St Johns PE Revision Course AQA AS PHED 1 Session 1b Opportunities for participation Provision and...
-
Upload
austen-cotham -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
0
Transcript of St Johns PE Revision Course AQA AS PHED 1 Session 1b Opportunities for participation Provision and...
St Johns PE Revision CourseAQA AS PHED 1
Session 1bOpportunities for participation
Provision and Barriers
Providing for active leisure – who does what?
• Characteristics and goals of the public, private and voluntary sectors
• Advantages and disadvantages of each• Concept of ‘best value’ in the public sector• The role of schools
Recreation – Who Provides?
Who Provides?
National Governmen
t
Voluntary Sector
Private Sector
Local Authority
Compulsory Tendering
Best Value, PFI
Taxes
Policies
Sport Eng
Q3
Public SectorMulti-Sport – Leisure Centres
Pools
Outdoor sport facilities
Parks
Adventure playgrounds
Skateboard parks
Dual use sports halls
Public Good
Paid from taxation
Lottery
Social provision - disadvantaged
Subsidised Use
Local Authority Leisure Plans
Development/Refurbishment of facilities
Targeting under represented groupsCommunity Health
Private SectorSmall – medium size facilities
Specialist areas – squash, health & fitness
Profit driven – high value services
High quality – high cost
Cherry pick – leave large high cost to public sector
No public service committment
Voluntary SectorNot for profit
Provision for members + social responsibility remit
Volunteer organisers 5 million people, 1 billion hours
Clubs – some very exclusive
Facilities – owned, leased, rented
Players pay to pay
Annual subscription
Funded by bar/social club, fund raising
Lottery/Local Authority grant aided
Sport Clubs – all sports!
Ramblers, Environmental groups
Cycling clubs, jogging clubs
Best ValueDesigned to drive up the quality of provision in the public sector and use money more efficiently
•1980 - Compulsory Competitive TenderingTendering against private sector
•2000 – Best ValueChallenge, Consult, Compare, Compete
Both strategies have resulted in improvement in public services Q4
Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages - Disadvantages
• Unplanned and relatively uncontrolled
• No equal opportunities remit • Continuity cannot be guaranteed• Financial support from national
and local bodies cannot be guaranteed
• It can still be socially exclusive
Advantages - Disadvantages• Funds limited by national and
local tax policies • L. Authorities in
disadvantaged areas have less money to spend
• L. Authorities cannot borrow money so easily to invest in facilities for the future
Participation - the role of schools• Characteristics of each Nat Curric Key Stage• Objectives of each NC Key Stage• What schools provide and the impact on pupils’
experiences • Development of school club links – PESSCLS, Whole
Sport plans• School Sports Co-ordinator, Sports Colleges• Active Sports• Sports Leaders UK• TOPS programme• Benefits to individuals, community and government
PE – National Curriculum Aims
Physical confidence, skilfullness and competence
Opportunities to be creative, competitive and challenged
Positive attitudes towards active, healthy lifestyles..knowledge of the body in action
Plan, Perform and Evaluate actions – ‘critical performer’
Discover aptitudes, abilities and preferences, choices about lifelong physical activity.
Opportunities for all
Jan07Q2Ans
Perform in a range of activities
NC Structure
• Key Stages 1-4 (Y0-2, Y3-6, Y7-9, Y10-11)• Content areas – Games, athletic activities,
swim, gymnastics, dance, outdoor & adventure• Theoretical and Practical elements• Progression from general > specialised• Areas of Assessment• End of KS Levels – statements – Levels 1-8 +
Exceptional achievement
PE NC- Structure - March 2009• KS1 – dance, games, gym• KS2 – dance, games, gym + 2 from swim,
athletic, outdoor/adventure• KS3 – 4 from games, gym, dance, athletic,
adventure/outdoor or life saving/swimming, fitness and health
• KS4 – 2 from the above
Role of the Government
• Department of Culture, Media and Sport“from the playground to the podium”• National Sports Councils/Sport England –
advise, invest in and promote community sport• Exchequer or Lottery funding• Sport pathways – community sport, sport clubs,
coaching/officiating, volunteers, facilities
Effects on School Provision• 2001 “The Government’s Plan for Sport” lead to
“Game Plan”• Major increase in participation – health benefits,
reduction in crime, increased social inclsuion• Improved international success – ‘feel good’• Grass roots focus on under-represented groups• NGB - PESSCL, Whole Sport Plans, Active Sports• Schools - TOPS programme, Sports Leaders UK,
Sports Colleges, School Sport Coordinators
Aim - deliver high quality PE and sport to all young people, regardless of ability.
Using the power of sport to improve the lives of young people.
Top Tots (18m – 3y), Top Start (3-5)
Top Play (4-9), Top Sports (7-11), Top Link (14-16), Top Sportsability (Disabled)
YST - Schools
PESSCL enhance the take-up of sport opportunities by 5-16 year olds.
“By 2008 - 85% of school children to spend a min of 2hrs/week PE and school sport within and beyond the curriculum” 5 hour offer
Specialist Sports Colleges - PE and sport at the centre of the curriculum. 480 2008. Raise attainment in the school and local hubSchool Sport Partnerships (SSPs) are groups of schools working together – primary & secondary.Partnership Dev Manager > School Sports Co-ordinators
STEP ON (11-14) In PE introduced to sports leadership and volunteering, learn how to plan and manage their own sports season.STEP IN (14 -16) Through volunteering learn to manage and support school-based sporting events.STEP OUT (16-19 ) Move from school to community-based volunteering. Leadership
Academies (14-19) provide the opportunity to refine and develop volunteering skills and experiences.
Raise school standards of attainment in PE and Sport through high quality teaching and learning
Develop an enhanced, inclusive curriculum & e-c programme that maximises participation in PE and Sport
Whole school improvement - overall personal development & wellbeing of all learners to raise standards and achievement
Community (Primary) develop high quality teaching and learning in partner primary schools, maximising resources & sharing of good practice.
Community (Secondary ) work with partner secondary schools to provide high quality learning opportunities and standards in PE and Sport
Community (wider inc business /employer partners ) to develop sport opportunities , promoting participation and achievement in Physical Activity and Community Sport.
School Sport College - Objectives
Active Sports now superseded by Whole Sport Plans (2009)
English NGBs - Whole Sport Plans
British NGB – One Stop Plans
Planning for grass roots to elite level
NGBs able to direct own funding
Measured against Key Performance Indicators
Active Schools Active Communities World Class Programme
School Aged Children 16+ Community Sport Elite Performers
Youth Sports Trust Sport England UK Sport/ NIS
Youth Sport Trust
•Raising standards in PE and School Sport
•Increasing the quality and quantity of PE and school sport
•Opportunities for young leaders and volunteers
•Supporting talent and competition
Sport England
Increasing participation: Community sport
Children and Young People: School/Club Links School/Community links FE /community links
Sustaining Participation: Player pathways Competitive club sport Volunteering Coaching/ officiating
UK Sport
•World Class Performance
•Olympic and Paralympic Success
•Drug Free Sport
•World Class events
•International sporting relations
Key Partners NGBs, Local Clubs, Schools, Further Education, Higher Education and Local Authorities
The sporting relay race
Sports Leaders UK
To create an army of volunteers for sport (and other activities) from young people aged 9-19
Level 1 - Level 3
Barriers to participation & solutions
• Equal opportunity, discrimination, stereotyping, inclusiveness, prejudice - examples from sport
• Target groups: DisabilitySocio-economic classEthnic groupGender
• Solutions to overcome discrimination in sport to raise participation.
Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus
Barrier to Participation
What
Easy marks
Why
Harder marks
Action
Hard marks
June05Q2
Ans
Barriers to Particpation
Stereotype
Esteem
Opportunity
Provision
Glossary – you need to know these
National Database of where to participate
Sports Equity Alliance made up of:- Sporting EqualsWomen’s Sports FoundationEnglish Federation of Disability Sport
Sport Equity Targets – NGBs. Local Authorities
Opportunities
Barriers to Participation - Disability
BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,
Esteem, Provision
Stereotype
Esteem
Opportunity
Provision
PESeparate?
Integrated?
SportSocial
expectationsRole model
MediaCoverage?
Acceptance < > Respect
Legal rightPublic provision
Private restriction?
WorkProfessional, Coach, Administrator Opps?
ParticipationRange of choice
FacilitiesFinance
Training Coaching
Elite-PerformerRespected for
performance or for overcoming
disability
Disability Sport - Types
Adapted – version of standard type
Wheelchair basketball, rugby, volleyballWheelchair marathonsBlind football, bowls
Integrated – with able-bodied
Separate – own activitiesAdapted or Designed
Q7Jan03Ans
Inclusion spectrum
• Inclusive – everyone included • Modified – changes to rules/ equipment to
include disabled people• Parallel – same activity, but approach differs
according to disability• Included – specially adapted activities• Separate – disabled people practice/ prepare
in isolation
28-52 31
Disability Sport England – Disability Sport Events
Creates opportunities for participation in sport for people with all disabilities, at all levels (mostly grass roots)Develops profile classification system
Parasport - Disability Sport Institute
Charity responsible for selecting, preparing, entering, funding and managing Britain' s teams at the Paralympic Games and Paralympic Winter Games
British Paralympic Association
• BPA is umbrella body• Co-ordinates arrangements for British disabled
athletes to compete internationally• Organises special Olympic Games for disabled
(Paralympics)• Members include: DSE, National Disability Sports
Organisations, Scottish Association for the Disabled, GB Wheelchair BBA
28-52 33
National body responsible for developing sport for disabled people in England. Work closely with the five National Disability Sports Organisations
British Amputees and Les Autres Sports Association British Blind SportWheelPower-British Wheelchair SportMencap SportUK Deaf Sport
Advisory body on sports disability to LA Advisory body on sports disability to LA recreation departments, education recreation departments, education departments, schools and NGBsdepartments, schools and NGBs
Overcoming the barriers - Disability
Sport England
Equity targets
Local Authorities
NGB
The law
Local Govt access policies
NC – equal opportunities
Media & broad-casting guidelines
Access & employment law
Disabled Sports Associations - BDSA
Terminology
Differently-abled?
Those with a disability
Sport provision
Integrated
Separate
Adapted
Disability politics, activists
Disability Knowledge
Type (physical mental), degree
Technological research
Ethnicity and Ethnic differences• Proportion of ethnic minorities in sport does not
reflect proportions within society• On average fewer ethnic minorities participate in
most sports• However in certain sports participation is at a
greater level than should be expected• Lack of black coaches/ selectors/ managers/
administrators• Presumptions made about intellectual ability• ‘Privileged white culture’ holding onto
advantages• Opposition to black involvement/lack necessary
experience 26-50 36
Barriers to Participation - Racism
BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,
Esteem, Provision
Stereotype
Esteem
Opportunity
Provision
PETeacher
expectations -
SportSocial
expectationsRole model
MediaType of Coverage Equal reward
Prize, Pay, Appearance
money
Recognition-StatusRole models – push pull scenario
Acceptance < > Respect
Legal rightPublic provision
Private restriction?
WorkPerformer but Coach, Administrator Opps?
ParticipationRange of choice
Stacking, Centrality
FacilitiesFinance
Training Coaching
Elite-PerformerRespected for performanceBut genetic?
Genetics
Performance due to genetic superiority?
Q2Jan04Ans
Sporting Equals
Works to develop policy and practice to promote racial equality in sport
Sport for Communities Project, providing grants to increase participation in sport by ethnic minorities, migrants and refugees
Developing a Standard for Local Authority Sport and Leisure Services; “Promoting Racial Equality Through Sport”
Overcoming the barrier of racism
Sport England
Local Authorities
Sport Equity (targets)
NGB
Individual sport initiatives e.g. “Kick racism out of Football”
The law
Ethnic sport organisations
Local Govt anti-discrimination policies
NC – equal opportunities
Research & education
Media & broad-casting guidelines
Anti-discrimination legislation
Barriers for women• History - traditional attitudes of sport’s ‘manliness’, male
preserve• More sports for males/some ban women/unfriendly• More role models - predominantly male coaches• Discrimination against women - adverse publicity• Some NGBs slow to mix• Lack of transport/financial support/child care/time/partner
support• Lack of promotional materials• Poor timing of activities• Racism - ethnic minorities may face cultural barriers• Disabled women may face further barriers
27-51 40
Women’s own attitudes
• Lack of self-confidence• Lack of motivation• ‘Myth’ of developing masculinity• Alleged unsuitability to competitive sport• Lack of positive self-image• Many women prefer group activities, many
female activities are individual
27-51 41
Media coverage and stereotyping• Less coverage than males, sport promotion male-
dominated• Sexist comments common• Women presented as physically inferior, weaker
than men • Women’s sport presented as less interesting• Women porttrayed as passive and non-
competitive; men expected to compete and achieve
• Sports derived from competitive and violent activities - considered masculine
• Girls PE based on posture and grace - socially acceptable
27-51 42
WSF
The Foundation’s achievements include:Women into Coaching - free training for women in sports coaching and leadership Women in Sport Magazine, resource packs and guides for schools and clubs Providing women with information about funding
Improve, increase and promote opportunities for women and girls in sport and physical activityCampaign for change through raising awareness and influencing policy
Barriers to Participation - Sexism
BarriersStereotype, Opportunity,
Esteem, Provision
Stereotype
Esteem
Opportunity
Provision
PEGirl’s games, Different PE
activities
SportMale dominionNon-feminine
MothersSocial expectationTime Childcare
MediaAmount coverageType of Coverage
Equal reward
Prize, Pay, Appearance
money
Recognition-Status
Media, society, role models
Acceptance < > Respect
Legal rightPublic provision
Private restriction
WorkPerformer,
Coach, Administrator
ParticipationRange of choiceCustom – female
appropriate
Facilities
Finance
Training Coaching
Elite-PerformerSexuality
Respected for performance/appearance?
Traditional class discrimination in sport
• Sport was used by upper classes as a form of social control
• Sports divided on a class basis, excluding working classes from aristocratic sports
• Upper classes with the necessary time and money for sporting pursuits
• Control of physical resources by upper classes who also limited level of involvement of working classes
25-49 45
Barriers to Participation - Class
Historical
Working Class
Family povertyEarn the right to leisureExcluded
Middle Class
SalariedControl over timeHad moneyControl of leisure/sport Exclusive rules
Upper Class
Leisure as rightGifted amateurHad time & moneyExclusive
Socio-Economic
Wealth differential
Opportunities to participate restricted by:Cost of equipment, travel, membership
Social Exclusivity
Restrictive membership policiesPrivate clubs;Reluctance to cross social barriers
Ideological
Egalitarian
Equal work – equal payEquality of opportunityMeritocracy
Social Darwinism
Born to rule
Fixed place within society
Overcoming the socio-economic barrier
Sport England
Local Authorities
Sport Aid
Sport Equity Targets
NGB
Public provision
CCT Best Value
Resource issues
Discrimination issues
Whole Sport Plans
Government – urban & social regeneration
Barriers to Participation - Exam Focus
Barrier to Participation
What
Easy marks
Why
Harder marks
Action
Hard marks
June05Q2
Ans