ST220 Concorde Career College
Microbiology Microbiology Objectives Define the term microbiology.
Provide a timeline of events leading up to the currentunderstanding of microbiology. List and identify the parts of a microscope andunderstand its use in a laboratory setting. Microbiology Microbiology Study of microorganisms Microorganisms Microscopic organism (plant or animal) Microscopic Minute; visible only with the aid of a microscope Microbiology Microscope
An optical instrument for making an enlargedimage of an object too small to be seen bythe naked eye Consists of a lens, or a combination of lenses Often provides light enhancement May be monocular or binocular Microbiology Microscope Original van Leeuwenhoekmicroscope Microbiology Microscope
Operating microscope usedfor neurosurgicalprocedures Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Robert Hooke 1635-1703
Cell theory Proposed the idea that all living things are composed of cells after viewing slices of cork through a microscope in the year 1665. Note: Hooke coined the term cell which is from the Latin word cella meaning "storeroom" or "small container" Robert Hooke Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723
First to observe bacteria with a microscope Made the first accurate drawings of bacteria and protozoa Anton van Leeuwenhoek Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Francesco Redi 1626-1697
Disproved the theory of abiogenesis or spontaneous generation (it was thought that new living cells could spontaneously arise from nonliving material) Francesco Redi Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Louis Pasteur 1822-1895
Proved the theory of biogenesis (new living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells) Developed the germ theory of disease Promoted hand washing and a clean environment to reduce the spread of disease in hospitals Developed several vaccines (anthrax, cholera, rabies) Developed "pasteurization," a method of destroying harmful microbes in perishable food products using heat, without destroying the food Louis Pasteur Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Edward Jenner 1749-1823
Developed smallpox vaccination Father of Immunology Edward Jenner Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Ignaz Semmelweis 1818-1865
Correlated frequent handwashing in the obstetrics ward with lower rates of infection (puerperal fever) Note: the term puerpera refers to a woman who has just given birth Ignaz Semmelweis Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Joseph Lister 1827-1912
Recognized the significance of Pasteurs findings and established the first principles of asepsis and the practice of sterile technique Used carbolic acid (phenol) to treat surgical wounds and dressings Wore clean gown and gloves for each surgical procedure Boiled instruments between surgical procedures Joseph Lister Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Robert Koch 1843-1910
Proved Pasteurs germ theory Developed pure culture techniques still used today Robert Koch Microbiology Microbiology Timeline Hans Gram 1853-1938
Developed staining methods (Grams stain) utilized to identify various species of bacteria Hans Gram Microbiology Organism Identification
Staining Involves application of a coloreddye (called a stain) to an organism to enhancevisualization and allow identification of aspecific organism. Gram Stain Acid-fast Stain Microbiology Organism Identification Gram Stain
Organism is stained with blue/purple dye Weak iodine solution is added to promote colorfastness Slide is washed with alcohol If blue/purple dye remains the organism is Gram positive If blue/purple dye is removed the organism is Gram negative and is then stained with pink/red dye to enhance visibility Positive or Negative? Anthrax rods in CSF Pseudomonas aeruginosa Microbiology Organism Identification Acid-fast Stain
Organism is stained with red dye Smear is treated with acid Most organisms quickly loose the red color when treated with acid Those that remain colored (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis) are called acid-fast Mycobacteria paratuberculosis in bovine ileum
Acid-fast Stain Mycobacteriaparatuberculosis inbovine ileum Microbiology Organism Identification
Culturing Growing cells in enriched media Fermentation Action of organism on sugars Observation Reaction to test chemicals Inoculation Injection and observation of testanimals Immunology Antigen-antibody reaction Culture Microbiology Microscope Types Compound Light Microscope
Dark Field Microscope Phase Contrast Microscope Fluorescence Microscope Electron Microscope Microbiology Compound Light Microscope Also called bright field
Two lens system First lens located in the objective near the specimen Second lens in the eyepiece Light source Microbiology Dark Field Microscope
Similar to bright fieldmicroscope contains a lightcondenser with an opaque discthat blocks direct light;allowing peripheral light toenter Utilized when microbes cannotbe stained Effective for viewing motilitywhen microbes are suspendedin liquid (wet mount) Dark Field Microbiology Phase Contrast Microscope
Light condenser containsring shaped diaphragmthat allows light of variousbrightness (phases) topass through highlighting the internalstructures of the cell Phase Contrast Samples Microbiology Fluorescence Microscope
Utilized ultraviolet light tovisualize fluorescentmicrobes or those stainedwith fluorochromatic dye Especially useful inidentification of rabiesand syphilis Fluorescence Microscope Microbiology Electron Microscope
Utilizes a beam of electrons inplace of light which improvesresolution Utilizes an electromagneticlens in place of a glass lenswhich focuses the electronbeam onto the specimen Scanning electron microscopeis pictured Electron Microscope Pollen Microbiology Microscope Components Eyepiece Body tube Arm
Revolving nosepiece Objectives Stage with clips Focus adjustment knobs Diaphragm Light source Base Microbiology Microbiology Microscope Care and Handling
When carrying the microscope hold the arm with onehand and support the base with the other Never touch the lenses Use only lens paper to clean the lenses When finished with the microscope Rotate the nosepiece to the low power objective Lower the nosepiece down to the stage Secure the cord Replace the dust cover Microbiology Objectives
List and identify the components of a cell anddescribe the function of each. List and define fluid movement concepts. List the major classifications of organisms. Microbiology Cell Theory Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Observed pond water under microscope Noted organisms that he called animalcules Principles of modern cell theory Cells are the smallest complete living things (basic unit of organization of all organisms) All organisms are composed of one or more cells in which all life processes occur Cells arise only from preexisting cells through the process of cell division. All existing cells are descendants of the first cells formed in history. Microbiology Cell Structure Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Chromatin Nucleolus Mitochondria Lysosomes ER endoplasmic reticulum (rough, smooth) Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Microbiology Cell Membrane
Also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma Consists of a double phospholipid layer containing proteins Phospholipids allow free passage of water molecules through the cell membrane via osmosis (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) Some proteins allow passage of molecules and ions via transport channels or by active transport Other proteins act as receptor sites and identity markers Phospholipid Bilayer Microbiology Cytoplasm
Main constituent is water that contains chemical compounds (e.g., mineral salts) in solution and organic compounds in colloidal suspension Also contains storage granules, fat droplets, and vacuoles (area within the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane filled with a watery mixture of nutrients or waste products Cytoplasm Microbiology Nucleus Control center of the cell
Surrounded by a membrane Contains genetic material Microbiology Nuclear Membrane
Porous double nuclear membrane that allows passage of materials (e.g., messenger RNA) to the cytoplasm Inner layer surrounds the nucleoplasm Outer layer connects with the ER Nuclear Membrane Microbiology Nucleoplasm Fluid portion of the nucleus Microbiology Chromatin
Genetic material contained within the nucleoplasm Darkly stained threads of nucleic acids Duplicates, shortens, and thickens during cell division and becomes visible as chromosomes Microbiology Nucleolus Spherical particle within the nucleoplasm
Produces ribosomes Microbiology Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell
Composed of two membranes Outer membrane forms capsular shape Inner membrane folds into itself to increase surface area (folds are called cristae) Aerobic phase of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria Mitochondrion Microbiology Lysosomes
Small structures in the cytoplasm containing powerful digestive enzymes and surrounded by a membrane Perform three important functions Work with food vacuoles to digest stored food Maintain and repair organelles (building blocks of protoplasmic structures) Destruction of old or weakened cells Lysosomes Microbiology Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough, smooth)
Complex system of membranes that make up channels called cisternae Connects the outer nuclear membrane with the cell membrane All cells have rough ER Rough ER has attached ribosomes that synthesize protein Some cells have smooth ER Smooth ER transports fat or synthesizes sex hormones Endoplasmic Reticulum Microbiology Golgi Apparatus Collection of flat saclike cisternae
Store compounds secreted by the cell Aid in synthesis of necessary substances (e.g., carbohydrates) Golgi Apparatus Microbiology Ribosomes
Small granules distributes throughout the cytoplasm that are attached to the ER Site of protein synthesis Ribosomes on Rough ER Microbiology Fluid Movement Concepts Diffusion Osmosis
Active Transport Filtration Microbiology Diffusion
Movement ofmolecules through amedium from an areaof high concentrationto an area of lowconcentration. Microbiology Osmosis Movement of a solvent (e.g., water) througha semipermeable membrane from an area ofhigh concentration to an area of lowconcentration Osmosis Microbiology Active Transport
Movement of substances (e.g., sugars, aminoacids, large proteins, fats) through the cellwall from an area of lower concentration toan area of higher concentration using energyin the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Active Transport Microbiology Filtration
Passage of a liquid orgas through apermeable membraneto remove particulatematter Microbiology Movement of Items Other Than Water Endocytosis Exocytosis Microbiology Endocytosis
Particles are taken into the cell (e.g., bacteria, nutrients) Three types of endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Microbiology Phagocytosis
Movement of other organisms or fragments of organic matter into the cell Macrophage Phagocytosis Microbiology Pinocytosis
Movement of fluids (other than water) into the cell Pinocytosis Microbiology Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis
Receptors on the cell surface detect specific molecules and allow rapid movement of the molecule into the cell Microbiology Exocytosis
Movement of particles (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes) out of the cell Via secretory granules originating in the Golgi apparatus Platelet Exocytosis Microbiology Major Classifications of Organisms (Nomenclature)
Kingdom (plantae, animalia, fungi, protists, monera) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Classification Microbiology Specific Classes of Microorganisms Algae Protozoa
Fungi (yeasts, mushrooms, molds) Bacteria Rickettsiae Viruses Prions Microbiology Objectives
Define the term algae, list its characteristics,and explain its relationship to humans. Define the term protozoa, list itscharacteristics, and explain its relationship tohumans. Microbiology Algae (Definition and Characteristics)
Protist Kingdom (simplest organisms) Eukaryotic (nucleus surrounded by a membrane) Photosynthetic (contains chlorophyl manufactures carbohydrates and oxygen by combining CO2 and H2O using sunlight) Nonparasitic Lacks roots, stems, leaves, and flowers May be microscopic (unicellular) or massive (multicellular) Algae Microbiology Algae (Relationship to Humans) Ecological balance
Indication of ecological imbalance Food source Blue-green algae Cyanobacteria responsible for epidemic diarrhea Microbiology Protozoa (Definition and Characteristics)
Protista Kingdom (simplest organisms) Unicellular animal like microorganisms Saprophytes (lives on dead or decaying matter) Microbiology Ciliated Protozoa Microbiology Flagellated Protozoa Microbiology Protozoa (Relationship to humans)
Common protozoa infections Malaria (Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae) Gastroenteritis (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia) Leishmaniasis inflammation of the skin or viscera (Leishmania species) Sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) Vaginal infections (Trichomonas vaginalis) Trypanosoma brucei (Plasmodium malariae)
Microbiology Malaria (Plasmodium malariae) Microbiology Protozoa
Spread of infection (opportunistic most commonly affects immunosuppressed individuals) Fecal-oral contamination Ingestion of contaminated food or water Vector Mosquito Human sexual contact Trichomonas vaginalis
Microbiology Trichomonas vaginalis Microbiology Objective
Define the term fungus (yeasts, mushrooms,and molds), list the characteristics of each,and explain the relationship of each tohumans. Define the term helminth, list itscharacteristics, and explain its relationship tohumans. Microbiology Fungi (Definition and Characteristics) Protist Kingdom
Eukaryotic Chemoheterotrophic (uses chemicals as energy source) Requires an external carbon source Lack chlorophyll Saprophytic or parasitic Reproduction occurs either by budding (sexual) or spore formation (asexual) Microbiology Fungi (Definition and Characteristics - continued)
Grow in irregular masses Devoid of roots, stems, and leaves May be unicellular or filamentous (threadlike in structure) Includes yeasts, mushrooms, and molds Mycology is the study of fungi Mycoses are fungal diseases Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Microbiology Yeast (baking, brewing) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (esophageal candida albicans)
Microbiology Yeast (esophageal candidaalbicans) Microbiology Mushroom Microbiology Mold Microbiology Onychomycosis Microbiology Fungus (Relationship to humans) Benefits
Molds decompose organic matter/produce antibiotics Mushrooms edible Yeasts fermentation/leavened bread/normal body flora Microbiology Fungus (Relationship to humans)
Mycoses Typically opportunistic in humans Immune deficiency Immunosuppression Corticosteroiduse Chemotherapy Antibiotic therapy Comorbid condition (e.g., diabetes) Microbiology Fungus (Relationship to humans) Mycoses (examples)
Aspergillosis air conditioning contaminant that commonly affects the respiratory tract Zygomycosis contaminant found in soil and on fruit and plants Candida (yeast) normal mucosal flora Cryptococcus enters through the respiratory tract and can spread to other internal organs including the nervous system (cryptococcal meningitis) Microbiology Helminths (Definition and Characteristics)
Worms (includes eggs and larvae) Parasitic (referred to an infestation rather than infection) Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Roundworms Ascaris
Prevalent in larval form in Asia Prevalent in egg form in the Southern US Enter the digestive system via contaminated food Infests lungs and intestines Microbiology Human IntestinalRoundworm (Ascaris Lumbricoides) Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Roundworms Trichina
Encapsulated worms found in hosts muscle (e.g., pork) Undercooked pork is ingested Digestive juices dissolved by new host Worms mature and infest new hosts muscle Microbiology Trichina Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Roundworms
Filariasis (caused by a small threadlike worm) Common in tropical and subtropical areas Transmitted by biting insects (e.g., flies, mosquitos) May infest cardiovascular system (e.g., heartworm) May infest lymphatic system (e.g., elephantiasis) FILARIASIS Microbiology Elephantiasis Microbiology Heartworm Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Pinworms
Common type Enterobius vermicularis (seat worm) Especially prevalent in children Initially ingested Female exits anus to lay eggs, anal eggs cause itching, eggs are reintroduced to the GI tract via the fingers, re-infestation occurs Enterobius vermicularis
Microbiology Enterobius vermicularis Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Hookworms
Small larvae live in soil Larvae penetrate intact skin of the bare foot Transported to the intestine by the blood Leech blood from the hosts intestinal mucosa causing anemia Microbiology Hookworm Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Flatworms Tapeworm
Ingested in improperly cooked meat (e.g., beef, pork, and fish) May grow to the length of the intestinal tract (up to 50 feet) Human Intestinal Flatworm
Microbiology Human Intestinal Flatworm Tapeworm (Taenia Pisiformis) Tapeworm Microbiology Helminths (Relationship to humans) Flatworms Flukes
Leaf shaped flatworms Invade the blood, lungs, liver, and intestine Microbiology Fluke Microbiology Objectives
Define the term bacteria, list itscharacteristics, and explain its relationship tohumans. Microbiology Bacteria
Unicellular, prokaryotic (lacks a true nucleus)organisms that usually multiply by celldivision May be capable of producing spores(resistant form that can tolerate adverseconditions) Compose the largest group of pathogens Microbiology Bacteria May be: Aerobic - Anaerobic
Motile (flagella)- Nonmotile Free-living- Commensal Saprophytic- Parasitic Pathogenic- Beneficial Microbiology Bacterial Classifications Bacilli rod shaped cells
Straight Slender Cigar shaped with tapered ends Common bacillary diseases: Tetanus Diphtheria Tuberculosis Typhoid fever Microbiology Clostridium tetani Microbiology Tetanus Anaerobic, Gram positive rod
Found in soil, dust, and manure Enters through a break in theskin Affects the CNS causes tetany Symptoms appear 3-21 daysfollowing exposure Usually fatal by asphyxiation Vaccine available Microbiology Other common clostridium diseases
Botulism Clostridium botulinum Food poisoning Clostridium perfringens Antibiotic-associated colitis Clostridium difficile Necrotizing enteritis Clostridium perfringens Uterine and wound infections Clostridium perfringensand others Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Microbiology Corynebacterium diphtheriae Microbiology Diphtheria Acute bacterial disease
Enters the respiratory tract Commonly affects the throat(tonsils), nose, and skin/mayalso affect thepericardium/swollen lymphnodes/produces a membrane Usually fatal by asphyxiation Symptoms appear 1-6 daysfollowing exposure Vaccine available Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Microbiology Mycobacterium tuberculosis Microbiology Tuberculosis
Usually attacks the lungs, butmay affect any body tissue Diagnosed with skin test or chestX-ray Enters the respiratory tract Respiratory symptoms include: Cough that lasts longer than 2 weeks Pain in the chest Coughing up blood or sputum No vaccine/treatment lengthy Microbiology Bacterial Classifications Cocci spherical cells
Round (characteristic arrangements) Diplococci pairs Gonorrhea Meningitis Streptococci chains Strep throat Staphylococci - clusters Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Microbiology Neisseria gonorrhoeae Microbiology Gonorrhea Gram negative diplococci STD
Purulent penile or cervical discharge Frequent painful urination Ectopic pregnancy Sterility Epididymitis Microbiology Gonorrhea Glans penis Microbiology Gonorrhea Vaginal Microbiology Gonorrhea
Transmitted to theneonatal eye duringchildbirth Neisseria Meningitidis
Microbiology Neisseria Meningitidis Microbiology Bacterial Meningitis
Bacterial normal flora inupper aerodigestive tract High fever Headache Neck stiffness Photosensitivity Streptococcus pyogenes
Microbiology Streptococcus pyogenes Microbiology Strep Throat Fever Pain Redness Swelling Microbiology Necrotizing Fascitis
Also caused by streptococcuspyogenes staphylococcus aureus
Microbiology staphylococcus aureus Microbiology Staph Infection Carpal tunnel release 1 week postop
Patient complaining ofworsening throbbing painin the hand and pain withany movement of thefingers Microbiology Carpal tunnel filled withpurulent matter caused bya s. aureus deep woundinfection Microbiology Infection spread into the forearmthrough the flexor tendoncompartments as well as upinto the small finger flexortendon sheath. She was treatedwith repeated radicaldebridement, intravenousantibiotics, and delayed woundclosure. Her infection wascured, but she was left withstiffness of the small finger. Microbiology Staphylococcus aureus Gram positive cocci
Normal skin flora Opportunistic pathogen Major cause of SSI Microbiology Common minor infections caused by s. aureus Folliculitis
Boils Sties Impetigo Superficial abscesses Microbiology Common severe infections caused by s. aureus
Food poisoning TSS Pneumonia Osteomyelitis Lactation mastitis Endocarditis Bacteremia SSI Rheumatic and scarlet fevers Microbiology Bacterial Classifications Vibrio comma shaped rods
Spirilla corkscrew shaped rods Spirochetes corkscrew shaped rods capableof waving and twisting motions Microbiology Vibrio cholerae Cholera
Found in drinking water contaminated with feces Severe diarrhea Death can occur within hours of onset of symptoms Microbiology Spirilla Commonly found in fresh water streams
Causes diarrhea poses a dangerto wilderness campers One cell can multiply to over amillion cells in less than threehours (exponentially) Microbiology Spirochete Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Microbiology Syphilis Treponema pallidum STD Four stages
Primary syphilis transmitted from primarysore (chancre) of affectedindividual to the mucousmembranes (vaginal, anal,oral) of another Microbiology Secondary syphilis
Rash appears 3-6 weeks after initial chancre (usually on palms of hands or soles of feet) Transmission may occur from ANY physical contact during this phase Microbiology Latent syphilis Tertiary syphilis Noncontagious stage
Can damage any organ system Causes mental illness, blindness, neurologic disorders, heart disease, and death Microbiology Objective
Define the term rickettsia, list itscharacteristics, and explain its relationship tohumans. Microbiology Rickettsia Distinct bacterial group
Discovered by American pathologist Harold TaylorRicketts Gram negative bacilli (rods) or cocci (spheres) Obligate intracellular parasites Pleomorphic (occur in more than one morphologic form able to mutate) Common feature spread by arthropod vectors Microbiology Rickettsia prowazekii Causes typhus Louse-borne Microbiology Rickettsia rickettsii Causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Spread by ticks, dogs,rodents Microbiology Objective
Define the term virus, list its characteristics,and explain its relationship to humans. Microbiology Virus A virus is a small microorganism (smaller thanbacteria) that cannot replicate unless it is withina living cell (obligate intracellular parasite). Most viruses are pathogenic with the exceptionof bacteriocidal viruses (bacteriophages). Viruses are NOT affected by antibiotics. All viruses are capable of mutation. Microbiology Virus Main components
Capsid Outer protein shell that encloses the geneticmaterial Core Certain viruses also contain a protein layerunderneath the capsid that also surrounds the geneticmaterial Genetic material DNA or RNA (usually not both) Envelope - Some viruses have an additional outercovering called an envelope that may appear to havespike-like projections Virus Anatomy Microbiology Viruses can affect: Plants Animals Bacteria
All viruses have an affinity for a particular host. For example a human cannot contract a plantvirus. Microbiology Classification Viruses are classified by thedisease that they cause. Examples: Common coldMeasles PolioHepatitis Chickenpox AIDS Smallpox Microbiology Common Cold Virus (rhinovirus) Microbiology Measles Microbiology Poliomyelitis Microbiology Hepatitis B (affected liver)
Microbiology Chickenpox (varicella)
Shingles (Herpes Zoster)
Microbiology Shingles (Herpes Zoster) https://health.google.com/health/ref/Shingles (Human immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS)
Microbiology HIV (Human immunodeficiencyvirus causes AIDS) HIV Attacking a White Blood Cell Microbiology Smallpox Virus (Variola Virus)
Smallpox Victim Smallpox Victim Microbiology Objective
Define the term prion, list its characteristics,and explain its relationship to humans. Microbiology Prion (pronounced pree-on)
The word prion represents the term proteinaceousinfectious particle Prions were first identified in 1982 by Stanley Prusiner ofUCSF ALL known prion diseases are FATAL because theimmune system does not recognize proteins as foreignand protection does not develop Proteinaceous Particle
Microbiology Proteinaceous Particle (Infectious) Microbiology Prion Simple protein Much smaller than a virus
Prion Simple protein Much smaller than a virus Unique because it lacks agenome - (All otherknown infectious agentscontain genetic material) Microbiology Prion Protein particles exist in two forms.
The normal, an innocuous (harmless) protein called PrPc can change its shape to a harmful, disease-causing form called PrPSc The abnormal, conversion from PrPc to PrPSc then proceeds via a chain reaction Several PrPSc proteins form long filamentous aggregates that gradually damage neuronal tissue PrPSc is VERY resistant to hightemperatures, UV-irradiation, and strongdegradative enzymes Microbiology Prion Prion diseases affect animals and humans First described in the 18th century
Microbiology Sheep Scrapie First described in the 18thcentury Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE
Microbiology Cows Bovine SpongiformEncephalopathy BSE (Mad Cow Disease) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)
Microbiology Deer Chronic Wasting Disease(CWD) Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)
Microbiology Humans Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease(CJD) Gross Appearance First reported in the 1920s Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)
Microbiology Humans Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease(CJD) Cross-Section Humans Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) Micro - Histology
Microbiology Humans Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) Micro - Histology Microbiology Humans Kuru Appeared in New Guinea in the early 1900s
Recently identified as a priondisease Ritual mortuary cannibalismcaused fatal epidemic Disease irradicated whencannibalism was terminated Microbiology How are prion diseases acquired? Theories include:
Genetic transmission Spontaneous mutation of the proteinaceous particle Consumption of infected meat (including cannibalism) Transplantation/injection (e.g., dura mater, cornea,growth hormone) Contact with contaminated surgical instrumentation Microbiology Recommended Practices
Incinerate items used on known spongiformencephalopathy patients Quarantine items until disease is ruled out Staff education Develop policies, procedures, and guidelinesfor suspected cases Microbiology Modified Sterilization Protocol (whenincineration is NOT an option) Steam Sterilization (previously cleaned items) 272 F for 18 minutes or 250 F for 1 hour OR Soak 1 hour in 5,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaOH) or 1 molar (M) sodium hydroxide THEN rinse, clean, and steam sterilize as described above