GRADES OFGRADES OF

STAINLESS STEELSTAINLESS STEEL

WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL?WHAT IS STAINLESS STEEL? Stainless steel, also known as Stainless steel, also known as

inox steel or inox from French inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable""inoxydable"

Minimum of 10.5% chromiumMinimum of 10.5% chromium Number of different steels Number of different steels

used primarily for their anti-used primarily for their anti-corrosive elementcorrosive element

Developed to resist a number Developed to resist a number of corrosive environmentsof corrosive environments workplaces are safeworkplaces are safe buildings last longerbuildings last longer food prep areas are food prep areas are

hygienichygienic Earth friendly material – it can Earth friendly material – it can

be melted down, recycled and be melted down, recycled and made into something elsemade into something else

STAINLESS STEELSTAINLESS STEEL

The minimum amount of The minimum amount of chromium used to make chromium used to make stainless steel is 10.5stainless steel is 10.5

Other elements used to Other elements used to make stainless steel as make stainless steel as well, including nickel, well, including nickel, nitrogen and nitrogen and molybdenummolybdenum

4 Major Types: Austenitic, 4 Major Types: Austenitic, Ferritic, Martensitic & Ferritic, Martensitic & DuplexDuplex

AUSTENITICAUSTENITIC

Most widely used typeMost widely used typeNickel content of at least 7%, which makes Nickel content of at least 7%, which makes

it very flexibleit very flexibleUsed in a range of houseware products, Used in a range of houseware products,

industrial piping and vessels, industrial piping and vessels, constructional structures and architectural constructional structures and architectural facadesfacades

Not hardenable by heat treatingNot hardenable by heat treating

FERRITICFERRITIC

Similar properties to mild steel, but better Similar properties to mild steel, but better corrosion resistancecorrosion resistance

Commonly used in washing machines, Commonly used in washing machines, boilers and indoor architecture boilers and indoor architecture

MARTENSITICMARTENSITIC

Very hard, strong steel Very hard, strong steel It contains around 13% chromium and is It contains around 13% chromium and is

used to make knives and turbine blades used to make knives and turbine blades

DUPLEXDUPLEX

Both austenitic and ferritic and primarily Both austenitic and ferritic and primarily used in chemical plants and piping used in chemical plants and piping applicationsapplications

Usually contain approx 22-25% chrome Usually contain approx 22-25% chrome and 5% nickel with moly and nitrogenand 5% nickel with moly and nitrogen

Higher yield strength and greater stress Higher yield strength and greater stress corrosion cracking resistance to chloride corrosion cracking resistance to chloride than austeniticthan austenitic

PRECIPITATION HARDENEDPRECIPITATION HARDENED

Chrome-nickel stainlesses which contain Chrome-nickel stainlesses which contain alloying additions such as aluminum, alloying additions such as aluminum, copper or titanium that allow them to be copper or titanium that allow them to be hardened by a solution and aging heat hardened by a solution and aging heat treatmenttreatment

Can be either austenitic or martensitic in Can be either austenitic or martensitic in the ages conditionthe ages condition

303 STAINLESS303 STAINLESS Most machinable of the Most machinable of the

austenitic grades of ssaustenitic grades of ss Addition of sulfur Addition of sulfur

enhances machinability enhances machinability Used for shafts, valve Used for shafts, valve

bodies, valve trim and bodies, valve trim and food industry applications food industry applications where 304 is normally where 304 is normally usedused

Resistant to atmospheric Resistant to atmospheric corrosion, food products, corrosion, food products, sterilization solutions and sterilization solutions and many organic chemicals many organic chemicals as well as a variety of as well as a variety of inorganic chemicalsinorganic chemicals

304/304L304/304L

304 and 304L (low 304 and 304L (low carbon version) is a carbon version) is a low carbon austenitic low carbon austenitic alloyalloy

By keeping the By keeping the carbon at .03% max, carbon at .03% max, it minimizes carbide it minimizes carbide precipitation during precipitation during weldingwelding

Applications are the Applications are the same as 303same as 303

316/316L316/316L 2nd most common 2nd most common

stainless after 304 and is stainless after 304 and is commonly used in food commonly used in food and surgical applications and surgical applications

The addition of moly The addition of moly prevents specific forms prevents specific forms for corrosionfor corrosion

Also known as a marine Also known as a marine grade due to the grade due to the increased resistance to increased resistance to chloride corrosion in chloride corrosion in comparison to 304comparison to 304

310310

Grade 310, combining Grade 310, combining excellent high excellent high temperature temperature properties with good properties with good ductility and ductility and weldabilityweldability

Applications for Applications for molten salt, sulfur molten salt, sulfur bearing gas and heat bearing gas and heat exchanger and exchanger and recuperator tubingrecuperator tubing

317L317L

Molybdenum-bearing austenitic chrome Molybdenum-bearing austenitic chrome nickel similar to 316 except the alloy nickel similar to 316 except the alloy content is highercontent is higher

Developed primarily to more effectively Developed primarily to more effectively resist the attack of sulfurous acid resist the attack of sulfurous acid compoundscompounds

321321 Titanium bearing Titanium bearing

stainless and it is stainless and it is stabilized against carbide stabilized against carbide precipitationprecipitation

321 is basically 304 321 is basically 304 modified by adding modified by adding titanium in an amount at titanium in an amount at least 5 times the carbon least 5 times the carbon plus nitrogen contentsplus nitrogen contents

Typically used in high Typically used in high temp steam service, temp steam service, refineries and heat refineries and heat exchanger tubesexchanger tubes

347347 347 is a 347 is a

columbium/tantalum columbium/tantalum stabilized austenitic ssstabilized austenitic ss

Similar to 321Similar to 321 Good intergranular-Good intergranular-

corrosion compared to corrosion compared to typical 18-8 type alloys typical 18-8 type alloys

Widely used in aircraft Widely used in aircraft exhausts, expansion exhausts, expansion joints and in high joints and in high temperature chemical temperature chemical processingprocessing

410410 Hardenable martensitic Hardenable martensitic

alloy designed for high alloy designed for high stress parts that require stress parts that require high ductility as well as high ductility as well as good corrosion resistancegood corrosion resistance

Working temps up to Working temps up to 1200F are acceptable1200F are acceptable

410 is widely used in 410 is widely used in blades and buckets, blades and buckets, steam turbines, turbine steam turbines, turbine wheels, valves, aircraft wheels, valves, aircraft parts and pumps and parts and pumps and pump shaftspump shafts

416416

Highest machinability of any stainless Highest machinability of any stainless steel, at about 85% of that of a free-steel, at about 85% of that of a free-machining carbon steel machining carbon steel

Sometimes used in the unhardened or Sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready because of its low cost and ready machinabilitymachinability

15-5 PH15-5 PH Martensitic precipitation Martensitic precipitation

hardened steel hardened steel Offers high strength Offers high strength

combined with excellent combined with excellent corrosion resistancecorrosion resistance

Similar to 17-4ph in Similar to 17-4ph in propertiesproperties

Used when high Used when high transverse strength is transverse strength is required – valve parts, required – valve parts, paper mills, aircraft, paper mills, aircraft, power generation power generation chemical processing , chemical processing , nuclear and space craftnuclear and space craft

17-4 PH17-4 PH

Precipitation hardening martensitic Precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel with Cu and Nb/Cb stainless steel with Cu and Nb/Cb additionsadditions

Combines high strength, hardness (up to Combines high strength, hardness (up to 572°F / 300°C), and corrosion resistance572°F / 300°C), and corrosion resistance

Should not be used at temperatures above Should not be used at temperatures above 572°F (300°C) or at very low temperatures572°F (300°C) or at very low temperatures

904L904L Non-stabilized low carbon high Non-stabilized low carbon high

alloy austenitic stainless steelalloy austenitic stainless steel Addition of copper to this Addition of copper to this

grade gives it greatly improved grade gives it greatly improved resistance to strong reducing resistance to strong reducing acidsacids

Non-magnetic in all conditions Non-magnetic in all conditions and has excellent weldability and has excellent weldability and formabilityand formability

Very substantial contents of Very substantial contents of the high cost ingredients nickel the high cost ingredients nickel and molybdenumand molybdenum

ALLOY 20ALLOY 20

Alloy 20 stainless steel is a super-Alloy 20 stainless steel is a super-austenitic stainless alloy developed for austenitic stainless alloy developed for maximum corrosion resistance to sulfuric maximum corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid and other aggressive environments acid and other aggressive environments not suitable for typical austenitic grades not suitable for typical austenitic grades

Alloy 20 seems to fall in-between both the Alloy 20 seems to fall in-between both the stainless and nickel categories, as it does stainless and nickel categories, as it does contain characteristics of bothcontain characteristics of both

2205 DUPLEX2205 DUPLEX 2205 duplex has a 2205 duplex has a

microstructure that contains microstructure that contains both austenitic and ferritic both austenitic and ferritic phasesphases

Excellent combination of Excellent combination of strength and corrosion strength and corrosion resistance resistance

In the annealed condition, it In the annealed condition, it has twice the strength of a has twice the strength of a typical austenitic stainlesstypical austenitic stainless

Used in oil and gas, pumps Used in oil and gas, pumps and pump parts, valves and and pump parts, valves and chemical and paper chemical and paper manufacturingmanufacturing

2507 SUPER DUPLEX2507 SUPER DUPLEX

Trade name – Super Duplex 2507 Trade name – Super Duplex 2507 Very similar to UNS S31803 Duplex - Difference Very similar to UNS S31803 Duplex - Difference

is the contents of chromium and nitrogen are is the contents of chromium and nitrogen are higherhigher

Super Duplex is composed of between 24% to Super Duplex is composed of between 24% to 26% chromium, 6% to 8% nickel, 3% 26% chromium, 6% to 8% nickel, 3% molybdenum, and 1.2% manganese, with the molybdenum, and 1.2% manganese, with the balance being ironbalance being iron

Benefits include: good weldability and Benefits include: good weldability and workability, workability,

NICKEL 200/201NICKEL 200/201

Nickel 200 alloy is a commercially pure Nickel 200 alloy is a commercially pure nickel that exhibits good corrosion nickel that exhibits good corrosion resistanceresistance

Nickel 201 alloy is a low carbon Nickel 201 alloy is a low carbon modification of Nickel 200 alloy that has modification of Nickel 200 alloy that has found applications in the electronic found applications in the electronic industry at temperatures up to industry at temperatures up to 1200°F(649°C)1200°F(649°C)

ALLOY 400ALLOY 400

Trade name – Monel Trade name – Monel Nickel/copper alloy that is easily machined and Nickel/copper alloy that is easily machined and

fabricatedfabricated Excellent combination of strength, corrosion Excellent combination of strength, corrosion

resistance, ductility and weldabilityresistance, ductility and weldability Very good in salt water and brackish water and Very good in salt water and brackish water and

not susceptible to stress corrosion crackingnot susceptible to stress corrosion cracking

ALLOY 600ALLOY 600 Nickel/chrome/iron alloy Nickel/chrome/iron alloy Good in applications that Good in applications that

require resistance to require resistance to corrosion and heatcorrosion and heat

Good for a combination of Good for a combination of high strength and good high strength and good workability under a wide workability under a wide variety of temperatures variety of temperatures

Used in jet engines, Used in jet engines, super heaters, food super heaters, food processing, steam processing, steam generatorsgenerators

ALLOY 625ALLOY 625

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with Nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy with excellent strength from room temperature excellent strength from room temperature up to about 1500°Fup to about 1500°F

ALLOY 800ALLOY 800

Trade name – Incoloy Trade name – Incoloy Nickel-iron/chrome alloy with additions of Nickel-iron/chrome alloy with additions of

copper and molycopper and molyExcellent resistance to general corrosion, Excellent resistance to general corrosion,

pitting and crevice corrosion in chemicals pitting and crevice corrosion in chemicals containing chlorides and sulfuric, nitric and containing chlorides and sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acidsphosphoric acids

ALLOY 825/HALLOY 825/H

Titanium stabilized austenitic Titanium stabilized austenitic nickel/iron/chrome alloy with additions of nickel/iron/chrome alloy with additions of copper and molycopper and moly

Good resistance to oxidizing and non-Good resistance to oxidizing and non-oxidizing hot acidsoxidizing hot acids

ALLOY C-276ALLOY C-276

Trade name – Hastalloy Trade name – Hastalloy Nickel/molly/chrome alloy with the addition Nickel/molly/chrome alloy with the addition

of tungsten of tungsten Excellent corrosion resistanceExcellent corrosion resistanceSuitable for most chemical process Suitable for most chemical process

applications applications

THE ENDTHE END