SS2 - Introduction to Civilization

8/6/2019 SS2 - Introduction to Civilization

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IS LA M IC S IN IC

IN D IC



THE SIZE OF OUR WORLD

:ge .4 55 billion years old

:otal Area. ( . )

510 072 million sq km 196 940 million sq mi:and area . ( . )148 94 million sq km 57 506 million sq mi:ater area . ( . )361 132 million sq km 139 434 million sq mi

:opulation , , , ( .)6 706 993 152 2008 est:rowth rate . % ( .)1 188 2008 est

:olitical divisions , ,195 sovereign nations 61 dependent areas.and 6 disputed territories

/ :WP PPP . ( .).$65 61 trillion 2007 est — :WP real growth rate . % ( .).5 2 2007 est / — :WP PPP per capita , ( .).$10 000 2007 est

:ajor World Religions ( %, . ),Christianity 33 2 1 billion Islam( . %, . ), ( . %, ), ( . %,20 1 1 3 billion Hinduism 13 3 851 million Buddhism 5 9

), ( . %, ), ( . %, )375 million Sikhism 0 4 25 million Judaism 0 2 15 million



What is Civilization?

The first human who

hurled an insult instead of a stone was the founder of

.civilization Sigmund Freud

psychologist

, We never really grow up

we only learn how to act.in public

Bryan White songwriter

.Civilization begins with soap Galveston Times

defunct 19 th century Indiana newspaper

Progress is man's ability to

.complicate simplicityThor Heyerdahl

Ethnographer and adventurer

.I've made an odd discovery Every time I talk to a savant I feel quite sure that happiness is no longer

. ,a possibility Yet when I talk with my gardener I'm.convinced of the opposite

Bertrand RussellPhilosopher



CIVILIZATION by WILL DURANT

Civilization is social order promoting

.cultural creation Four elements:constitute it

. ,conomic provision

. ,olitical organization

. ,oral traditions and. he pursuit of knowledge and the.rts

It begins where chaos and insecurity

.end

,For when fear is overcome curiosity,and constructiveness are free and man

passes by natural impulse towards the understanding and embellishment of

.life



THE SCALE OF HUMAN HISTORY

•200 : Earliest possible evidence of modern humans inAfrica

••175••150•

•125••100 : Last ice age begins

90 : Modern humans found in Southwest Asia•75 :

60 : /Modern humans found in Australia Sahul

•50

40 : Modern humans found in northern Eurasia•25

10 : ,End of ice age beginnings of agriculture5 : Earliest cities and states

•0 : Industrial Revolution T H O U S A N

D S

O

F

Y E A R S

B E

F O R E

T H E

P R

E S E N T



THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION•12

•11

•10

•9

•8

•7

•6

•5 : First cities and city states

•4

•3

•2

•1

•0

T H O U S A N

D S O

F

Y E A R S

B E

F O R E

T H E

P R

E S E N T

.1 5: End of ice ages

Earliest evidence of agriculture in near east

Earliest evidence of agriculture in SoutheastAsia

, ,Evidence of pastoralism in Russia UkraineKazakhstan

Evidence of agriculture in Americas

First empires

( )First superempire Persia

Foundation of world religions

( ,Foundation of largest pastoral empire Genghis Khan

)1220CE Industrial Revolution



,CIVILIZATION THEREFORE

“Civilization is the stage in human organization when

, ,governmental social and economic institutions have( )developed to sufficiently manage however imperfectly, ,the problems of order security and efficiency in a

.”complex society- ,Philip Lee Ralph World Civilizations

-“Civilization is the limitless multiplication of.”unnecessary necessities - Mark Twain

/They civilize what's pretty By puttin' up a city

/ ... Where nothin' that's Pretty can grow/They civilize left They civilize right/Till nothing is left Till nothing is right

- ,Alan Jay Lerner The First Thing You Know



THREE MAJOR SHIFTS

. :CONOMICS - -From hunter gathering to food

producing.2. :OLITICS From bands to states.4

. :ULTURE From mythology to religion



PART 1

ECONOMICS

- -From Hunter gathering to Foodproducing



ISLAMICSINIC

INDIC



WHY THE SHIFT?

.1 DECLINE IN AVAILABILITY OF WILD.FOODS

2..3 INCREASE IN AVAILABILITY OF.DOMESTICABLE PLANTS

4.

.5 DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES HELPFUL

.TO FOOD PRODUCTION6.

.7 TWO WAY LINK IN RISE OF POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD

.PRODUCTION8.

.9 DENSER FOOD PRODUCING SOCIETIES OUTPACED THEIR SURROUNDING HUNTER.GATHERERS



ADVANTAGES or DISADVANTAGES?

.1 MORE FOOD MEANS MORE CONSUMABLE.CALORIES

2..3 WITH DOMESTICATED ANIMALS CAME.LIVESTOCK

4.

.5 FOOD PRODUCTION LED TO A MORE

.SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE6.

.7 SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE ALLOWS.PEOPLE TO STORE A FOOD SURPLUS

8.

.9 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS MADE TRADE.AND WARFARE POSSIBLE



IMMEDIATE EFFECTS

.1 .THE RISE OF VILLAGES With a,steadier supply of food more

functions and activities.became possible2.

.3 -THE EMERGENCE OF LONG DISTANCE.TRADE Surplus and invention

made an exchange of goods.necessary and possible4.

.5 .THE ONSET OF WARFARE Competition for territory

and resources emerged as societies grew larger and

’ .encroached on others domain6.



A Mesopotamian dwelling



THE LONG VIEW

Economic development

follows four distinct.historical stages

Each stage has social.implications



:CASE EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN

Men hunt while women maintain

.their abode Primacy is with

males and their.capability to hunt

,In some cultures women are accorded with higher status

for their ability to bear

.child More children mean more.workers later on

Work enables women to earn,for themselves thus

empowering them to lead.their own lives At this

,stage the fight for equal.rights begin

In a service and knowledge based

,economy performance and merit determine

.economic status Women can now compete and even

better their male.counterparts



PART 2

POLITICS

From Bands to States

f



:Before we Proceed What is History?

History is the study of the past .• What is the past?

• How is it studied? • Who does the studying? • Why study the past?

,Carl Becker “ ” Everyman His Own Historian

( )1931

.We all think historically We all live beyond the,confines of the present fleeting moment yet

.within what matters to us h - -istorian vis a vis H istorian

Historians are keepers and conveyors of social

.memory

b h



Caution about the Past

:However

, ,Any work of history is at best anapproximation of what actually happened in the

.past

.1 Our sources are limited to what is.available

2.

.3 Our goal is to interpret and understand

.it

, :Thus the question becomes How is historywritten?

= H i s t o r i o g r a p h y

b h ld



Ibn Khaldun

Considered to be not just the father of,historiography

.but of the social sciences

’Ib Kh ld M ddi h



’Ibn Khaldun s Muqaddimah

Arab philosopher and

father of modern

historiography

" , ,ll records by their very nature. . .re liable to error

…Partisanship towards a creed or opinion

… -Over confidence in one's sources

…The failure to understand what is

intended…A mistaken belief in the truth

…The inability to place an event in its

real context

…The common desire to gain favor of

, ,those of high ranks by praising them by

spreading their fame

…The most important is the ignorance of

’Ib Kh ld M ddi h



’Ibn Khaldun s Muqaddimah

Arab philosopher and

father of modern

historiography

remises in his theory of:ivilization

.1 .Man is political He cannot do without.social organization

.2 The power of the individual is insufficient for him to obtain the

.food he needs.3 ’Man s ability to think allows him to prepare the crafts needed to create

.instruments such as tools and weapons.4 Cooperation is necessary to bring all

.these crafts together

.5 Royal authority is needed to be a restraining influence and keep men

.apart.6 Restraining influence is derived from“ ” .prophecy or religious law

BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE



, , ,BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATE


MEMBERSHIP

Number ofpeople

dozens Hundreds thousands ,over 50 000

SettlementPattern nomadic :fixed 1village :fixed 1 or more villages :fixed many villages andcities

Basis ofrelationships

kin -kin basedclans

class andresidence

class andresidence

Ethnicities and Languages

1 1 1 1 or more

This table is adapted from ,Guns Germs and Steel by.Jared Diamond






GOVERNMENT

Decision,making

leadership

“ ”egalitarian “ ”egalitarian-or big man

,centralizedhereditary

centralized

Bureaucracy none none ,none or 1 or 2 levels

many levels

Monopoly of force and

information

no no yes yes

Conflict

resolution

informal informal centralized ,laws judges

Hierarchy ofsettlement

no no no paramountvillage

capital





BAND TRIBE CHIEFDOM STATEECONOMY

Foodproduction no no yes yes intensive intensive Division oflabor

no no no yes yesExchanges reciprocal reciprocal redistributive

(“ ”)tribute redistributive

(“ ”)taxes Control ofland

band clan chief variousSOCIETYStratified no no ,yes by kin ,yes not by

kinSlavery no no -small scale -large scale Luxury goods

for elite

no no yes Yes Public

architecture

no no no yes yes

Indigenousliteracy

no no no often

THE HAMMURABI CODE



THE HAMMURABI CODE

Considered to be the first

ever code of laws in history

, , , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and increase enriching Nippur- , - ;and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime patron of E kur who reestablished Eridu and

- ; ,purified the worship of E apsu who conquered the four quarters of the world made great, ,the name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions

; ; ; , ,in Saggil the royal scion whom Sin made who enriched Ur the humble the reverent who

- - ; , , ,brings wealth to Gish shir gal the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again

; ;laid the foundations of Sippara who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green who- , ,made E babbar great which is like the heavens the warrior who guarded Larsa and- , ; ,renewed E babbar with Shamash as his helper the lord who granted new life to Uruk who

, - ,brought plenteous water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and perfected the; ,beauty of Anu and Nana shield of the land who reunited the scattered inhabitants of

; - - ; ,Isin who richly endowed E gal mach the protecting king of the city brother of the god; , - - - ,Zamama who firmly founded the farms of Kish crowned E me te ursag with glory redoubled

, - ;the great holy treasures of Nana managed the temple of Harsag kalama the grave of the, ; ;enemy whose help brought about the victory who increased the power of Cuthah made all

- , , ; ,glorious in E shidlam the black steer who gored the enemy beloved of the god Nebo who, ; - ;rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa the Sublime who is indefatigable for E zida the

; , ; ,divine king of the city the White Wise who broadened the fields of Dilbat who heaped; , ,up the harvests for Urash the Mighty the lord to whom come scepter and crown with

; - ; ,which he clothes himself the Elect of Ma ma who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh who- ; , ,made rich the holy feasts of Nin tu the provident solicitous who provided food and

,drink for Lagash and Girsu who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of; ,Ningirsu who captured the enemy the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction, ; ,of Hallab who rejoiced the heart of Anunit the pure prince whose prayer is accepted; , , ,by Adad who satisfied the heart of Adad the warrior in Karkar who restored the

- - - ; ;vessels for worship in E ud gal gal the king who granted life to the city of Adab the- ; , ,guide of E mach the princely king of the city the irresistible warrior who granted

,life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri and brought abundance to the temple of; , , ,Shidlam the White Potent who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits saved the

, ;inhabitants of Malka from misfortune and fixed their home fast in wealth who

- - - ,established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam gal nun na who made his kingdom; ,everlastingly great the princely king of the city who subjected the districts on the

- - - , ;Ud kib nun na Canal to the sway of Dagon his Creator who spared the inhabitants of Mera; , ;and Tutul the sublime prince who makes the face of Ninni shine who presents holy

- - , ,meals to the divinity of Nin a zu who cared for its inhabitants in their need provided;a portion for them in Babylon in peace the shepherd of the oppressed and of the

; ,slaves whose deeds find favor before Anunit who provided for Anunit in the temple of; , ;Dumash in the suburb of Agade who recognizes the right who rules by law who gave back

;to the city of Ashur its protecting god who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain- - ; , ;in E mish mish the Sublime who humbles himself before the great gods successor of

- ; - ; ;Sumula il the mighty son of Sin muballit the royal scion of Eternity the mighty, , ;monarch the sun of Babylon whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad the

, ; , .king obeyed by the four quarters of the world Beloved of Ninni am I

THE HAMMURABI CODE



THE HAMMURABI CODE



, , , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and increase enriching Nippur- , -and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime patron of E kur; who reestablished Eridu and

- ;purified the worship of E apsu ,who conquered the four quarters of the world made great, ,the name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions

in Saggil; ;the royal scion whom Sin made who enriched Ur; , ,the humble the reverent who

- - ;brings wealth to Gish shir gal

, , ,the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again

laid the foundations of Sippara; ;who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green who- , ,made E babbar great which is like the heavens the warrior who guarded Larsa and- ,renewed E babbar with Shamash as his helper; ,the lord who granted new life to Uruk who

, - ,brought plenteous water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and perfected the;beauty of Anu and Nana ,shield of the land who reunited the scattered inhabitants of

Isin; - - ; ,who richly endowed E gal mach the protecting king of the city brother of the god;Zamama , - - - ,who firmly founded the farms of Kish crowned E me te ursag with glory redoubled

, -the great holy treasures of Nana managed the temple of Harsag kalama; the grave of the, ; ;enemy whose help brought about the victory who increased the power of Cuthah made all

- , ,glorious in E shidlam the black steer who gored the enemy; ,beloved of the god Nebo who, ;rejoiced the inhabitants of Borsippa the Sublime -who is indefatigable for E zida; the

;divine king of the city ,the White Wise; ,who broadened the fields of Dilbat who heaped;up the harvests for Urash , ,the Mighty the lord to whom come scepter and crown with

which he clothes himself; -the Elect of Ma ma; ,who fixed the temple bounds of Kesh who-made rich the holy feasts of Nin tu; , ,the provident solicitous who provided food and

,drink for Lagash and Girsu who provided large sacrificial offerings for the temple of;Ningirsu ,who captured the enemy the Elect of the oracle who fulfilled the prediction,of Hallab who rejoiced the heart of Anunit; ,the pure prince whose prayer is accepted;by Adad , , ,who satisfied the heart of Adad the warrior in Karkar who restored the

- - -vessels for worship in E ud gal gal; ;the king who granted life to the city of Adab the-guide of E mach; , ,the princely king of the city the irresistible warrior who granted

,life to the inhabitants of Mashkanshabri and brought abundance to the temple of;Shidlam , , ,the White Potent who penetrated the secret cave of the bandits saved the

,inhabitants of Malka from misfortune and fixed their home fast in wealth; who

- - - ,established pure sacrificial gifts for Ea and Dam gal nun na who made his kingdom;everlastingly great ,the princely king of the city who subjected the districts on the

- - - ,Ud kib nun na Canal to the sway of Dagon his Creator; who spared the inhabitants of Mera and Tutul; ,the sublime prince who makes the face of Ninni shine; who presents holy

- - , ,meals to the divinity of Nin a zu who cared for its inhabitants in their need provided;a portion for them in Babylon in peace the shepherd of the oppressed and of the

; ,slaves whose deeds find favor before Anunit who provided for Anunit in the temple of Dumash in the suburb of Agade; , ;who recognizes the right who rules by law who gave back

to the city of Ashur its protecting god; who let the name of Ishtar of Nineveh remain- - ;in E mish mish ,the Sublime who humbles himself before the great gods; successor of

- ;Sumula il -the mighty son of Sin muballit; ;the royal scion of Eternity the mighty, ,monarch the sun of Babylon whose rays shed light over the land of Sumer and Akkad; the

, ;king obeyed by the four quarters of the world ,Beloved of Ninni am I.

THE HAMMURABI CODE



THE HAMMURABI CODE



, , ,Hammurabi the prince called of Bel am I making riches and, - ,increase enriching Nippur and Dur ilu beyond compare sublime

-patron of E kur;

- ;who reestablished Eridu and purified the worship of E apsu

,who conquered the four quarters of the world made great the, ,name of Babylon rejoiced the heart of Marduk his lord who daily pays his devotions in Saggil;

;the royal scion whom Sin made

who enriched Ur;

, , - - ;the humble the reverent who brings wealth to Gish shir gal

, , ,the white king heard of Shamash the mighty who again laid the foundations of Sippara;

;who clothed the gravestones of Malkat with green

- , ,who made E babbar great which is like the heavens the- ,warrior who guarded Larsa and renewed E babbar with Shamash

as his helper;

,the lord who granted new life to Uruk who brought plenteous, - ,water to its inhabitants raised the head of E anna and

;perfected the beauty of Anu and Nana

THE HAMMURABI CODE



THE HAMMURABI CODE



:nsights from the code

.1 Setting the law in stone shows the .importance of law in their society

.2 ’Hammurabi didn t have to explain his;laws

.3 , .However he had to justify his rule

.4 Justification was made through the:following.a Presenting his character.b Presenting his royal lineage.c Presenting his track record

.d

Alluding to the Gods

5.

6.

MANAGING THE SHIFT



MANAGING THE SHIFT

.1 .SECURE A MONOPOLY OF FORCE Disarm the masses and arm the.elite The state should provide protection from inside and

.outside threats2.

.3 .REDISTRIBUTE WEALTH Gains from tribute and taxes should be.felt by everyone

4.

.5 .ESTABLISH AN IDEOLOGY OR RELIGION Rule by a central.authority must be justified Religion provides a bond other

.than kinship ties among people



PART 3

CULTURE

From Mythology to Religion

RELIGION MAP



RELIGION MAP

WHAT MAKES A RELIGION



WHAT MAKES A RELIGION

.1 / .THE NOTION OF TRANSCENDENCE AND OR THE NUMINOUS There is a belief in either a higher being or a

.higher state of life2.

.3 .MYTHS AND SACRED TRUTHS Stories that reveal.divine realities and paths to morality

4.

.5 .ORGANIZED WORSHIP OR DEVOTION There are.behavioural demands on the believers

6.

.7 .SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS There are values

.every believer aspires to

8.

.9 .A COMMUNITY OF BELIEVERS Religion is a social.activity

CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIONS



CLASSIFICATION OF RELIGIONS

.1 .BY NUMBER OF GODHEADS, , , , - ,monotheist dualist polytheist atheist non theist

, .pantheist etc1.

.2 .BY COMPLEXITY OF LITERATURE AND WORSHIP.a ,animistic nature worship.b ancestor worship.c anthropomorphic religion.d organized religion

3.

.4 - .BY GEO CULTURAL REGIONS.a : , ,Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam.b : , , ,Dharmic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism

.c : ,Sinic Confucianism Taoismd.

e.



RELIGION BY COMPLEXITY




.2 ANCESTOR WORSHIP





.3 ANTHROPOMORPHIC RELIGION





.4 ORGANIZED RELIGION



-RELIGION BY GEO CULTURAL REGION




.2 DHARMIC RELIGIONS

SIMILARITIES•Originated in South Asia•Highly spiritual and devotional•Shares common teachings such as ,dharma karma andahimsa

DIFFERENCES•Buddhism and Jainism were reactions to Hinduism•Hinduism subscribes to the caste system





.3 SINIC RELIGION

SIMILARITIES•Originated in East Asia• -Non theistic•Began not as religions but as philosophical schools•Philosophy answered important questions on statecraft

DIFFERENCES•Confucianism and Taoism vary in their approaches to

, ,government the value of knowledge the emphasis on,ritual and the meaning of happiness



&INTERSECTION OF FAITH SOCIETY




.3 .MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION AS ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGY While some aspects of mythology and religion may seem too fantastic

,for us they are tied to the ethos of the society that

.birthed it4.

.5 .RELIGION AS A SPONSOR OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS Science and’technology were developed to explore man s relationship.with the universe and the material world Scientific

. ,inquiry was made on behalf of religion On another hand

art and literature were used to express their.understanding of the divine





:Some historical observations

.1 Religions emerged during times of great social, , .imbalance turmoil and confusion

2.

.3 , What kinship ties are to smaller and simpler societies.religion is to larger and more complex ones

4..5 .Religion helps legitimize the rule of an elite class6.

.7 Government sponsorship of religion has allowed it to.grow and prosper

8..9 ,Religion inspired a lot of innovation in science, .technology and the arts A lot of the greatest works

’in human history were devoted to illustrate mankind s.understanding and mastery of the divine



CONCLUSION

CIVILIZATION

“Civilization is the stage in human

, ,organization when governmental social and economic institutions have developed to( )sufficiently manage however imperfectly the

, ,problems of order security and efficiency in

.”a complex society

- ,Philip Lee Ralph World Civilizations

FIVE COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATION



FIVE COMPONENTS OF CIVILIZATION

.1 A SYSTEM OF AGRICULTURE THAT LEADS TO A FOOD

SURPLUS AND SPECIALIZATION OF LABOR2.

.3 A FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND SOCIALSTRATIFICATION

4..5 ( )SOCIAL NORMS AND STANDARDS BELIEF SYSTEMS6.

.7 ( )A DEFINING CULTURE ARTS AND LITERATURE8.

.9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO MANAGE SOCIETY

CONCLUDING REMARKS



CONCLUDING REMARKS

.1 ,THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY GOVERNMENT AND

.CULTURE IS AN INTERTWINED PROCESS Developments and changes in one affect the

.others2.

.3 .THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION IS UNENDING The wheel of history continues to turn and so–our world will continue to change but for

the better?4.

5.

TOO MUCH FOOD?



TOO MUCH FOOD?



AFTERWORD

WORLD CIVILIZATION

From Today to Tomorrow

CHALLENGES THAT REMAIN



CHALLENGES THAT REMAIN.1 .ENVIROMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY ,Climate change the rising price

, ,of food and oil dwindling biodiversity and a coming water.war are just among our environmental challenges

2..3 .POPULATION CHALLENGE ’Our world s population threatens to hit.12 billion by 2050 if nothing is changed

4.

.5 .GLOBAL INEQUALITY I , %n 2005 the poorest 40 of the world% .population accounted for 5 of global income The richest

% % , %20 accounted for 75 of world income and the richest 10%.accounted for 546.

.7 .SHIFT OF GLOBAL POWER A new global order is emerging with( ) .Asia China and India at the center Are we ready?

8.

.9 .DEMOCRATIC RECESSION More and more governments are.retreating into autocratic rule What does that mean fordemocracy?

10.

.11 .GLOBAL INSECURITY / -9 11 has exposed the geo political.tensions in the world What have we done since?



END OF THE PRESENTATION



OTHER PRESENTATIONS IN THE SS2 ASIAN STUDIES

CIVILIZATION LECTURE SERIES

.I Introduction to Civilization.II.III History of India

.IV.V History of China

.V I.V II History of Islam

MARTIN BENEDICT PEREZ © 2009

SS2 - Introduction to Civilization

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