8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

1/10

^W^XE @GN ^W@D GLXGN ] OFKEXFTW

ENLSGOOFAE KEXQLTI

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsgoofae Kexqlti

] L Dlr 6318

@ghhoexlqk/ NF

75836-6318

U^F

~gosetj3M`nb~g+nl`

^goset J+ B+ Jlke~

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti 6

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

2/10

XFDOE LC N LKXEK X^

Qbw qe `u~x ukhet~xfkh e~nbfxlolaw >^xe}}gka hlqk xl xbe }ofkexftw oeseo 5

Qbfx g~ fk e~nbfxlolagnfo nl``ukgxw

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

3/10

NBF]XET GGGE~nbfxlolagnfo Nl``ukgxw

^goset J+ B+ Jlke~4==2

Nl}wtgabx 4==4 dw ^goset "J+ B+' Jlke~+ Foo tgabx~/ eoenxtlkgn/ uoxg`ehgf/ fkh }tgkx/ te~etseh+ F }udog-nfxglk lc ^^]EK - ^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsgoofae Kexqlti+

E~nbfxlolaw g~ f cf~ngkfxgka ~udjenx/ dux ~gkne e~nbfxlolaw g~ f qlth xbfx g~ klx qeoo iklq gk nl``lkofkaufae u~fae/ oex u~ deagk dw hecgkgka gx qgxbgk xbe nlkxerx lc lut hg~nu~~glk+ Denfu~e `l~x lc xbe xtfhg-xglkfo teogaglk~ fte `lklnfu~fo/ }tl}l~gka xbfx Alh nlkxtlo~ foo esekx~/ e~nbfxlolaw xtfhgxglkfoow tecet~ xlxbe ekh xg`e~ lt cgkfo esekx+ Blqeset ctl` f `uoxgnfu~fo }et~}enxgse/ e~nbfxlolaw qluoh tecet xl xbe }l-xekxgfogxw clt `uoxg}oe }fxbqfw~ qgxbgk fk cgkfo ukgset~fo fxxtfnxlt df~gk/ fkh ekxeoenbw qluoh tecet xl xbee`etaekx fkh fnxufogzeh bg~xltw nuo`gkfxgka gk xbe cgkfo esekx+ Esetw hfw qbek wlu qfie u} wlu nfkg`fagke wlut~eoc hlgka `fkw hgccetekx xbgka~+ Algka xl qlti/ algka xl xbe defnb/ sg~gxgka qgxb f ctgekh/

algka xl f `lsge/ lt ~xfwgka bl`e fkh tefhgka f dlli+ Dw xbe ekh lc xbe hfw wlu qgoo bfse `fhe heng-~glk~ xbfx qgoo tehune xbg~ ~ex lc }l~~gdoe debfsglt~ xl f ~`fooet ~ex lc fnxufo debfsglt~ - ekxeoenbw+ Xbedebfsglt~ wlu nbl~e klx xl fnxufogze/ te`fgk gk f igkh lc sgtxufo ~xfxe/ fkh xbe debfsglt~ wlu nbl~e xl fn-xufogze fte klq f }ftx lc wlut fnxufo bg~xltw+ E~nbfxlolaw g~ g`}ltxfkx gk }bgol~l}bw/ nl~`lolaw/ ~}gtgxufo-gxw/ fkh gkclt`fxglk }tlne~~gka denfu~e gx fhhte~~e~ foo xbe }lxekxgfo foxetkfxgse debfsglt~ gk nl`}oer ~w~-xe`~ qbgnb erbgdgx `uoxgnfu~fo debfsglt fkh bfse `uoxg}oe nblgne heng~glk xtee~+ Fx fkw agsek }lgkx gkxg`e f ~w~xe` g~ }te~ekxeh qgxb foxetkfxgse dgcutnfxglk }fxbqfw~ gk xbe oftaet }bf~e/ ~xfxe/ lt nlkcgautf-xglk ~}fne+ Xbe ~w~xe` g~ cltneh xl ~eoenx dexqeek f ku`det lc foxetkfxgse }fxbqfw~ lt colq~+ Xbe }fxb-qfw xbfx g~ nbl~ek g~ fnxufogzeh "ekxeoenbw'/ fkh gk xbe }tlne~~ xbe }fxbqfw~ lt colq~ qbgnb qete klxnbl~ek te`fgk f }ftx lc xbe lsetfoo }bf~e/ ~xfxe/ lt nlkcgautfxglk ~}fne/ dux xbew fte ernouheh ctl` xbe~w~xe`~ fnxufo bg~xltw+ Xbe fnxufo bg~xltw g~ foqfw~ f ~ud~ex lc xbe }lxekxgfo }fxbqfw~ l}ek xl xbe ~w~xe`}tglt xl }f~~gka xbluab f heng~glk xtee ~evuekne+ Xbe }tlne~~ lc ukgset~fo eslouxglk nlkxgkufoow tevugte~

u~ xl `lse ctl` }lxekxgfo debfsglt~ xl fnxufo debfsglt~/ fkh f~ qe hl xbg~ qe `lse ctl` e~nbfxlolaw xlekxeoenbw+ Ekxeoenbw fhhte~~e~ xbe kfttlqet ~ud~ex lt cgeoh lc fnxufogzeh debfsglt~+

Qbw qe `u~x ukhet~xfkh e~nbfxlolawDeclte qe hg~nu~~ xbe g`}ltxfkne lc e~nbfxlolaw gk enlsgoofae nl``ukgxge~/ qe `u~x ~ex xbe ~xfae clt fbgabet oeseo lc erg~xekne/ fkh xbek e`deh lut }ofkexftw hg~nu~~glk qgxbgk xbg~ oftaet }et~}enxgse+

F~ }tfnxgnfo bu`fk degka~ qe fte ekafaeh gk f ~xtuaaoe clt ~utsgsfo/ fkh lut gkhgsghufo fkh nlooenxgseogse~ `u~x lc kene~~gxw clnu~ lk ~eoc-}te~etsfxglk+ Qe fte cltneh xl clnu~ `l~x lc lut fxxekxglk lk lut

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti >

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

4/10

qltoh gk xbe }te~ekx xg`e ctf`e/ qbgnb g~ f }tlhunx lc fnxufo bg~xltge~/ f~ l}}l~eh xl }lxekxgfo }l~~gdgog-xge~+ Blqeset oefkgka xll `unb gk xbg~ hgtenxglk nfk de setw hextg`ekxfo xl lut lkalgka eslouxglk+ Qe ftegkxeoogaekx/ ctee qgoo/ eslosgka degka~/ fkh nblgne }ofw~ f setw g`}ltxfkx tloe gk lut ogse~ gk xbe }f~x/ xbe}te~ekx/ fkh xbe cuxute+ Qe ogse gk f ukgset~e xbfx bf~ deek he~gakeh xl foolq u~ xl de nlntefxlt~ gk xbe}tlne~~ lc ukgset~e eslouxglk+ Fx esetw nblgne }lgkx gk lut ogse~/ egxbet ~udnlk~nglu~ow lt nlk~nglu~ow/ qefnxufogze f netxfgk }fxbqfw gk xbe ukgset~e~ bg~xltw/ fkh qe fdfkhlk foxetkfxgse }fxbqfw~+ Qgxb esetw

nblgne qe ~bf}e xbe cuxute lc xbe ukgset~e lke qfw lt fklxbet+ Qgxblux xbe~e foxetkfxgse }fxbqfw~ qeqluoh de klxbgka `lte xbfk fuxl`fxlk~+ Xbe fsfgofdgogxw lc xbe~e nblgne~ gk xbe heng~glk xtee~/ qbgnb fte}te~ekxeh xl u~ dw xbe ukgset~e/ foolq~ u~ xl hecgke lut~eose~ gk xbe nlut~e lc bg~xltw+ Xbe heatee lcfqfteke~~ qe dtgka xl xbg~ }tlne~~ foolq~ u~ xl hecgke xbe vufogxw lc lut gkhgsghufo ogse~/ fkh xbe vufogxwlc xbe nlooenxgse ogse~ qbgnb `fie u} lut ngsgogzfxglk+ F~ xbe eslouxglk lc eslosgka gkxeoogaekne er}fkh~xbtluablux xbe ukgset~e lut heng~glk~ qgoo hexet`gke xbe vufogxw fkh `efkgka lc ogce xbtluablux xbe ekxgteukgset~e+ Heng~glk xtee~ fte fk e~~ekxgfo nl`}lkekx gk ukgset~e~ xbfx gkslose ctee qgoo+ Denfu~e xbeukgset~e bf~ deek he~gakeh xl foolq fkh }tl`lxe nlntefxglk/ qe bfse kl nblgne dux xl nbll~e+ Xbe lkow}ftx lc xbe }tlne~~ qe bfse nlkxtlo lset g~ blq qe nbll~e+ Lut nblgne~ ntefxe nl`}oer ceehdfni oll}~/qbgnb erxekh klx lkow gkxl xbe }te~ekx/ dux fo~l gkxl xbe cuxute/ denfu~e xbe ukgset~e g~ f setw oftae klk-ogkeft nl`}oer ~w~xe` - kl fnxglk g~ g~lofxeh ctl` fkw lxbet fnxglk+ Qbek qe nbll~e nfteoe~~ow/ qgxblux~uccgngekx gkclt`fxglk }tlne~~gka/ fkh qgxblux ~uccgngekx hfxf/ qe `u~x }fw xbe }tgne clt xbe~e heng~glk~ gkxbe clt` lc keafxgse ceehdfni gk xbe ~lngfo/ `ltfo/ enlkl`gn/ fkh eksgtlk`ekxfo f~}enx~ lc lut ~lngexw+

Xbg~ ceehdfni g~ g`}ltxfkx gk xbe }tlne~~ lc nlntefxglk/ clt gx gkclt`~ u~ lk f atfhufxeh ~nfoe lc xbe vufo-gxw lc lut nblgne~+ Gc qe bfse nbl~ek qeoo/ qe fte teqftheh qgxb bft`lkw/ eslouxglkftw fhsfkne`ekx/fkh jlw gk lut ~ek~e lc fnbgese`ekx clt }tl}etow nl`}tebekhgka xbe ukgset~e gk qbgnb qe erg~x+ Qbekqe nbll~e dfhow/ gkntef~eh hg~bft`lkw/ hg~ef~e/ fkh ~uccetgka gkntef~e~ gk lut ogse~+ Xbg~ ceehdfni g~klx `efkx f~ f }ukg~b`ekx+ Gx g~ gkxekheh xl qftk u~ xbfx qe bfse sglofxeh kfxutfo ~w~xe`gn fkh ~w`dg-lxgn ofq~ gkbetekx qgxbgk xbe ukgset~e gx~eoc+ Xbe~e ofq~ fte he~gakeh xl foolq u~ xl atlq/ oeftk/ fkh }te-~etse lut ogse~ gkhgsghufoow fkh nlooenxgseow/ dux qbek qe sglofxe xbe`/ qe `u~x de `fhe nlakgzfkx lcxbe~e ettlt~ gk lut heng~glk~ fkh gk lut debfsglt+ F~ cgkgxe degka~/ qe fte foqfw~ cltneh xl `fie nblgne~qgxb og`gxeh gkclt`fxglk/ denfu~e lut ogse~ fte eslosgka fkh er}etg`ekxfo+ Qe nfk klx de er}enxeh xlnbll~e }etcenxow/ xbeteclte ~l`e ~w~xe`gn `enbfkg~` `u~x de gknouheh gk xbe ukgset~e xl gkclt` u~ qbeklut nblgne~ bfse klx deek gk fnnlthfkne qgxb ukgset~fo ofq~+ Xbg~ nfu~fo }tlne~~ g~ blq qe oeftk xbetuoe~ lc nfu~e fkh eccenx - f~ qe qgxke~~ xbe nlk~evuekne~ lc lut fnxglk~ `fkgce~x qgxbgk lut lqk ogse~fkh xbe oftaet nlooenxgse eksgtlk`ekx+Gk lthet clt u~ xl erg~x f~ ctee qgoo ntefxute~/ xbe ukgset~e `u~x de `uoxgnfu~fo tfxbet xbfk `lkl-nfu~fo+ Gc xbe ukgset~e qete `lklnfu~fo fkh nl`}oexeow nlkxtlooeh dw hgccetekxgfo evufxglk~/ qe qluoh deklxbgka `lte xbfk fuxl`fxlk~/ }tlneehgka hlqk }tehexet`gkeh }fxbqfw~/ hexet`gkeh ctl` xbe lux~ex lcxbe ukgset~e dw xbe nl`dgkfxglk lc gkgxgfo nlkhgxglk~ fkh dlukhftw nlkhgxglk~+ Gk ~unb f ukgset~e/ he~gakoeseo gkxeoogaekne qluoh de gk nl`}oexe nlkxtlo lc lut cuxute+ Lut he~xgkw qluoh bfse deek olnieh gk fkhgkesgxfdoe ctl` xbe deagkkgka lc xbe ukgset~e+ Xbg~ g~ klx xbe ukgset~e qe ogse gk+ Qe ogse gk f ukgset~e lcnblgne/ fkh qgxb xbe eretng~e lc xbe~e heatee~ lc cteehl`/ qe nlntefxe fkh fnxufogze xbe ukgset~e gk nlk-netx qgxb he~gak gkxeoogaekne/ qbgnb bf~ atfkxeh u~ xbg~ dgtxbtgabx+He~gak oeseo gkxeoogaekne bf~ he~gakehxbe ukgset~e gk ~unb f `fkket xbfx qe bfse xl hl `lte xbfk ju~x}f~~ xbtluab xbe }tlne~~/ qe bfse xlfnxgseow denl`e fk gkxeatfo }ftxlc xbe }tlne~~+

Xbe ukgset~e g~ f nl`}oer/ hwkf`gnfo/ gkclt`fxglk }tlne~~gka ~w~xe` qbgnb g~ }teakfkx qgxb `uoxgbgetft-

nbgnfo/ `uoxgbexetftnbgnfo/ fkh `uoxgnfu~fo heng~glk xtee~/ qbgnb cltne u~ xl xtfk~clt` xbe ukgset~e ctl` f}lxekxgfogxw gkxl fk fnxufogxw+ Qe tecet xl xbg~ }tlne~~ f~ eslouxglk/ dux xbg~ xet`gklolaw fw de f ogxxoe`g~oefhgka+ F~ qe `fie nblgne~/ qe kfttlq xbe heng~glk xtee qgxb efnb keq nblgne qe `fie+ Ctl` xbee~nbfxlolagnfo "}lxekxgfo' }et~}enxgse xbg~ g~ f heslouxglk/ gx g~ lkow eslouxglkftw ctl` xbe ekxeoenbw "fnxu-fogzfxglk' }et~}enxgse+ Efnb fnxufogzeh nblgne kfttlq~ xbe xlxfo heng~glk xtee lc xbe ekxgte }bf~e,~xfxe,nlkcgautfxglk ukgset~e ~}fne+ ^g`uoxfkelu~ow gx oefh~ u~ xl xbe kerx heng~glk xtee/ gk f klq ~`fooet xlxfoheng~glk ~}fne+ Qbek xbe ukgset~e nwnoe bf~ tefnbeh xbe l`eaf }lgkx gk xbe ukgset~fo fxxtfnxlt df~gk/ qeqgoo bfse nbl~ek f }ftxgnuoft ~ud~ex lc }fxbqfw~ lt colq~ gkxl xbe ukgset~fo fxxtfnxlt df~gk+ Xbe lxbet}fxbqfw~ ~xgoo te`fgk qgxbgk xbe ukgset~fo fxxtfnxlt df~gk f~ sgtxufo }fxbqfw~ uker}olteh dw lut ukgvue

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti 8

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

5/10

ukgset~e eslouxglk/ gc xbe ukgset~e f~ f qbloe g~ xlxfoow nof~~gnfo fx xbe `fntl~nl}gn oeseo+ Gc xbe ukgset~efoolq~ f `fkw-qltoh~ gkxet}texfxglk lc vufkxu` `enbfkgn~/ xbek f `unb oftaet }etnekxfae lc xbe sgtxufo~}fne nfk de er}olteh ~g`uoxfkelu~ow dw vuf~g-nolke ogie set~glk~ lc lut~eose~ gk }ftfooeo ukgset~e~ Y6P+Gk egxbet nf~e xbe gkbetekx heng~glk xtee~ }ofw~ xbe ~f`e tloe/ xbe lkow hgccetekne degka xbfx f `unb oftaet}ltxglk lc xbe xlxfo }bf~e,~xfxe,nlkcgautfxglk ~}fne nfk de er}olteh gk f agsek ukgset~e hl`fgk gk xbe`fkw-qltoh~ gkxet}texfxglk lc vufkxu` enbfkgn~+

Lke nfk netxfgkow ~ee xbe gkbetekx fhsfkxfae~ lc xbe `fkw-qltoh~ xbeltw lc vufkxu` `enbfkgn~+ Gk f`fkw-qltoh~ ukgset~e f `unb oftaet }ltxglk lc xbe xlxfo }bf~e,~xfxe,nlkcgautfxglk ~}fne nfk de er}oltehqgxbgk fkw agsek gkcofxglkftw hl`fgk ukgset~e+ Blqeset/ xbg~ f~~gse }ftfooeog~` lc ukgset~e ntefxglkqluoh lkow de u~ecuo gc he~gak gkxeoogaekne qete fdoe xl }tlne~~ ~unb fk eklt`lu~ hek~gxw lc gkclt`fxglkgk tefo-xg`e lt keft-tefo xg`e+ Xbe `fkw-qltoh~ ukgset~e qluoh ~uteow de f bw}etukgset~e/ qgxb }ftfooeoukgset~e~ atlqgka gk ku`det~ bw}et-e}lkekxgfoow+ Qluoh f clt` lc gkxeoogaekne esek f~ fhsfkneh f~ ukg-set~e he~gak gkxeoogaekne de nf}fdoe lc }tlne~~gka ~unb fk eklt`lu~ tefo-xg`e gkclt`fxglk colq< Gk f `e-xfukgset~e lc ukiklqk xtfk~cgkgxe fae lt gkcgkgxe fae/ ~unb f }l~~gdgogxw ~bluoh klx de tuoeh lux+ Xbe}oexbltf lc fhsfkxfae~ fte ldsglu~ fkh eklt`lu~/ gc ~unb f bw}etukgset~e nfk de gkclt`fxglk }tlne~~ehdw he~gak oeseo gkxeoogaekne+ gkne ukgset~e~ u~x de gxetfxeh hue xl xbegt gkbetekx klkogkeft nl`}oergxw/xbg~ f}}tlfnb qluoh foolq xbe xe~xgka lc ~l `fkw `lte ukgset~e he~gak~ gk }ftfooeo gk xbe ~eftnb clt xbede~x nlknegsfdoe ukgset~e~ - dux xbe nl`}uxfxglkfo nf}fngxw tevugteh xl fnnl`}og~b xbg~ qluoh de eklt-

`lu~+Gc xbe ukgset~e g~ klx nf}fdoe lc }ftfooeo ukgset~e heseol}`ekx/ lt gc gkhgsghufo~ qgxbgk f agsek ukgset~efte keset fdoe xl fnne~~ xbe }ftfooeo dtfknbe~/ xbek qe fte oecx qgxb xbe tefogxw xbfx qe qgoo keset iklqblq lut gkhgsghufo fkh nlooenxgse ogse~ qluoh bfse heseol}eh bfh qe nbl~ek lxbet dtfknbe~ gk xbe heng-~glk xtee/ gk qbgnb foo lt f setw oftae }etnekxfae lc lxbet }l~~gdgogxge~ fte fnxufogzeh+ Cutxbet`lte qe qgoobfse xl oeftk blq xl ogse qgxb xbg~ tefogxw xbtluablux lut ekxgte ukgset~e eslouxglk+ Xbg~ g~ klx f ef~w xf~i+Qe nfk foqfw~ g`fagke xbe }fxb~ klx xfiek/ dux qe `fw keset iklq qbfx f ukgset~e gkslosgka xbl~elxbet }l~~gdgogxge~ qluoh bfse deek ogie+ ]etbf}~ xbg~ g~ xbe tef~lk xbfx oefh~ xl xbe ntefxglk lc keq ukg-set~e~/ denfu~e kl lke ukgset~e nfk eset ~fxg~cw lut nutgl~gxw+ Qluoh qe ekjlw gx gc qe nluoh denl`efqfte lc lut ogce gk foo xbe }ftfooeo ukgset~e dtfknbe~< ^l`e lc xbe~e dtfknbe~ qluoh ukhludxehow de ~u-}etglt xl lut lqk dtfknb/ fkh lxbet~ `gabx de nlk~ghetfdow gkcetglt+ Oex u~ bl}e xbfx xbe sf~x `fjltgxw lcxbe~e dtfknbe~ fte ~u}etglt xl lut lqk/ fkh xbfx xbe bw}etukgset~e/ gc gx erg~x~/ g~ ~xfxg~xgnfoow ~u}etglt xllut og`gxeh iklqoehae lc lut lqk dtfknb+ Qe nfk fo~l bl}e xbfx f~ qe afgk atefxet iklqoehae fdlux lutlqk ukgset~e dtfknb/ qe qgoo hg~nlset xbfx lut lqk ukgset~e g~ ~u}etglt xl xbe g`fae qe klq bfse lc gx+Ukxgo }tlsek lxbetqg~e/ qe nfk bloh lk xl xbe bl}e xbfx xbe sf~x `fjltgxw lc xbe ukgset~e g~ cgooeh qgxb~w~xe`gn/ ~wketag~xgn/ fkh ~w`dglxgn qltoh~ ctee lc er}olgxfxglk/ }lsetxw/ ntg`e/ fkh qft+

^xe}}gka hlqk xl xbe }ofkexftw oeseoQe klq qg~b xl fhhte~~ xbe vue~xglk lc qbw e~nbfxlolaw g~ g`}ltxfkx fx xbe nl``ukgxw oeseo+ Xbe xtue}ut}l~e lc nl``ukgxw g~ xl f~~g~x gkhgsghufo~ fkh atlu}~ xl fnxufogze xbegt cuoo aekexgn/ gkxeooenxufo/ fkhnuoxutfo }lxekxgfo+ Gc nl``ukgxge~ cfgo xl hl xbg~/ xbew ntefxe ofaagka nlte~ lc ekxtl}w gk xbe fhsfkne`ekxlc dlxb gkhgsghufo eslouxglk fkh nl``ukgxw eslouxglk+ Xbe }ut}l~e lc foo ngsgogzfxglk g~ xl eknlutfae fkhf~~g~x xbe gkhgsghufo~ qbgnb `fie u} xbfx ngsgogzfxglk xl tefnb xbegt cuoo }lxekxgfo/ xbetedw foolqgka xbe`xl `fie xbe atefxe~x }l~~gdoe nlkxtgduxglk xl xbegt ngsgogzfxglk~+ Qbfx qe bfse ju~x hecgkeh g~ f ~w~xe`gn

fkh ~w`dglxgn teofxglk~bg}+ Nl``ukgxge~ qbgnb fte clukheh lk ~w~xe`gn }tgkng}oe~ colutg~b fkh esloseqgxb `frg`u` eccgngeknw/ fkh ntefxe jlw fkh cuocgoo`ekx clt xbe gkhgsghufo~ fkh atlu}~ xbfx }ftxgng}fxe gkxbe~e nl``ukgxge~+

F~ qe ~xfxeh eftoget/ qe `u~x oeftk xl ogse qgxb xbe tefogxw xbfx qe bfse kl foxetkfxgse dux xl nlkxgkue xlfnxufogze lut lqk ukgset~e/ keset iklqgka qbete xbe lxbet }fxbqfw~ qluoh bfse oefh u~+ ]etbf}~ xbg~}ofne~ esek atefxet g`}ltxfkne u}lk lut lqk eccltx~ xl hl xbe setw de~x qe nfk gk lut nlkxgkugka eccltx~xl fnxufogze lut nl``ukgxge~ fkh xl de }tluh lc xbe`+ Esek xbluab qe `fw lcxek teatex lut gkfdgogxw xlnbfkae lut nblgne~/ xbe setw cfnx xbfx qe nfk klx nbfkae lut nblgne~ fhh~ fhhgxglkfo g`}ltxfkne xl xbe`+Qgxb esetw nblgne qe hecgke qbl qe fte/ qbfx qe fte/ fkh qbete qe fte algka+ Qe ~bfte xbg~ og`gxfxglk

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti 5

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

6/10

qgxb foo lxbet clt`~ lc eslosgka gkxeoogaekne gk xbe ukgset~e/ f~ qe ~u``lk lut nlutfae efnb fkhesetw hfw xl ~xe} gkxl xbe ukiklqk fkh hecgke tefogxw f~ qe al+ Lqkgka lut }f~x nfk de vugxe }fgkcuo+Xbe tenekx esekx~ lc xbe blolnfu~x qbgnb lnnutteh gk Aet`fkw hutgka xbe ^enlkh Qltoh Qft/ g~ f allherf`}oe+ Wex dw lqkgka lut }f~x heng~glk~/ qe hee}ek lut ukhet~xfkhgka lc blq g`}ltxfkx xbg~ }tlne~~lc fnxufogzfxglk g~+ Gx g~ ukcltxukfxe xbfx qe nfk klx texfgk xbg~ tefogzfxglk qgxblux bfsgka xl tesg~gx ~unbeklt`lu~ cfgoute~+ Qe `u~x xtw xl bloh lut xtfagn `g~xfie~ eset }te~ekx gk lut `gkh~/ fkh fxxe`}x xl

fslgh f~ `fkw cuxute `g~xfie~ f~ }l~~gdoe+Xbe tef~lk qe fte klx setw allh fx texfgkgka xbg~ xw}e lc fqfteke~~ nluoh de denfu~e lut nuttekx ~lngfofkh ehunfxglkfo ~w~xe`~ fte klx he~gakeh ftlukh aeketfo ~w~xe` fkh ~w`dglxgn }tgkng}oe~+ Qe fte clt xbe`l~x }ftx f ngsgogzfxglk xbfx f}}tlfnbe~ efnb keq nbfooekae ctl` f ogkeft tehunxglkg~x }lgkx lc sgeq+ Xbecuoo ~w~xe`gn g`}ognfxglk~ lc lut fnxglk~ lk xbe ekxgte nl`}oer ~w~xe` gk qbgnb qe erg~x/ g~ lcxek ke-aoenxeh+ Xbg~ lcxek lnnut~ denfu~e lc xbe ~ek~e lc utaeknw qe bfse gk hefogka qgxb xbe g``ehgfxe ~bltx-xet` }tldoe`~ qe eknlukxet+ Qe ceeo xbfx lut cuxute ~utsgsfo he}ekh~ lk fhhte~~gka xbe~e g``ehgfxe}tldoe`~+ ^ud~w~xe`~ lt nl`}lkekx~ lc ~w~xe`~ `u~x oeftk xl xbgki fkh debfse gk f ~w~xe`gn `fkket/ gcxbew qg~b xl ~utsgse gk f bgabow nl`}oer klkogkeft ukgset~e+ ^lngexge~ qbgnb qfkx xl heseol} olka-xet`~utsgsfdoe ngsgogzfxglk~ oeftk xbg~ eftow/ fkh }tfnxgne gx nlk~g~xekxow+ E~xfdog~bgka ~w~xe`gn }tfnxgne~ fx xbesetw nlte lc lut ngsgogzfxglk/ g~ e~~ekxgfo clt lut olka-xet` ~utsgsfo+ Xbl~e ~lngexge~ xbfx hg~teafth xbg~tefogxw/ fw hg~f}}eft ctl` xbe nlkxgkugka eslouxglkftw bg~xltw lc xbe ukgset~e+

Qbfx g~ fk e~nbfxlolagnfo nl``ukgxw+

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti 7

8/14/2019 Sspen Chapter 03 Fb.pdf

10/10

^w~xe`gn ^w`dglxgn ]ofkexftw Enlsg&fae Kexqlti 6=