Ss Chapter 10
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Transcript of Ss Chapter 10
Chapter 10Cell Division & Genetics
Chapter 10Cell Division & Genetics
GEE ScienceSummer Remediation
Mr. NashDonnie Bickham Middle School
Room 204
GEE ScienceSummer Remediation
Mr. NashDonnie Bickham Middle School
Room 204
Cellular ReproductionCellular Reproduction Multicellular organisms are composed of two
kinds of cells: Somatic Reproductive
Within these cells matched pairs of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes or homologues.
Homologues are similar in size and carry the same kinds of genes, but are not identical.
Multicellular organisms are composed of two kinds of cells: Somatic Reproductive
Within these cells matched pairs of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes or homologues.
Homologues are similar in size and carry the same kinds of genes, but are not identical.
Pg. 182
Somatic CellsSomatic Cells
Contain two sets of chromosomes. Two sets of chromosomes is called:
Diploid (2n) Make up almost all cells in an organism. Of the two sets of chromosomes, one set
comes from the mother and one set from the father.
Contain two sets of chromosomes. Two sets of chromosomes is called:
Diploid (2n) Make up almost all cells in an organism. Of the two sets of chromosomes, one set
comes from the mother and one set from the father.
Pg.182
Mitosis and the Cell CycleMitosis and the Cell Cycle
Mitosis is the reproduction of somatic cells.
Often called cell division. Results in two diploid (2n) cells.
Mitosis is the reproduction of somatic cells.
Often called cell division. Results in two diploid (2n) cells.
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MitosisMitosis
Some unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.
Asexual reproduction by mitosis produces a clone of the parent.
Clones are genetically identical.
Some unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.
Asexual reproduction by mitosis produces a clone of the parent.
Clones are genetically identical.
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Cell CycleCell Cycle
The cell cycle is the sequence of stages through which a cell passes between one cell division and the next.
Contains six cycles or phases.
The cell cycle is the sequence of stages through which a cell passes between one cell division and the next.
Contains six cycles or phases.
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Six Phases of the Cell CycleSix Phases of the Cell CycleInterphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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InterphaseInterphase
Most of the cell’s lifetime. DNA at this phase is long strands and
is called chromatin. During the later stage, chromatin is
duplicated in preparation for cell division.
Most of the cell’s lifetime. DNA at this phase is long strands and
is called chromatin. During the later stage, chromatin is
duplicated in preparation for cell division.
Pg.183
ProphaseProphase
Chromatin condenses and coils to from rod shaped chromosomes.
Each arm of the chromosome is called a chromotid and are attached at the centromere.
Chromatin condenses and coils to from rod shaped chromosomes.
Each arm of the chromosome is called a chromotid and are attached at the centromere.
Pg183.
MetaphaseMetaphase
The nuclear envelope breaks apart. Spindles are completely formed.
The nuclear envelope breaks apart. Spindles are completely formed.
Pg183.
AnaphaseAnaphase
Chromotids come apart. Chromotids are pulled by the spindle
to each end of the cell.
Chromotids come apart. Chromotids are pulled by the spindle
to each end of the cell.
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TelophaseTelophase
Last stage of mitosis. Chromosomes uncoil forming
chromatin again. The nuclear envelope reforms.
Last stage of mitosis. Chromosomes uncoil forming
chromatin again. The nuclear envelope reforms.
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CytokinesisCytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm. A cell plate forms within the cell
dividing it into the two daughter cells. The cell plate becomes part of the
new cell membranes.
The division of the cytoplasm. A cell plate forms within the cell
dividing it into the two daughter cells. The cell plate becomes part of the
new cell membranes.
Pg.183
Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Reproductive cells use Meiosis for cell division.
Each cell will be haploid (n) or have only half the original chromosomes.
Sex cells created by meiosis are called gametes.
Reproductive cells use Meiosis for cell division.
Each cell will be haploid (n) or have only half the original chromosomes.
Sex cells created by meiosis are called gametes.
Pg.184
MeiosisMeiosis
Prior to meiosis gamete cells go through Interphase similar to somatic cells in mitosis.
Meiosis occurs in two divisions: Meiosis I Meiosis II
Prior to meiosis gamete cells go through Interphase similar to somatic cells in mitosis.
Meiosis occurs in two divisions: Meiosis I Meiosis II
Pg.184
Meiosis IMeiosis I
Prophase I Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Homologues pair off.
Same as in mitosis.
Prophase I Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Homologues pair off.
Same as in mitosis.
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Meiosis IMeiosis I
Metaphase I Spindles form. Nuclear envelope disappears
Same as in mitosis
Metaphase I Spindles form. Nuclear envelope disappears
Same as in mitosis
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Meiosis IMeiosis I
Anaphase I Chromotids are pulled apart and pulled
towards the spindles. Same as in mitosis
Anaphase I Chromotids are pulled apart and pulled
towards the spindles. Same as in mitosis
Pg. 184
Meiosis IMeiosis I
Telophase I Chromotids uncoil back into chromatin.
Same as mitosis
Telophase I Chromotids uncoil back into chromatin.
Same as mitosis
Pg.185
Meiosis I Meiosis IIMeiosis I Meiosis II
After meiosis I, unlike mitosis, cytokinesis does not occur, but a stage called interkinesis.
During interkinesis the chromatin is not duplicated like during interphase.
After meiosis I, unlike mitosis, cytokinesis does not occur, but a stage called interkinesis.
During interkinesis the chromatin is not duplicated like during interphase.
Pg.185
Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Follows all of the stages of Meiosis I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
After completing Meiosis II, the gamete goes into Interphase to begin the process again.
Follows all of the stages of Meiosis I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II
After completing Meiosis II, the gamete goes into Interphase to begin the process again.
Pg.186
Genetic ExpressionGenetic Expression
DNA makes up the genes. Genes carry the traits that are
inherited. Genotype:
The gene make up for a particular trait. Phenotype:
The visible expression of a genetic trait.
DNA makes up the genes. Genes carry the traits that are
inherited. Genotype:
The gene make up for a particular trait. Phenotype:
The visible expression of a genetic trait.
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Genetic ExpressionGenetic Expression
If an individual inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait they are homozygous. This can be either dominant or recessive.
If an individual inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the individual is heterozygous.
If an individual inherits two of the same alleles for a particular trait they are homozygous. This can be either dominant or recessive.
If an individual inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele, the individual is heterozygous.
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