- Address TAC, TOC and alternate CPs- Address at least one additional location

b. Signal- Provide back up signals for lifting support fire

Acknowledge.

Commander's last nameRank

OFFICIAL:

S3 SignatureS3's Last nameRank

Annexes: A-- Task OrganizationB--IntelligenceC--Operation OverlayD--Contingency PlansE--Fire SupportF--Air DefenseG--EngineerH--Electronic WarfareI--Deception (may be restricted distribution)J--Army AviationK--Rear OperationsL--Operations SecurityM--Psychological OperationsN--Airspace ManagementO--Service SupportP--Civil AffairsQ--Signal

Distribution:TF Cdr 1 TM A 15,16TF XO 2 TM B 17,18TF S3 3 TM C 19,20BDE CDR 4 TM D 20,21TF CSM 5 TF FSO 22TOC 6 TF ENGR 23Battle Captain 7 TF Air Def 24TF S2 8 TF ALO 25ALOC 9 FLANK UNITS 26,27UMCP 10 SPARE (SGM) 28-30FTCP 11-12SCT PLT 13Mortar PLT 14

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LNO Operations

1. Responsibilities:- Keep unit abreast of the tactical and intelligence situation of the unit to which sent.- Keep the unit to which sent abreast of you unit's tactical and intelligence situation.- LNOs will attend daily briefings at the units to which sent.- LNOs will brief on their unit's current S2/S3 situations.- Checklist.

Vehicle w/camouflage netRadio w/secure capabilityTACSOP and TIRS of parent unitCEOI of parent unitMaps and overlaysID card and verification of authority to enter security areaCrypto variable for secure equipment

- Before departing parent unit, obtain a briefing from the S2/S3 sections to include:How to get to the CP of the adjacent or higher unitStatus of parent unit's communications capabilitiesThe current enemy situationParent unit's mission readinessAny significant problem areas

- Report to the S3 or XO of the gaining unit.- Establish communications with your parent unit by any available means.- Determine the time of the next briefing and attend it. Be prepared to discuss:

Changes in task organization, if anyRequirements for SOPs and CEOIsContact points for coordination and passing of command and control, to include

communication problem areasLogistics support, to include current equipment statusAssembly areas and sector of responsibility for your unitArtillery and engineer supportPresent enemy disposition, strength and combat efficiencyEnemy front line trace

- Visit all staff sections and be prepared to:Relay urgent information to your unitAttend all staff meetingsCoordinate with available liaison officers to adjacent unitsObtain an out-briefing from the operations officer upon departureNotify S3 and XO of your planned departure and volunteer to carry messages or

documents to your parent unit- Upon return to parent unit:

Notify the S3 or S3 representative of your returnBrief the staff

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Operational Terms A

air control point (ACP)-An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic nav aid used to provide necessary ctrl during air movement. ACPs are generally designated at each pt where the flt rte makes a definite change in direction & any other pt deemed necessary for timing or ctrl of the opn.

air corridor-A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft & established to prevent friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces.

air defense warning-A degree of air raid probability according to the following codes:YELLOW. Air attack probable. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are enroute toward an area.RED. Air attack imminent or in progress. Hostile aircraft &/or missiles are w/in or are in the immediate vic of an area w/high probability of entering the area.WHITE. Air attack not probable. May be declared before or after YELLOW or RED.

air defense weapons control status-The degree of fire ctrl imposed upon Army units having assigned, attached, or organic air defense wpns. Wpns ctrl status terms normally used are:WEAPONS FREE. Weapons may be fired at any aircraft not positively identified as friendly. This is the least restrictive of the weapons controls.WEAPONS TIGHT. Weapons may be fired ONLY at aircraft positively identified as hostile according to the prevailing hostile criteria.WEAPONS HOLD. Weapons are NOT TO BE FIRED except in self-defense.

air liaison officer (ALO)-The senior Air Force officer at each tactical air control party (TACP). Advises the Army Cdr & staff on the capabilities, limitations, & employment of tactical air ops. He operates the Air force request net. He coord CAS missions w/ the FSE, and assists in planning the simultaneous employment of air & surface fires. He supervises forward air controllers (FACs) & will assist the FIST in directing airstrikes in the absence of a FAC.

air coordination area (ACA)-A block of airspace in the target area in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. It may occasionally be a formal measure (a three dimensional box in the sky). More often, it is informal. The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near each other by multiple fire support means, one of which normally is air, Formal ACAs are usually established by a separate brigade or higher level command. Informal ACAs may be established as low as the task force (TF) level.

air support operations center(ASOC)-The ASOC plans, coordinates, & directs tactical air control center (TACC) & provides fast reaction to immediate requests for (CAS). Normally the ASOC is collocated w/ a corps TOC, but may also be deployed w/ an independent operating division or brigade. An ASOC is primarily concerned w/the exchange of combat data between air & ground forces concerning the planning, coordination, & execution of tactical air support of ground operations. Provisions are made w/in the ASOC for G2 & G3 air representation as required for multi-service operations.

alternate position-The position given to a weapon, unit, or individual to be occupied when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out its task. The alternate position is located so that the individual can continue to fulfill his original task.

area of influence-A geographical area wherein a Cdr is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under his command or control.

area of interest-That area of concern to the Cdr, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, & extending into enemy territory to the objectives of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.

area of operation (AO)-That portion of an area of conflict necessary for military operations. Areas of operations are geographical areas assigned to Cdrs for which they have responsibility and in which they have authority to conduct military operations.

area reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning the terrain or enemy activity w/in a prescribed area such as a town, ridge line, woods, or other feature critical to operations.

Army airspace command and control (A2C2)-The effort necessary to coordinate airspace users for concurrent employment in the accomplishment of assigned missions.

assault-1. The culmination of an attack which closes with the enemy. 2. In an amphibious operation, the period of time from the crossing of the line of departure (LD) by the first scheduled wave to the seizure of the initial objectives. 3. A phase of an airborne or air assault operation beginning with delivery of the assault force into the objective area and extending through the attack of objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. 4. In river crossings, the period of time from the launching of the first crossing effort until the initial bridgehead has

96

been secured and responsibility passed to the crossing area commander. 5. To make a short, violent, but well-ordered attack against a local objective, such as a gun emplacement or fortified area.

assembly area-An area in which a force prepares or regroups for further actions.assign-To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively permanent and/or where such

organization controls, administers, and provides logistical support to units or personnel for the primary function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel.

attach-The temporary placement of units or personnel in an organization. Subject to limitations imposed by the attachment order, the Cdr. of the formation, unit, or organization receiving the attachment will exercise the

same degree of command and control (C2) there over as he does over units and persons organic to his command. However, the responsibility for transfer and promotion of personnel will normally be retained by the parent formation, unit, or organization.

attack-An offensive action characterized by movement supported by fire.Deep Attack. See deep battle; envelopment.Deliberate attack. An attack planned & carefully coordinated w/ all concerned elements based on thorough reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence & relative combat strength, analysis of various courses of action, & other factors affecting the situation. It generally is conducted against a well-organized defense when a hasty attack is not possible or has been conducted & failed. Replaces coordinated attack.Frontal attack. An offensive maneuver in which the main action is directed against the front of the enemy forces, and over the most direct approaches.Hasty attack. An offensive operation for which a unit has not made extensive preparations. It is conducted w/ the resources immediately available in order to maintain momentum or to take advantage of the enemy situation.Main attack. The principal attack or effort into which the Cdr. places the bulk of the offensive capability at his disposal. An attack directed against the chief objective of the campaign or battle.Spoiling attack. A limited-objective attack made to delay, disrupt, or destroy the enemy's capability to launch an attack.Supporting attack. An attack designed to hold the enemy in position, to deceive him as to where the main attack is being made, to prevent him from reinforcing the elements opposing the main effort, and/or to cause him to commit his reserves prematurely at an indecisive location.attack by fire: A task assigned to a unit requiring a continuous and consistent rate of direct fire aimed at an enemy position or moving enemy force. The tasked unit uses its superior weapon standoff verses the enemy’s to destroy the enemy. The friendly force attacks the enemy only through the use of direct and indirect fires not in conjunction with a maneuvering force.attrit: To reduce the combat effectiveness to enemy forces by loss of personnel and materiel. Normally expressed in terms of percentage or force size.attack position-The last position occupied or passed through by the assault echelon before crossing the LD.avenue of approach-An air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its objective or to key terrain in its path.axis of advance-A general route of advance, assigned for purposes of control, which extends toward the enemy. An axis of advance symbol graphically portrays a Cdr.’s intention, such as avoidance of built-up areas or envelopment of an enemy force. It follows terrain suitable for the size of the force assigned the axis & is often a road, a group of roads, or a designated series of locations. A commander may maneuver his forces and supporting fires to either side of an axis of advance provided the unit remains oriented on the axis & the objective. Deviations from an assigned axis of advance must not interfere w/ the maneuver of adjacent units w/o prior approval of the higher Cdr. Enemy forces that do not threaten security or jeopardize mission accomplishment may be bypassed. An axis of advance is not used to direct the control of terrain or the clearance of enemy forces from specific locations. Intermediate objectives normally are assigned for these purposes.

Bbase-1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. 2. An area or locality containing installations that

provide logistic or other support. 3. A unit or multi-unit position that has a definite perimeter. Army, other services, or host nation units may establish a base. A base defense operation center (BDOC) is established to coordinate rear battle functions.

base cluster-Bases in the rear area grouped for rear battle or mission-related purposes. A base cluster has no clearly defined perimeter. A base cluster operations center (BCOC) is established to perform the coordination functions of the rear battle.

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basic load (ammunition)-That quantity of nonnuclear ammunition authorized and required to be on hand in a unit to meet combat needs until resupply can be accomplished. The basic load is specified by the theater army & is expressed in rounds, units, or units of weight as appropriate.

battlefield air interdiction (BAI)-Air action against hostile surface targets which are in a position to directly affect friendly forces & which requires joint planning & coordination. While BAI requires coordination in joint planning, continuous coordination may not be required during the execution stage.

battle position (BP)-A defensive location oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach from which a unit may defend or attack. Such units can be as large as battalion task forces & as small as platoons. A unit assigned a BP is located w/in the general outline of the BP. Security, CS, & CSS forces may operate outside a BP to provide early enemy detection & all-around security.

beginning morning nautical twilight (BMNT)-Begins when the sun is 12o below the horizon. It is the start of that period where, in good conditions & in the absence of other illumination, enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects, conduct limited military operations, & engage in most types of ground movement w/o difficulty.

block: A task assigned to a unit which requires it to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent enemy advance in a given direction. It may be for a specified time. Units assigned this task may have to retain terrain and accept decisive engagement. A unit so tasked has great freedom of action to achieve the desired result, but the tasker must indicate whether the enemy is to be denied access to a given area or a specific direction

blocking position-A defensive position so sited as to deny the enemy access to a given area or to prevent his advance in a given direction.

bound-1. Single movement, usually from one covered & concealed position to another by dismounted troops or combat vehicles. 2. Distance covered in one movement by a unit which is advancing by bounds.

boundary-A control measure normally drawn along identifiable terrain features & used to delineate areas of tactical responsibility for subordinate units. W/in their boundaries, units may maneuver w/in the overall plan w/o close coordination w/ neighboring units unless otherwise restricted. Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly-identified enemy targets w/o prior coordination, provided friendly forces are not endangered. Indirect fire also may be used after prior coordination.

breach: The employment of any means available to break through or secure passage through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. The intent is to create a passage for a force or element through the obstacle.

breakout-An offensive operation conducted by an encircled force. A breakout normally consists of an attack by a penetration force to open a gap through the enemy for the remainder of the force to pass.

breakthrough-A rupturing of the enemy's forward defenses that occurs as a result of a penetration. A breakthrough permits the passage of an exploitation force.

brigade support area (BSA)-A designated area in which CSS elements from DISCOM & COSCOM provide logistic support to a brigade. The BSA normally is located 20 to 25 km behind the FEBA.

bypass-Maneuvering around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain the momentum of advance. Previously unreported obstacles are reported to higher HQ. Bypassed enemy forces are reported to higher HQ.

Ccanalize: More precisely it means to channel the enemy into a particular direction, therefore, the desired direction must

be stated in the tasking.check fire-A command to cause a temporary halt in firing.checkpoint-A predetermined point on the ground used as a means of coordinating friendly movement. Checkpoints are

not used as reference points in reporting enemy locations.clear: A task which anticipates and requires the destruction of an enemy force, seizure of key terrain, and the reduction

of obstacles; all of which would collectively delay or preclude the movement of following forces. As such, a forward passage of lines is inherent in the tasking. Additionally, a unit so tasked requires engineers and/or infantry to clear an area, route, road, etc.

clear enemy in zone-A requirement to eliminate organized resistance in an assigned zone by destroying, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of enemy forces that could interfere w/ the unit's ability to accomplish its mission.

close air support (CAS)-Air action against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly forces & that requires detailed integration of each air mission w/ the fire & movement of those forces.

combat effectiveness-The ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as the status of fuel, ammunition, weapons systems, & personnel are assessed & rated from 1 to 4 (1 being the highest rating).

combat power-A complex combination of tangible & intangible factors which are transitory & reversible on the battlefield. Combat power is comprised of the effects of maneuver, the effects of firepower, the effects of protection, & the effectiveness of leadership. The skillful combination of these elements in a sound operational plan will turn potential into actual power.

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combat service support (CSS)-The assistance provided to sustain combat forces, primarily in the fields of administration & logistics. It includes administrative services, chaplain services, civil affairs, food services, finance, legal services, maintenance, medical services, supply, transportation, & other logistical services.

combat support (CS)-Fire support & operational assistance provided to combat elements. Includes artillery, air defense artillery, engineer, military police, signal, military intelligence, & chemical.

command & control (C2)-The exercise of command that is the process through which the activities of military forces are directed, coordinated, & controlled to accomplish the mission. This process encompasses the personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, & procedures necessary to gather & analyze information, to plan for what is to be done, & to supervise the execution of operations.

commander's intent-Commander's vision of the battle-how he expects to fight & what he expects to accomplish.concept of operations-A graphic, verbal, or written statement in broad outline that gives an overall picture of a Cdr’s

assumptions or intent in regard to an operation or series of operations; includes at a minimum the scheme of maneuver & fire support plan. The concept of operations is embodied in campaign plans & operations plans particularly when the plans cover a series of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. It is described in sufficient detail for the staff & subordinate Cdrs to understand what they are to do & how to fight the battle w/o further instructions.

contact point-A designated, easily identifiable point on the terrain where two or more units are required to physically meet.

contain: To restrict enemy movement by stopping, holding,, or surrounding his forces or causing them to center their activity in a given direction to prevent the movement of any part of his forces for use elsewhere. The limits of the containment may be expressed in terms of geography or time. A task which restricts an enemy’s freedom of action within a defined area. As in “block”, it may be for only a specific period of time.

controlled supply rate (CSR)-The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported, considering availability, facilities, & transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or vehicle per day. The theater Army announces the CSR for each item of ammunition, and, in turn, the Cdr of each subordinate tactical unit announces a CSR to his Cdrs at the next lower levels. a unit may not draw ammunition in excess of its CSR w/o authority from its next higher HQ.

coordinated fire line (CFL)-A line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars, field artillery, naval gunfire ships) may fire at any time w/in the zone of the establishing HQ w/o additional coordination. It is usually established by brigade or division, but may be established by a maneuver battalion.

coordinating point-A control measure that indicates a specific location for the coordination of fires & maneuver between adjacent units. They usually are indicated whenever a boundary crosses the FEBA, and may be indicated when a boundary crosses report lines or phase lines (PLs) used to control security forces. In NATO physical contact between adjacent units is required.

counterattack-Attack by a part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking force, for such specific purposes as regaining ground lost or cutting off or destroying enemy advance units, & with the general objective of regaining the initiative & denying to the enemy the attainment of his purpose in attacking. In sustained defensive operations, it is undertaken to restore the battle position (BP) & is directed at limited objectives.

course of action-1. Any sequence of acts that an individual or unit may follow. 2. A possible plan open to an individual or Cdr that would accomplish or is related to accomplishment of the mission. 3. A feasible way to accomplish a task or mission which follows the guidance given, will not result in undue damage/risk to the command, & is noticeably different from other actions being considered.

cover: To intercept opposing forces at a considerable distance from the main body force; a combination of screen and guard missions will deceive the enemy, causing the enemy to deploy prematurely, provide the main body commander with space and time for maneuver; can accept decisive engagement.

covering force area (CFA)-In the defense, the operational area between the FEBA & the FLOT.D

deception-Actions which mislead the enemy & induce him to do something counter to his interests. It includes manipulating, distorting, to falsifying information available to the enemy to ensure security to REAL plans, operations, or activities.

deception operations-A military operation conducted to mislead the enemy. A unit conducting a deception operation may or may not make contact w/ the enemy. Includes demonstrations, displays, feints, & ruses.

decisive engagement-An engagement in which a unit is a considered fully committed & cannot maneuver or extricate itself. In the absence of outside assistance, the action must be fought to a conclusion & either won or lost w/ the forces at hand.

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decisive terrain-Key terrain is decisive terrain if it has an extraordinary impact on the mission. Decisive terrain is rare & will not be present in every situation. To designate terrain as decisive is to recognize that the successful accomplishment of the mission, whether offensive or defensive, depends on seizing or retaining it. The Cdr designates decisive terrain to communicate its importance in his concept of operations, first to his staff &, later, to subordinate Cdrs.

dedicated battery-A cannon battery whose total firepower is immediately available to suppress enemy weapons which threaten a designated company/team during a movement to contact.

deep battle-All actions which support the friendly scheme of maneuver & which deny to the enemy Cdr the ability to employ his forces not yet engaged at the time, place, or in the strength of his choice.

defeat: This task may or may not entail the destruction of any part of the enemy army. It requires the assigned unit to disrupt or nullify the enemy’s plan and/or subdue his will to fight so he is either unwilling or unable to pursue

his mission.defense-a coordinated effort by a force to defeat an attacker & prevent him from achieving his objectives. Typical

defense missions are:Defend in Sector. A mission which requires a defending unit to prevent enemy forces from passing beyond the rear boundary of the sector, while retaining flank security, & ensuring integrity of effort w/in the parent unit's scheme of maneuver. Initial positions generally are established as far forward as possible, but a commander may use any technique to accomplish the mission.Defend a battle position. A mission which places a unit in a battle position (BP) to concentrate its fires, to limit its maneuver, or to place it in an advantageous position to counterattack. The BP is a general location on the ground. The Cdr positions his forces on the best terrain w/in & in the vicinity of the BP. The Cdr may position security forces forward of and about the BP. He can also locate (CS) & (CSS) elements outside the BP. The Cdr can maneuver his forces freely w/in the BP & seize the initiative to maneuver outside of the BP to attack enemy forces.Defend a Strongpoint. A mission which implies retention of the position at all costs. Repeated assaults must be expected & repelled. CS & CSS assets may be employed outside the strongpoint.

defilade-Protection from hostile observation & fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or bank. To shield from enemy fire or observation by using natural or artificial obstacles.

delay from alternate positions-A technique involving two maneuver units in a single sector. While the first is fighting, the second occupies the next position in depth & prepares to assume responsibility for the operation. The first force disengages and passes through or around the second. It, then, prepares to resume the delay from a position in greater depth, while the second force takes up the fight.

delay from successive positions-A technique which occurs when a sector is so wide that available forces cannot occupy more than a single tier of positions. Maneuver units delay continuously on & between positions throughout their sectors, fighting rearward from one position to another, holding each as long as possible or for a specified time.

delaying operation-An operation usually conducted when the commander needs time to concentrate or withdraw forces, to establish defenses in greater depth, to economize in an area, or to complete offensive actions elsewhere. In the delay, the destruction of the enemy force is secondary to slowing his advance to gain time. Delay mission are:Delay in sector. A low risk mission which requires a unit to slow & defeat as much of the enemy as possible w/o sacrificing the tactical integrity of the unit. This mission can be given to forces in the covering force area (CFA) or in the MBA.

Delay forward of a specified line for a specified time or specified event. This is a high risk mission which requires a unit to prevent enemy forces from reaching the specified area earlier than the specified time or event, regardless of the cost. This mission can be given to units in the CFA or in the MBA.

demonstrate: This tasking, when given to a unit at the task force level, requires the unit to be observed by the enemy beyond the range of direct fire weapons. As a result, this is not a common task, except in terrain which provides virtually unobstructed observation, such as some deserts or mountains.destroy: To physically disable the majority of enemy vehicles and to kill the majority of the enemy soldiers. A task focused solely on the enemy force rendering them physically incapable of combat.detachment left in contact (DLIC)-A DLIC is used in a withdrawal not under pressure. It is normally organized from

the platoons of forward companies & commanded by the battalion XO although it may be a mission assigned to a single reinforced company. The DLIC may comprise as much as a third of the battalion's maneuver elements. The primary purpose of the DLIC is to deceive the enemy into believing the battalion is still in position as the majority of units withdraw. If the withdrawal is discovered & the enemy attacks, the DLIC defends/delays w/in its capability. It disengages & withdraws after the main body has begun movement to the next mission.

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direction of attack-A specific direction or route that the main attack or the main body of the force will follow. If used, it is normally at battalion & lower levels. Direction of attack is a more restrictive control measure than axis of advance, & units are not free to maneuver off the assigned route. It usually is associated w/ infantry units conducting night attacks, or units involved in limited visibility operations, & in counterattacks.

direct support (DS)-1. A mission requiring a force to support another specific force & authorizing it to answer directly the supported force's request for assistance. 2. In NATO, the support provided by a unit or formation not attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or formation, but required to give priority too the support required by that unit or formation.

direct support (DS) artillery-Artillery whose primary task is to provide fire requested by the supported unit.disengage: To break contact with the enemy and move to a point where the enemy can neither observe or engage the

unit by direct fire.disengagement-Breaking contact w/ the enemy & moving to a point where the enemy can neither observe nor engage

the unit by direct fire.displace-To leave one position & take another. Forces may be displaced laterally to concentrate combat power in

threatened areas.doctrinal template-A model based on postulated enemy tactical doctrine. It generally portrays frontages, depths, echelon

spacing, & force composition, as well as his disposition of combat, CS, & CSS units for a given type of operation. It portrays how the enemy would like to fight if he was not constrained.

double envelopment-A form of enveloping maneuver executed by forces which move around both flanks of an enemy position to attack the flanks or objectives in the rear of the enemy. The enemy normally is fixed in position by a supporting frontal attack or by indirect and/or aerial fires.

Eeconomy of force-The allocation of minimum-essential combat capability or strength to secondary efforts, so that forces

may be concentrated in the area where a decision is sought. A principle of war.emergency risk (nuclear)-A degree of risk where anticipated effects may cause some temporary shock & casualties, &

may significantly reduce the unit's combat efficiency. Emergency risk is accepted only when absolutely necessary. It includes risks to unwarned, exposed personnel; & too warned, protected personnel.

end evening nautical twilight (EENT)-Occurs when the sun has dropped 12o beneath the horizon, & is the instant of last available daylight for the visual control of limited ground operations. At the EENT, there is no further sunlight available.

engagement area-An area in which the Cdr intends to trap & destroy an enemy force w/ the massed fires of all available weapons. Engagement areas are routinely identified by a target reference point in the center of the trap area or by prominent terrain features around the area. Although engagement areas may also be divided into sectors of fire, it is important to understand that defensive systems are not designed around engagement areas, but rather around avenues of approach. Engagement areas & sectors of fire are not intended to restrict fires or cause operations to become static or fixed; they are used only as a tool to concentrate fires & to optimize their effects.

envelopment-An offensive maneuver in which the main attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives to the enemy's rear.

essential elements of friendly information (EEFI)-The critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, &, therefore, must be protected from enemy detection.

event template-A model against which enemy activity can be recorded & compared. It represents a sequential projection of events that relate to space & time on the battlefield, & they indicate the enemy's ability to adopt a particular course of action. Event templates differ from doctrinal/situational templates. They are not graphics inscribed on plastic or drawings of force dispositions, but lists of enemy action in chronological sequence. This template details significant enemy maneuver during the period from 7 days to 1 hour before attack, w/ each enemy action being an indicator of his intent.

exfiltrate: To move from an enemy area with maximum stealth. A task which can be time consuming. additionally, the level of command may be controlled to limit the freedom of action in execution.

exploit: Not an exploitation, rather a task focusing a force on the development of enemy actions, or development of a friendly situation to achieve a higher commander’s goal or intent. Exploit is the most unrestricted task an element may receive. Normally, it is issued in a FRAGO during execution when committing a reserve. The commander so tasked must be able to act independently, guided only by his higher commander’s intent and his own assessment of what can be accomplished as a result of the opportunities inherent with the current situation.

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exploitation-An offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack to take advantage of weakened or collapsed enemy defenses. Its purpose is to prevent reconstitution of enemy defenses, to prevent enemy withdrawal, & to secure deep objectives.

Ffeint-An offensive operation intended to draw the enemy's attention away from the area of the main attack, which

induces the enemy to move his reserves or to shift his fire support in reaction to the feint. Feints must appear real; therefore, some contact w/ the enemy is required. Usually a limited-objective attack ranging in size from a raid to a supporting attack is conducted.

final coordination line-A line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting & shifting of supporting fires w/ the final deployment of maneuver elements. It should be recognizable on the ground. It is not a fire support coordination measure.

final protective fire (FPF)-An immediately available preplanned barrier of direct & indirect fire designed to provide close protection to friendly positions & installations by impeding enemy movement into defensive area.

fire support coordination line (FSCL)-A line established by the appropriate ground Cdr to ensure coordination of fire not under his control but which may affect current tactical operations. The FSCL is used to coordinate fires of air, ground, or sea weapons systems using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should follow well defined terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must be coordinated w/ the appropriate tactical air Cdr & other supporting elements. may attack targets forward of the FSCL, w/o prior coordination w/ the ground force Cdr, provided the attack will not produce adverse surface effects on, or to the rear of, the line. Attacks against surface targets behind this line must be coordinated w/ the appropriate ground force Cdr.

fix: Actions taken to prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location and/or for a specific period of time by holding or surrounding them to prevent their withdrawal to use elsewhere. Generally a task given to one element to allow another friendly element to move to a position of advantage in relation to the enemy force “fixed”, or to prohibit the “fixed” force from interfering and/or moving to fire on another friendly force.

follow and support force-A committed force which follows a force conducting an offensive operation, normally an exploitation or pursuit. Such a force is not a reserve but is committed to accomplish any or all of these tasks: destroy bypassed units; relieve in place any direct pressure or encircling force which has halted to contain the enemy; block movement of reinforcements; secure lines of communication (LOC) ; guard prisoners, key areas, and installations; secure key terrain; & control refugees.

forward edge of the battle area (FEBA)-The forward limit of the main battle area (MBA).forward line of troops (FLOT)-A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any kind of military

operations at a specific time. The FLOT may be at, beyond, & short of the FEBA, depicting the nonlinear battlefield.

free fire area (FFA)-A specific designated area into which any weapon systems may fire w/o additional coordination w/ the establishing headquarters.

Ggeneral support (GS)-Support that is given to the supported force as a whole & not to any particular subdivision.general support (GS) artillery-Artillery that executes the fire directed by the Cdr of the unit too which it organically

belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the operation as a whole rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit.

general support reinforcing (GSR)-A tactical artillery mission. GSR artillery is assigned the mission to support the force as a whole & provide reinforcing fires for another artillery unit.

group of targets-Two or more targets on which fire is desired simultaneously. A group of targets is designated by a letter-number-letter combination or a nickname.

guard: Accomplishes all the tasks included in screen. Additionally, a guard force prevents ground observation, direct fire, or surprise attack of the main body. Operates within the indirect fire range of the main body and can accept decisive engagement.

Hhandover line-A control measure (usually a phase line) preferably following easily defined terrain features, at which

responsibility for the conduct of combat operations is passed from one force to another.high payoff target (HPT)-High value targets (HVTs) which, if successfully attacked, would contribute substantially to

the success of our plans.high value target (HVT)-A target whose loss to the enemy can be expected to contribute to substantial degradation of

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infiltration-1. The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy, it implies that contact is avoided. 2. When used in conjunction w/ a tactical vehicular march, vehicles are dispatched individually or in small groups at irregular intervals to reduce density & prevent undue massing of vehicles.

interdict: The purpose must clearly delineate what the interdiction must achieve. Is it to “isolate” or “seal off” an area; or to prevent, hinder or delay the use of an area or route by enemy forces? The purpose can not be ambiguous.

intervisibility-The condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition may be altered or interrupted by weather, smoke, terrain masking, dust, or debris.

Jjoint air attack team (JAAT)-A combination of US Army attack & scout aircraft & US Air Force close air support

(CAS) aircraft operating together to locate & attack high priority, lucrative targets such as tanks & other targets of opportunity. It normally operates in a coordinated effort w/ fire support, air defense artillery, & ground maneuver forces against enemy armored formations, command vehicles, & enemy air defense weapons systems.

joint task force (JTF)-A force composed of assigned or attached elements of the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, & the Air Force, or two or more of these Services, which is constituted & so designated by the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF), or by the Cdr of a unified command, a specified command, or an existing JTF.

Kkey terrain-Any locality or area the seizure, retention, or control of which affords a marked advantage to either

combatant.L

light line (LL)-A designated line forward of which vehicles are required to use black-out lights at night.limit of advance-An easily recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will not advance.line of contact (LC)-A general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are engaged.line of departure (LD)-A line designated to coordinate the commitment of attacking units or scouting elements at a

specified time. A start line.M

main battle area (MBA)-That portion of the battlefield extending rearward from the FEBA & in which the decisive battle is fought to defeat the enemy attack. Designation of the MBA includes the use of lateral & rear boundaries. For any particular command, this area extends from the FEBA to the rear boundaries of those units comprising its main defensive forces.

meeting engagement-A combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time & place. The enemy force may be either stationary or in motion.

minimum safe distance (MSD)-The minimum distance in meters from desired ground zero (DGZ) at which a specific degree of risk & vulnerability will not be exceeded w/ a 99% assurance.

moderate risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety involving the medium degree of risk to friendly troops used in computation of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 2.5 % incidence of casualties or a 5% incidence of nuisance effects. Moderate risk should not be exceeded if troops are expected to operate at full efficiency after a friendly burst. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned , exposed personnel; warned, exposed personnel; warned , protected personnel.

movement technique-Manner of traversing terrain used by a unit (such as traveling, traveling overwatch, & bounding overwatch). The likelihood of enemy contact determines which of the following technique are used:Traveling. A movement technique used when speed is necessary & contact with enemy forces is not likely. All elements of the unit move simultaneously w/ the unit leader located where he can best control.Traveling overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is possible. The lead element & trailing element are separated by a short distance which varies w/ the terrain. The trailing element moves at variable speeds & may pause for short periods to overwatch the lead element. It keys its movement to terrain & the lead element. The trailing element overwatches at such a distance that should the enemy engage the lead element, it will not prevent the trailing element from firing or moving to support the lead element.Bounding overwatch. A movement technique used when contact w/ enemy forces is expected. The unit moves by bounds. One element is always halted in position to overwatch another element while it moves. The overwatching element is positioned to support the moving unit by fire or fire & movement.

movement to contact-An offensive operation designed to gain initial ground contact w/ the enemy or to regain lost contact.

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named areas of interest (NAI)-A point or area on the ground, along a particular avenue of approach, through which enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of activity w/in an NAI will help to confirm or deny a particular enemy course of action.

negligible risk (nuclear)-The measure of troop safety providing the least risk to friendly troops used in the computation of minimum safe distance (MSD) from a nuclear detonation. It is associated w/ a maximum of 1% incidence of casualties or 2.5% incidence of nuisance effects. Negligible risk should not be exceeded unless significant tactical advantage will be gained. Expressed in terms of risk to unwarned, exposed personnel; warned, exposed personnel; warned, protected personnel.

neutralize: When tasked, a unit must clearly understand what must be “neutralized”. It is ambiguous to simply state “neutralize enemy preparation” or “neutralize enemy security forces”. The tasker must state what is to be rendered ineffective or unusable or incapable of interfering with the operation.

neutralization fire-Fire that is delivered to hamper & interrupt movement &/or the firing of weapons.no-fire area (NFA)-An area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions are (1) when establishing

headquarters approves fires temporarily w/in the NFA on a mission basis, & (2) when the enemy force w/in the NFA engages a friendly force, the Cdr may engage the enemy to defend his force.

Oobscuration smoke-Smoke employed on or near the enemy to minimize his vision both w/in & beyond his position area,

or to cause an enemy force to vary speed, inadvertently change direction, deploy prematurely, or rely on nonoptical means of communication.

obstacle-1. Any natural or man-made obstruction that canalizes, delays, restricts, or diverts movement of a force. The effectiveness of an obstacle is enhanced considerably when covered by fire. Obstacles can include abatis, antitank ditches, blown bridges, built-up areas, minefields, rivers, road craters, terrain, & wire. Obstacles are classified as either existing or reinforcing.Existing obstacles. Those natural or cultural restrictions to movement that are part of the terrain when battle planning begins.Reinforcing obstacles. Obstacles specifically constructed, emplaced, or detonated to tie together, strengthen, & extend existing obstacles.2. Standard obstacles are designed to simplify & expedite planning & logistical support; however, they will be employed in multiples as necessary to conform to a specific target site. They are listed in a guide normally prepared by the division engineer as an enclosure to the division SOP or annex to the OPLAN. The guide lists ass the types of obstacles which the unit may employ & includes a drawing, a bill of materials, & special instructions.

occupy: To task a unit to move and physically position itself in a specified area. The command issuing the task does not envision the unit to have to fight to accomplish the task.

on-call target-In fire support, a planned target other than a scheduled target on which fire is delivered when requested.operational control (OPCON)-The authority delegated to a Cdr to direct forces assigned so that the Cdr may

accomplish specific missions or tasks that are usually limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, & too retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not of itself include administrative or logistic control. In NATO, it does not include authority to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned.

operational exposure guide (OEG)-The maximum amount of nuclear radiation which the Cdr considers his unit may be permitted to receive while performing a particular mission or missions.

organic-Assigned to & forming an essential part of a military organization; an element normally shown in the unit's table of organization & equipment (TOE).

Ppassage lanes-Areas along which a passing unit moves to avoid stationary units & obstacles.passage of lines-Passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a covering force withdraw

through the FEBA, or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force that conducted the initial attack. A passage may be designated as a forward or rearward passage of lines.

passage point-A place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or withdrawal. It is located where the Cdr desires subordinate units to physically execute a passage of lines.

penetrate: To gain or force physical entry into an enemy’s defensive position or area. This requires the force to physically enter the enemy’s position or area.

penetration-A form of offensive maneuver that seeks to break through the enemy's defensive position, widen the gap created, & destroy the continuity of his positions.

primary position-A place for a weapon, unit, or individual to fight which provides the best means to accomplish the assigned mission.

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priority of fires-Direction to a fire support planner to organize & employ fire support means according to the importance of the supported unit's missions.

priority of support-Priorities set by the Cdr in his concept of the operation & during execution to ensure that CS & CSS are provided to subordinate elements in accordance w/ their relative importance to accomplishing the mission.

priority target-A target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires for the designated firing unit/element. The firing unit/element will prepare, to the extent of possible, for the engagement of such targets. A firing unit/element may be assigned only one priority target.

program of targets-A number of planned targets of a similar nature, A program of targets identified by a code name may be initiated on call, at a specified time, or when a particular event occurs. Targets are fired in a predetermined sequence.

pursue: Not a pursuit. To task a unit to maintain contact with an enemy force. A limitation can be given as to how or where it can it accomplish contact.

pursuit-An offensive operation against a retreating enemy force. It follows a successful attack or exploitation & is ordered when the enemy cannot conduct an organized defense & attempts to disengage. Its object is to maintain relentless pressure on the enemy & completely destroy him.

Qquartering party-A group of unit representatives dispatched to a probable new site of operations in advance of the main

body to secure, reconnoiter, & organize an area prior to the main body's arrival & occupation.R

rear area-The area in the rear of the combat & forward areas. Combat echelons from the brigade through the field army normally designate a rear area. For any particular command, that area extending rearward from the rear boundary of their next subordinate formations or units deployed in the main battle or defense area to their own rear boundary. It is here that reserve forces of the echelon are normally located. In addition, CS & CSS units & activities locate in this area.

rear battle-Those actions, including area damage control, taken by all units (combat, CS, CSS, & host nation), singly or in a combined effort, to secure the force, neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area, & ensure freedom of action in the deep & close-in battles.

rear battle response forces-Rear battle response forces are MP response forces & tactical combat forces.MP response forces-Those MP forces the Cdr assigns the mission of responding to & conducting operations to close w/ & destroy attacking enemy forces beyond the capability of base defenses.Tactical combat forces-Those forces the Cdr assigns the mission of defeating enemy airborne, air assault, amphibious, or ground infiltration attacks in the rear area.

rear battle threat levels-Attacks in the rear area that are categorized as follows:Level I. Enemy controlled agent activity; sabotage by enemy sympathizers; activities conducted by terrorist organizations.Level II. Diversionary operations & sabotage & reconnaissance missions conducted by tactical units of less than battalion size.Level III. Airborne, air assault, amphibious operations, or infiltration operations of battalion size or larger.

recon: A task undertaken to obtain information by visual observation, or other detection methods, about the activities and resources of an enemy or about the meteorological, hydrolgraphic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area.

reconnaissance by fire-A method of reconnaissance in which fire is placed on a suspected enemy position to cause the enemy to disclose his presence by movement or return fire.

reinforcing (artillery)-In artillery usage, a tactical mission in which one artillery unit augments the fire of another artillery unit.

relief in place-An operation in which a unit is replaced in combat by another unit. Responsibilities for the combat mission & the assigned sector or zone of action of the replaced unit are assumed by the incoming unit.

required supply rate (RSR)-The amount of ammunition, expressed in terms of rounds per weapon per day for ammunition items fired by weapons, & in terms of other units of measure per day for bulk allotment & other items estimated to be required to sustain operations of any designated force w/o restriction for a specified period.

reserve-That portion of a force withheld from action at the beginning of an engagement so as to be available for commitment at a decisive moment.

restrictive fire area (RFA)-An area in which specific restrictions are imposed & into which fires that exceed those restrictions may not be delivered w/o prior coordination w/ the establishing headquarters.

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restrictive fire line (RFL)-A line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be moving) that prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line w/o coordination w/ the affected force. It is established by the Cdr of the converging forces.

retain: A task orienting a friendly force on specific terrain, usually key or decisive, with the desire to preclude enemy occupation and use of the terrain. This task assists in shaping the battlefield, protecting flanks, or as a position through which a counterattack can be launched. The purpose of the retention is key in fulfilling this task. Directing units to “retain a battle position” is incorrect: the battle position is merely a control measure which limits the freedom of action of a unit to a specific area.

retirement-A retrograde operation in which a force out of contact moves away from the enemy.retrograde-An organized movement to the rear or away from the enemy. It may be forced by the enemy or may be made

voluntarily. Such movements may be classified as withdrawal, retirement, or delaying operations.rupture: To create a gap in enemy defensive positions quickly. Generally, the tasked unit is operating as a part of a

force executing a breakout operation.S

scheduled target-In artillery & naval gunfire support, a planned target on which fire is to be delivered at a specified time.

scheme of maneuver-That part of a tactical plan too be executed by a maneuver force to achieve its assigned objectives or to hold its assigned area.

screen: A task to provide early warning to the main body, impedes and harasses the enemy with supporting indirect fire, and destroys enemy reconnaissance elements within its capability. Its freedom of action is limited in its physical proximity to the friendly force it’s securing.

screening smoke-Smoke employed in areas of friendly operation or in areas between friendly & enemy forces to conceal ground movement, breaching, & recovery operations, key assembly areas, supply routes, & logistic facilities. It degrades enemy ground & aerial observation.

sector-An area designated by boundaries w/in which a unit operates & for which it is responsible. Normally, sectors are used in defensive operations.

secure: The command issuing the task during an attack does not anticipate the unit to have to fight to gain the terrain to be secured. The terrain is not yet in possession of the friendly force or in the control of the enemy. After securing the area the unit may then have to fight to prevent its loss. This task offers more freedom of action than does retain.

security operations-Those operations designed to obtain information about the enemy & provide reaction time, maneuver space, & protection to the main body. Security operations are characterized by aggressive reconnaissance to reduce terrain & enemy unknowns, gaining & maintaining contact w/ the enemy to ensure continuous information, & providing early & accurate reporting of information to the protected force. Security operations include screening operations, guard operations, covering force operations, & area security operations. Area security operations normally are associated w/ rear battle operations. The other types of security operations may be oriented in any direction from a stationary or moving force.A screening force maintains surveillance, provides early warning to the main body, impedes & harasses the enemy w/ supporting indirect fires, & destroys enemy reconnaissance elements w/in its capability.A guard force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy ground observation of & direct fire against the main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, & delays as necessary to accomplish its mission. A guard force normally operates w/in the range of the main body indirect fire weapons.A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening & guard forces. Additionally, a covering force operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early & deceives, disorganizes, & destroys enemy forces. Unlike screening or guard forces, a covering force is a tactically self-contained force (that is, it is organized w/ sufficient CS & CSS forces to operate independently of the main body).The requirements of an area security force are delineated by the HQ assigned the mission. Area security operations are normally associated w/ rear battle operations. Rear battle forces neutralize or destroy enemy forces to defeat enemy attacks in the rear area.

seize: A task which is intended to take control of an area or terrain from an enemy force. The enemy must be destroyed, or so it is envisioned, in order to “seize” terrain. Although consolidation is accomplished, “seizing” anticipated other taskings in addition to merely seizing the objective area. As in other cases, the purpose of the seizure is necessary to allow initiative by subordinates.

series of targets-In fire support, a number of targets &/or group(s) of targets planned in a predetermined time sequence to support a maneuver phase. A series of targets is indicated by a code name or nickname.

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show of force-A mission carried out to demonstrate US resolve, whereby US forces are deployed to defuse a situation that may be detrimental to US interest or national objectives.

situational template-A series of projections that portray, based on enemy doctrine, the most probable disposition & location of enemy forces w/in constraints imposed by weather & terrain.

strong point (SP)-A key point in a defensive position, usually strongly fortified & heavily armed w/ automatic weapons, around which other positions are grouped for its protection.

successive positions-Defensive fighting positions located one after another on the battlefield. A force can conduct a delaying action from successive delay positions.

support by fire: A description of how a unit is limited in producing specific results (suppress, fix, destroy, etc.) by fire only from a general area. The specific results must be stated as well. This task is done in conjunction with a maneuvering force. Support by fire is accomplished in one of two ways: overwatching or establishing a base of fire.

suppress: A unit so tasked must bring its organic direct fires, supporting indirect fires, and smoke to bear on enemy personnel, equipment, or weapons to prevent effective fire on friendly forces.

suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD)-That activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy air defense systems in a specific area by physical attack &/or electronic warfare (EW) to enable tactical air operations to be successfully conducted. Joint suppression of enemy air defenses (J-SEAD) is that portion of SEAD which requires joint interaction to suppress enemy surface-to-air defense systems having an influence on the tactical air-land battle area.

Ttactical air control center (TACC)-The principle air operations installation (land or ship-based) from which all aircraft

& air warning functions of tactical air operations are controlled.tactical air control party (TACP)-The TACPs are collocated at each appropriate command echelon to the supported

ground force, normally battalion through corps. They advise & assist the Cdr, request & coordinate tactical air support, & meet other requirements of the individual ground force echelon supported. A TACP consists of experienced air crews & technicians, ground &/or airborne vehicles, & the communications equipment required to obtain, coordinate, & control tactical air support of ground operations.

target area of interest-An area or point along a mobility corridor, the successful interdiction of which will cause the enemy to either abandon a particular course of action or require him to use specialized engineer support to continue.

time on target (TOT)-1. The method of firing on a target in which various artillery units, mortars, &/or naval gunfire support ships fire their initial rounds too strike the target simultaneously at the time required. 2. The time at which aircraft are scheduled to attack/photograph the target. 3. The actual time at which aircraft attack/photograph the target. 4. The time at which a nuclear detonation is planned at a specified desired ground zero (DGZ).

turning movement-A variation of an envelopment in which the attacking force passes around or over the enemy's principal defensive positions to secure objectives that are deep in the enemy's rear. In doing so, it forces the enemy to abandon his positions, to divert major forces to meet the threat, & to fight in two directions simultaneously.

Uuncommitted force-A force that is not in contact w/ an enemy & is not already deployed on a specific mission or course

of action.W

withdrawal-A retrograde operation in which a force in contact w/ the enemy frees itself for a new mission.Z

zone of action-A tactical subdivision of a larger area, the responsibility for which is assigned to a tactical unit; generally applied to offensive action.

zone reconnaissance-A directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes, obstacles (to include chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, & enemy forces w/in a zone defined by boundaries. A zone reconnaissance normally is assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when information concerning cross-country trafficability is desired.

Army Operations

Offense Defense

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Framework FrameworkDeep DeepRecon/Security SecurityMain Attack Main Battle AreaSupporting Attack ReserveReserve RearRear

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Prepared Positions

Surprise SecurityConcentration DisruptionTempo

Audacity Alternative DefensivePatterns

Forms of Tactical Offense MobileMovement to Contact AreaAttackExploitPursuit

Forms of ManeuverFrontal AttackPenetrationEnvelopmentTurning MovementInfiltration

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Lancer Staff Planning Battle Book

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