1.0 INTRODUCTION

Total solids are a measure of the suspended and dissolved solids in water. Matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater is considered as solids. A high amount of solids in water generally makes it not desirable for consumption. Solid analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment processes and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. A limit of 500 mg dissolved solids/L is set by EPA as secondary standard for drinking water.

A well mixed sample is filtered through a prepared glass fiber filter into a clean filter flask. The portion of the sample that is not retained by the filter is the dissolved solids. The filter is dried to a constant weight at 180 degrees Celsius and the difference in the weight of the dish represents the dissolved solid concentration. Dissolved solids are those that pass through a water filter. They include some organic materials, as well as salts, inorganic nutrients, and toxins.

Suspended solids are those that can be retained on a water filter and are capable of settling out of the water column onto the stream bottom when stream velocities are low. They include silt, clay, plankton, organic wastes, and inorganic precipitates such as those from acid mine drainage.

The residue of TSS, TDS after heating to dryness for a defined amount of time and at a defined temperature is defined as fixed solids. Volatile solids are those solids lost on ignition (heating to 550 degrees C.) They are useful to the treatment plant operator because they give a rough approximation of the amount of organic matter present in the solid fraction of wastewater, activated sludge and industrial wastes.

The two principal methods of measuring total dissolved solids are gravimetry and electrical conductivity. Gravimetric methods are the most accurate and involve evaporating the liquid solvent to leave a residue which can subsequently be weighed with a precision analytical balance (normally capable of .0001gram accuracy). This method is generally the best, although it is time consuming and leads to inaccuracies if a high proportion of the TDS consists of low boiling point organic chemicals, which will evaporate along with the water. In the most common circumstances inorganic salts comprise the great majority of TDS, and gravimetric methods are appropriate.

Electrical conductivity of water is directly related to the concentration of dissolved ionized solids in the water. Ions from the dissolved solids in water create the ability for that water to conduct an electrical current, which can be measured using a conventional conductivity meter or TDS meter. When correlated with laboratory TDS measurements, electrical conductivity provides an approximate value for the TDS concentration, usually to within ten percent accuracy.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To determine the average of the total solids (TS), suspended solid and dissolve solid. To determine the differential between filtered and unfiltered sample.

3.0 THEORY

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. Generally, total solids is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 103C to 105C. Total solids include total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids. Total suspended solids is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved solids is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.0 m (or smaller) nominal pore size under specified conditions. Fixed solids is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature (500C 50 C for 15 minutes). The weight loss on ignition is called volatile solids.

Determination of fixed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. Settleable solids is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.

Microwave(at 103C - 105C)

Settleable solidsSamples

Total solids (TS)

Imhoff cone

Dissolved SolidFilter paper

Fibre glass filter ( 2.0m)

Microwave(at 180C 2C)

Microwave(at 103C - 105C)

Dissolved solids (DS)

Suspended solids (SS)

Muffle furnace (at 500C 50C)

Muffle furnace (at 500C 50C)

Volatile dissolved solids (VDS)

Fixed suspended solids (FSS)

Fixed dissolved solids (FDS)

Volatile suspended solids (VSS)

Total fixed solidsTFS = FSS + FDS

Total volatile solids TVS = VSS + VDS

Total solids (TS)

DIAGRAM 1.0

FORMULAE

(a) Total Solid (mg/L) mgTotal Solid/L = ( A B ) x 1000 Volume of Sample (mL)Where; A = Weight of dried residue + dish, mg B = Weight of dish, mg

(b) Total Dissolved (mg/L)

mg Total dissolved solids/L = ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume, (mL)Where; A = Weight of dried residue +dish, mg B = Weight of dish, mg

(c) Total Suspended Solidmg Total Suspended Solid/L = ( A - B ) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL) Where; A = Weight of filter + dried residue, mg B = Weight filter, mg

(d) Volatile Solidmg volatile solids/L = (A B) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)

(e) Fixed Solidmg fixed solids/L = (B C) x 1000 Sample Volume (mL)Where; A = Weight of residue + dish or filter before ignition, mg B = Weight fresidue + dish or filter after ignition, mg C = weight of dish or filter, mg

4.0 EQUIPMENTS

i. Evaporating dishes: Dishes of 100mL capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high-silica glass.

ii. Muffle furnace for operating at 500C 50C

iii. Steam bathiv. Desicator

v. Drying ovenvi. Analytical balance

vii. Magnetic stirrerviii. Graduated cylinderix. Wid-bore pipetx. Low-form beaker

5.0 PROCEDURES

A. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Preparation of the glass fibre filter disc:i. The filter disc was inserted onto the base and clamp on funnel. While vacuum is applied, wash the disc with three (3) successive 20 mL distilled water. All traces of water were removed by continuing to apply vacuum after water has passed through. Funnel was removed from base and filter was placed in the dish and dried in an oven at 103C - 105C for one (1) hour. When needed, dish was removed from the oven, desiccated and weighted.ii. A sample volume (max. of 200 mL) was selected that will yield not more than 200 mg of total suspended solids.iii. The filter was placed on the base and clamp on funnel and vacuum applied. Tthe filter was wet with small volume of distilled water to seal the filter against the base.iv. The samples were shaked vigorously and quantitatively transfer required volume (mL) of samples to the filter using a large orifis, volumetric pipette. All traces of water was removed by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.v. The pipette and funnel was rinse onto the filter with small volume of distilled water. All traces of water were removed by continuing to apply vacuum after samples has passed through.vi. Carefully the disc filter was removed from the base. Dried for at least one (1) hour at 103C - 105C. Cooled in a desiccator and weighted the disc filter.

B. Total Dissolved Solids

Preparation of evaporating dish: i. Ignite cleaned evaporating dish at 500C 50C for one (1) hour in muffle furnace. Stored in desiccator until needed. Weighted immediately before use.ii. Choosed samples volume to yield between 2.5 and 200 mg dried residue. If more than 10 minutes are required to complete filtration, increased the filter size or decreased the sample volume. iii. Stired samples with magnetic stirrer and pipet a measures volume onto glass-fibre filter with applied vacuum. Washed with three (3) successive 10 mL of distilled water, allowing complete drainage between washings, and continue suction for about 3 min after filteration complete. iv. Transfered total filtrate (with washings) to a weighed evaporating dish and evaporated to dryness on a drying oven. Dry evaporated samples for at least 1 h in an oven at 180C 2C, cool in a desiccator to balance temperature, and weight. Repeated the drying cycle, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight is obtained. (The filtrate from the total suspended solids determination may be used for determination of total dissolved solids).

C. Total Volatile Solids

If volatile solids are to be measured, the residue from method A and B is gnited at 500C 50C for 15 minutes in a muffle furnace. Cooled in desiccator to balance temperature and weight. Repeated the cycle of drying or igniting, cooling, desiccating, and weighing until a constant weight change less than 4% of the previos weighing or 0.5 mg, whichever is less. Stored in desiccator until needed.

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

1. Unfiltered Sample

DATA FOR TOTAL SOLID TESTSample ASample B

1Volume of sample (ml)55

2Weight of evaporating dish (g)26.767025.5201

3Weight of evaporating dish + sample31.380030.4860

4Weight of sample (g)4.61304.9659

5Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at 180C (30 minute)(g)26.775025.5241

6Weight of solid (g)0.0080.004

7Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying process at 500oC - 50oC (15 minute)26.770025.5212

8Weight of volatile solid (g)0.0030.0011

9Total Solid (TS) (mg/L)1600800

10Percentage of solid in sample (%)0.17340.0805

11Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L)600220

12Percentage of volatile solid (%)37.527.5

2. Filtered Sample

DATA FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS)

Sample ASample B

1Volume of Sample (ml)55

2Weight of filter paper (g)0.08850.0887

3Weight of filter paper + solid after drying at 180oC (30 minute)(g).0.09010.0900

4Weight of solid (g)0.00160.0013

5Weight of filter + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)0.08920.0892

6Weight of volatile solid (g)0.00090.0008

7Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L)320260

8Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) %56.2561.54

DATA FOR TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS)Sample ASample B

1Volume of sample (ml)55

2Weight of evaporating dish (g)26.767025.5201

3Weight of evaporating dish + sample (g)31.380030.4860

4Weight of sample (g)4.61304.9659

5Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying at 180oC (30 minute) (g)26.775025.5241

6Weight of Solid (g)0.0080.004

7Total Dissolve Solid (TDS) (mg/L)1600800

8Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying at 500oC 50oC (g)26.770025.5212

9Weight of dissolved solid (g)0.0030.0011

10Total dissolved Solid (SS) (mg/L)600220

11Percentage of Volatile dissolved Solid (VSS) %37.527.5

CALCULATIONTOTAL SOLID TEST:(a) Weight of solid (g)Weight of solid (g) = Weight of evaporating dish + sample - Weight of evaporating dish (g) after drying process at 103oC - 105oC = 26.7750 26.7670 = 0.008 gram

(b) Weight of volatile solid (g)Weight of volatile solid (g) = Weight of evaporating dish + solid - Weight of evaporating dish after drying process at 500 oC - 50 oC = 26.7700 26.7670 = 0.003 gram

(c) Total Solid (TS) (mg/L)Total Solid (TS) (mg/L) = Weight of solid / volume sample = (0.008 / 5) x 1000x 1000 = 1600 mg/L

(d)Percentage of solid in sample (%) Percentage of solid in sample (%) = (Weight of solid / Weight of sample) x 100%= (0.008 / 4.6130) x 100= 0.1734%

(e)Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L) Total volatile solid (VS) (mg/L) = Weight of volatile solid / volume sample= (0.003 / 5) x 1000 x 1000 = 600 mg/L

(f) Percentage of volatile solid (%) Percentage of volatile solid (%) = (Weight of volatile solid / Weight of solid) x 100%= (0.003 / 0.008) x 100 = 37.5 %

TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (SS) :(a)Weight of solid (g)Weight of solid (g) = Weight of filter paper + solid after drying process at 103oC - 105oC - Weight of filter paper (g) = 0.0901 0.-885 = 0.0016 gram

(b)Weight of volatile solid (g)Weight of volatile solid (g) = Weight of filter + solid after drying process at 500oC - 50oC - Weight of filter paper = 0.0892 0.0885 = 0.0009 gram

(c)Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L)Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg/L) = Weight of solid / Volume sample = (0.0016 / 5) x 1000 x 1000 = 320 g/mL

(d) Percentage of Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) (%)Percentage of Volatile = Weight of volatile solid (g) 100% Weight of solid (g) = ( 0.0009 / 0.0016) x 100 = 56.25 %

TOTAL DISSOLVE SOLID (TDS) :(a) Weight of solid (g)Weight of solid (g) = Weight of evaporating dish + sample after drying process at 180oC - Weight of evaporating dish (g) = 26.7750 26.7670= 0.008 g

(b)Weight of dissolved solid (g)Weight of dissolved solid (g) = Weight of evaporating dish + solid after drying Process at 500oC-50oC-Weight of evaporating dish = 26.7700 26.7670 = 0.003 gram

(c) Total dissolved solid (SS) (mg/L) Total dissolved solid (SS) (mg/L) = Weight of dissolved solid / Volume = (0.003 / 5) x 1000 x 1000 = 600 mg/L

(d) Percentage of volatile dissolved solid (%)Percentage of volatile dissolved = Weight of dissolved solid (g) 100% Weight of solid (g) = 0.003 100% 0.008 = 37.5 %

DATA ANALYSIS :(a) Average of total solid (TS)Average of total solid (TS) = Sample A + Sample B 2 = 1600 + 800 2 = 1200 mg/L

(b) Average of suspended solid (SS) Average of suspended solid = Sample A + Sample B 2 = 320 + 260 2 = 290 mg/L

(c) Average of dissolve solid (DS) Average of dissolve solid = Sample A + Sample B 2 = 600 + 220 2 = 410 mg/L

7.0 DISCUSSION

1) Distinguish between suspended solid and dissolve solid.Suspended solidDissolved solid

.. .. . . .. . .

2) Suggest some possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3) The suspended solid for a wastewater sample was found to be 175mg/L. if the following test result were obtained, what size sample was used in the analysis?

8.0 CONCLUSION

Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may effect of effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with high dissolve solid generally is of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solid analysis is important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. So, generally the total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 180 0C. Total solids (TS) include the total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolve solid (TDS). Determination of the volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it include losses due to decomposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. It may include floating materials, depending on the applied technique.