srlearn.weebly.comsrlearn.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/1/7/31173759/c1_atmos… · Web viewM1. (a) (i)...

M1. (a) (i) nitrogen1

(ii) carbon dioxide1

(iii) because water boils at 100°C and the temperatureon Venus is 460°C

1

therefore any water on the surface would boil to formsteam / water vapour / gas

1

(b) any three from:

• by photosynthesis

• by dissolving in oceans

• by the formation of (calcium) carbonate or limestone

• by the formation of oil or coalaccept by the formation of fossil fuels

3

(c) (i) 0.0317 (%)1

(ii) the percentage of carbon dioxide has increased1

(iii) any one from:

• burning of fossil fuels

• deforestation

• release of ‘locked up’ carbon dioxide1

[10]

M2. (a) (i) the continents of South America and Africa wouldhave fitted together like a jigsaw

1

there are matching / similar rocks / fossils on thecontinents of South America and Africa

1

(ii) other scientists thought that continents are fixed / cannotfloat or Wegener had no evidence to prove thatcontinents can move

allow Wegener was not respected by other scientists / PhD in astronomy

1

and that a land bridge could explain the matching /similar rocks / fossils on the continents of SouthAmerica and Africa

1

(b) radioactive1

mantle1

words must be in the order shown[6]

M3. (a) core1

(b) (i) 3 or below / low on the Richter scale

accept vibrations not felt / causes no damageignore references to injuries

1

(ii) 41

(iii) movement of (Earth.s / tectonic) platesallow plates collide

1

(iv) (earthquakes) cannot be predicted / sudden / without warning / randomignore under / in the sea

1[5]

M4. (a) (Kent reported because) damage was caused or it was above 3 (on the Richter scale)

accept description of damage1

(others not reported because) no vibrations / not felt / not noticedallow below 3 (on Richter scale)ignore no damage

1

(b) movement of (tectonic) platesallow collision of plates or plates rubbing togetheror plates pushing against each other

1

any two from:

• vibration / (shock)waves (in the earth) or p and s wavesaccept sudden jolts / slips

• caused by convection currents (in the mantle)

• heat / energy released from radioactive processes2

(c) any two from:

scientists do not know:

• what happens under the crust / mantle / under the surfaceaccept anything under the crust

• where forces / pressures are building up

• how to measure these forces / pressures

• when these forces / pressures reach their limitaccept there is no patternignore random / speed of movement

2[7]

M5. (a) (i) nitrogen / N2

1

(ii) carbon dioxide / CO2

1

(b) (i) humans / scientists had not evolvedaccept it was billions / millions of years agoallow too long ago

1

(ii) temperature is above 100°C or any water would evaporate / boilaccept Venus is too hot

1

(c) any three from:

• used by plants

• used for photosynthesisaccept plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen for the first two bullet points ie 2 marks

• dissolves in oceans / seasallow absorbs into oceans / seas

• used to form the shells / skeletons of marine organisms

• locked up as limestone / carbonates

• locked up as fossil fuels / oil / coal3

[7]

M6. (a) (i) (gases from) volcanoes1

(ii) 100 allow 991

(iii) any two from:

• photosynthesis

• carbon dioxide usedallow carbon dioxide decreased

• oxygen producedallow oxygen increasedignore nitrogen / respirationthey = plants

2

(b) (i) any one from:

• sea floor spreadingaccept oceanic ridges / magnetic stripes

• periodic measurements between continentsaccept continents move a few centimetres each year

• evidence from rocks / fossils on different continentsaccept continents fit together

• new mountain rangesaccept new islands

1

(ii) in the mantle

any two from:

• convection (currents) / movementdo not accept movement of the plates

• radioactivity / radioactive decay / nuclear reactions1

• releases heat / thermal energyaccept heat from core

2[8]

M7. (a) curve of best fit drawn through

or close to all of the points1

(b) (i) 3131

(ii) 1989 +/– 11

(c) concentration / amount of carbon dioxide has increased1

recently the rate of increase is increasing1

[5]

M8. (a) (i) old animals / fossils / rocks match (when the continents are put together)

or (continents) fit togetherignore ‘they are the same shape’

1

(ii) any two from:

• continents / plates cannot move (thousands of kilometres)accept the continents / plates are attached to the Earth or continents / plates cannot drift / float

• modern / new animals are different

• a land bridge (could explain the matching fossils / rocks)ignore ‘no evidence’ ‘no proof’ ‘no reputation’

2

(b) crustallow lithosphere

1

mantle1

year1

[6]

M9. (a) tectonicwords must be in correct places

1

radioactive1

(b) (i) any two from:

• records not available / made / accurate

• bodies not found

• affected many islands / large area2

(ii) any two from:

• cannot predict earthquakes / plate movement

• (cannot) accurately (predict earthquakes)

• (earthquakes / tsunamis) are random / not regular / sudden

• do not know what is happening below / in the Earth’scrust / in the mantle

• very slow / thousands of years build up of pressureignore references to technology / equipment

2[6]

M10. (a) any two from:asks for cause therefore no marks for just describing the changemust link reason to a correct change in a gas

carbon dioxide has decreased due to:accept idea of ‘used’ to indicate a decrease

• plants / micro organisms / bacteria / vegetation / trees

• photosynthesisignore respiration

• ‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels

• dissolved in oceansignore volcanoes

oxygen has increased due to:accept idea of ‘given out / produced’

• plants / bacteria / micro organisms / vegetation / trees

• photosynthesisignore respiration

nitrogen increased due to:accept idea of ‘given out / produced’

• ammonia reacted with oxygen

• bacteria / micro organismsignore (increase in) use of fossil fuels / deforestation

2

(b) (because methane’s) boiling point is greater than the average /

surface temperature or Titan’s (average / surface) temperatureis below methane’s boiling point

ignore references to nitrogen or water1

any methane that evaporates will condenseaccept boils for evaporatesaccept cooling and produce rain for condensing

1

(c) (i)

bonds must be displayed correctlyignore bond angles

1

(ii) poly(propene) / polypropene / polypropylenedo not allow polypropane

any two from:

• double bonds open up / break / become single(*)

• propene molecules / monomers / they join / undergo additionpolymerisation(*)

1

• form chains / long molecules(*)(*)correct chemical equation gains 2 marksignore largeusing monomer incorrectly max 2 marks

2[8]

M11. (a) radioactivity (keeps the core hot)accept half-life of radioactive elements has proved the Earth isolder than 400 million yearsaccept the Earth is not cooling

do not accept fossil / rock evidence1

(b) any two from:

• the shapes of the two continents fit together (like a jigsaw) OWTTE\do not accept the continents / they are the same shape

• the same type of rocks have been foundaccept ‘rocks match’

• the same fossils have been foundaccept ‘fossils match’

• rising magma rising through a gap under the Atlantic2

(c) any two from:

• earthquakesaccept seismic waves

• volcanoes

• idea of distance between America and Europe / Africa is increasing e.g.continental drift

• oceanic ridgesaccept ocean floor spreading

• formation of (new) mountain rangesaccept fold mountains or mountains increasing in height_

• formation of (new) islands

• magnetic stripes

• tsunamis2

[5]

M12. (a) oxygen and nitrogen1

20 – 21 % and 78 – 80 %

accept any two correct responses in the correct space for one mark

1

(b) (i) acid rainaccept toxic gas or consequence of acid rain

1

(ii) idea of the removal or use of sulfurdioxide gas (from the waste gases)

do not accept remove sulfur from coal1

(iii) oxygenaccept O2

1

wateraccept H2Oaccept hydrogen oxide / steam

1

(c) any two from:

• it’s a ‘greenhouse gas’ or increase greenhouse effectaccept action of a ‘greenhouse gas’

• causes global warming or increase in the Earth’s temperature

• sea-levels rise or flooding

• climate change

• (polar) ice-caps melt

• extension of desertsmention of ozone / acid rain / global dimming = max 1 mark

2

(d) idea trap / store / lock the carbon dioxide1

in the oil reservoir or under the sea beddo not accept ‘into the oil’ / ‘under the sea’

1[10]

M13. (a) coreignore outer or inner

1

mantle1

(b) (i) carbon dioxideaccept formula CO2

1

oxygenaccept formulae O2 / O

1

(ii) 4%1

(iii) carbon dioxide has decreased / from 95% to 0%1

oxygen has increased / from 0% to 21%1

any one from:

(carbon dioxide decrease)

• carbon dioxide used during photosynthesis / by plants

• carbon dioxide dissolves in oceans

• carbon dioxide is locked up in rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels

(oxygen increase)

• oxygen released during photosynthesis / by plants1

[8]

M14. (a) (i) core1

(ii) plate (boundaries)accept parts of the crust

ignore crust alone1

sudden movement / collidingaccept movement but ignore movement apart

or

normally move a few centimetres per yearaccept continental drift

1

convection currents / driven by heat from radioactive processes / decayidea of source of energy for the movement

1

the idea of uncertainty with an explanation

eg scientists do not know (with any certainty)

• what happens under the crust

• where the forces / pressure are building up

• we cannot measure the forces

• when the forces reach their limit ignore references to volcanoes

1

(b) (i) 78

(ii) marks awarded for any 2 gases from the following 3 gasesmax 3 marks from CO2

1

any four from:ignore references to respiration

carbon dioxide has decreased:

• used by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)

• during photosynthesis (must be linked to CO2 decrease)

• ‘locked up’ in (sedimentary) rocks / carbonates / fossil fuels

• dissolved in oceans

and / or

oxygen has increased because:

• released by plants / bacteria (stromatolites)

• during photosynthesis (must be linked to O2 increase)

and / or

nitrogen has increased because

• ammonia reacted with oxygen (to release nitrogen)

• nitrogen is released by bacteria4

[10]

M15. (a) any three from:accept reverse answers if unambiguousdo not accept just different throughout

3

less / little / not much carbon dioxide or give a %age < 1%

more / a lot of nitrogen or give 78-80%

(more) / (some) oxygen or give a %age 20-21%do not accept more “other gases”

references to pollutant gases in general or named examplese.g. CO, SO2, NO, NOX etc.

more / some water (vapour)

some / 1% argonignore other noble gases

ozone (layer) on earth

(b) any two from:

removed carbon dioxideignore reference to respiration /photosynthesis unless qualified

released oxygen

caused carbon from carbon dioxide tobecome locked in sedimentary rocks

the oxygen they produced reacted withmethane and ammonia

produced nitrogen (must be linked to fourth point)accept correct word / symbol equation for photosynthesis for 2 marksconverted / changed CO2 to oxygen for 2 marks

2[5]

M16. (a) (i) X – mantle1

Y – inner coredo not accept solid core

1

(ii) different to the crust or contains a lot of (heavy) metalsaccept iron and nickel for metals

1

higher (average) density or denserdensity higher than 5500 (kg/m3) gets 2 marks

1

(b) animals were able to move from one continent to the other1

(when bridge broke) animals evolved differently accept animals adapteddifferently

1

(c) (i) earthquakes occur at the boundarybetween plates or earthquakes occur

where plates push against each other1

there are no plate boundaries running through Britain1

(ii) convection currents (in the mantle)or heat released by (natural) radioactive processes

accept Britain is not near the edge of a plate1

[9]

M17. (a) hydrogenaccept correct symbols but not H2

1

carbon1

(b) (i) wateraccept H2O

1

(ii) limewater / calcium hydroxideaccept Ca(OH)2

1

(iii) milky / cloudy / chalky / white1

(c) (i) remains almost the same / increases then decreases slightly from1000 to 1800

1

increases / rises after 18001

rapidly (owtte)1

(ii) increased burning of hydrocarbon / (fossil) fuels, etc. or

increased use of fuelsaccept deforestationaccept (more) cars / lorries / planes etc.accept power stationsdo not accept just ‘factories’

1[9]

M18. (a) (i) crust1

(ii) inner core is soliddo not accept just rock

1

outer core is liquidinner core is denser / hotter than outer core gets 2 marksaccept one is solid and one is liquid for 1 markaccept they are different densities for 1 markwrong way round = 0 marks

1

(b) seismograph1

[4]

M19. (a) (i) water vapour given out from volcanoaccept steamnot hydrogen and oxygen combiningto form water

1

condensedaccept rain / clouds formed just ‘cools’ is insufficient

1

(b) nitrogen (left) N

do not accept N1

oxygen (right) Odo not accept O

1[4]

M20. (a) Quality of written communicationfor any two ideas sensibly stated

1

any three from:

• plants take in (CO2)

accept photosynthesis uses (CO )

• converted to glucose / starch / carbohydratesignore carbon compounds by itself

• CO2 locked up in fossil fuelsaccept coal / oil / natural gas / methane for fossil fuels

• CO2 reacts with / dissolves (sea)wateraccept ocean removes CO2

• producing hydrogencarbonatesaccept carbonic acid

• producing carbonatesaccept named carbonates

• marine animals use carbonates to make shellsdo not accept bones

• forms sedimentary rocksaccept limestone / chalkaccept marbledo not accept sediments alone

3

(b) any two from:

• burning of fossil fuels or cars /industry / air travel / power stations

ignore increase in populationignore more use of electricity

• natural processes cannot absorb all the extra CO2

• deforestationaccept less photosynthesisignore volcanic activityaccept burn trees

2[6]

M21. (a) fossils of Cynognathus are found in Africa and South America1

the shapes ………. almost fit togetheronly two boxes should be ticked deduct 1 mark for each additional box to a minimum mark of 0

1

(b) continental1

crust1

tectonic1

[5]

M22. • heat released from (natural) radioactive decay1

• causes convection (currents) in the mantle / underneath the crustdo not accept in the magma

1[2]

M23. (a) respiration

combustion1 mark each

2

(b) methane

water1 mark eachaccept steamdo not accept natural gas for methanedo not accept hydrogen oxide

2

(c) greenhouse effect (increased)accept (global) warmingaccept polar ice caps meltaccept rising sea levelsaccept problems with climatic changedo not accept changes to the weather or acid rain

1[5]

M24. air or oxygen;oxygen;heat;carbon dioxide;water;chemical

for 1 mark each[6]

M25. (a) 95% (1 mark for working)2

(b) Much less carbon dioxideMuch more nitrogen

2

(c) Plants take up CO2 plants give out oxygenwhen they die trap CO2 in rocks and fossil fuelsmethane and ammonia reacted with oxygennitrogen gas producedby reaction of oxygen and ammoniaand by denitryfying bacteriaformation of ozone layer

any 4 for 1 mark each4

[8]

M26. (a) (i) convection currentsin the mantle (1)driven by heat (1)from radioactive processes (1)

3

(ii) plates moving apartmagma rises to fill gapforms new rock

each for 1 mark3

(b) Rock further from ridge is oldermore time for sediment to settle

each for 1 mark2

[8]

##

(a) oxygen/O2

for 1 mark1

(b) water/H2Ofor 1 mark

1

(c) carbon dioxide/CO2

(if symbols are used they must be correct)for 1 mark

1

(d) gives outfor 1 mark

1

heat or energy (2 independent marks)for 1 mark

1[5]

##

nitrogen – Gas A (or N2) (N) = 1)oxygen – Gas B (or O2) (O)

for 1 mark each[2]

M29. air/gasesoxygen O2

chemical change/reactiongasescarbon dioxide/CO2

water [vapour] H2O(heat or heat energy or energy)

for 1 mark each[7]

M30. (a) amount of CO2 (much) loweramount of O2 (much) higheramount of N2 (much) higher (owtte.)less other gases/less NH3/less CH4

any 2 for 2 marks2

(b) 4 points from:plants (evolved)/photosynthesis/algaetake in CO2

give out O2

water vapour condensedozone formed from oxygenless CO2 is produced now from volcanic activityCO2 from air trapped in sedimentary rocks or fossil fuelsnitrogen produced by bacteria/living organisms/microbes/decay of deadorganisms (not nitrifying bacteria, nitrogen fixing 4 bacteria)nitrogen produced by reaction of NH3 with O2/decomposition of NH3

nitrogen builds up because it is unreactive(Assume answer refers to today’s atmosphere)

any 4 for 1 mark each4

[6]

M31. (a) C16 H34

for 1 mark1

(b) electrongains 1 mark

but shared electrons gains 2 marks

2[3]

M32. (a) Layer A = crust / tectonic plates / (not named type of rock)Layer B = mantle / magma

each for 1 mark2

(b) Layer C is liquid / molten (accept mostly liquid) but layer D is solidLayer D is more dense than layer C. / accept they have different densitiesLayer D is hotter than layer C. / accept they have different temperatures(Do not accept hardness / viscosity)

any one for 1 mark1

[3]

M33. (a) (i) burning / breathing / respiration / fuels / foodfor 1 mark each

2

(ii) 1. rock is heated / subducted (owtte) / close to magma / melted1. rock is decomposed / carbon dioxide released through volcanoes

for 1 mark each2

(b) carbon dioxide reacts / dissolves in sea-water / dissolves in rain waterinsoluble carbonates / calcium carbonate are / is formed carbon dioxide turned into shells / coral / limestone / chalk / sediments also soluble hydrogencarbonates (calcium / magnesium) are formed photosynthesis by plants

any three for 1 mark each3

(c) (i) sea unable to absorb all the extra carbon dioxide being producedmore trees being cut down / deforestation increased burning of fuels / more cars / more industry (not more people)

any one for 1 mark1

(ii) global warming / greenhouse effect or effects such as melting ice caps /rising sea levels / climatic change / more deserts(not changes to ozone layer)

for one mark1

[9]

M34. (a) any two 1 mark each

burning / combustion

fossil fuels or (locked up) carbonaccept fuel / named fuel

oxygen used2

(b) any three from

produces (calcium) carbonate

which is insoluble

produces (calcium) hydrogencarbonate

which is soluble

photosynthesis

releases oxygen3

[5]

M35. (a) (i) nitrogen (gas) or N2

if only the formula is given it must be correct in every detail1

(ii) argon (gas) or Ar1

(iii) oxygen (gas) or O2

1

(b) vapour1

evaporating1

sea(s)1

condenses1

(c) volcanoes or volcanic activity or the sea(s)allow carbonates(s) (rocks)do not credit inside

1[8]

-

##

(a) either any two points (1) each from

* (surface) below 100 °C (the surface) below the boiling pointof water

* (allowed the) condensation (of water vapour)accept (rate of) condensation greater than (the rate of) evaporation

* from the atmosphereaccept from the air

or condensed water (vapour) (1)was pulled by gravity into depressions (1)

or idea of impervious sea bed

or from comets (which crashed on the Earth) (1)

ice (from these) melted (1)2

(b) any two processes (1) each from

* dissolving in (sea) water

* (taken in during) photosynthesisaccept taken in by algae or plants

• formation of carbonate(s)or calcium carbonate or chalk orcalcite

accept formation of shells or bones or corals2

[4]

M37. (a) (i) mantle1

(ii) coreor outer core do not credit inner core

1

(b) (i) nitrogenaccept N2 only

1

(ii) oxygenaccept O2 only

1

(iii) argonaccept Araccept inert gas(es) or noble gas(es) not just 'other gases'

1

(c) any two from

* earthquake(s)or tremor(s) or seismic waves or tsunami not tidal waves

* volcano(es)or volcanic activity / sill(s) dyke(s) / lava flow(s)

* (oceanic) trench(es)/ destructive marginsaccept named feature e.g. Pacific Trench accept vents

* rift(s)accept named feature e.g. Great Rift Valley not valleys

* subduction / collision zonesaccept fault(s)

* (oceanic) ridges / constructive marginsrecycling of rocks accept named feature

* forms new islandse.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2

(d) (i) hydrogendo not credit H

1

(ii) oxygendo not credit air accept O2

1[9]

M38. (a) (i) convection (currents)accept (currents) which move the plates

1

(ii) less dense (molten) rock / magma rises / moves upor more dense (molten) rock / magma falls / moves down

1

heat (is transferred / conducted) to the mantle / crust

(resulting from natural) radioactive processes (in the core)

1

or radioactivityaccept radiation provided there is nocontradiction as in, for example, radiation from the Sunor fissiondo not credit fusion

1

(b) any two from

(formation of fold) mountainsor deformation(s)

hot springsdo not credit just springs

(oceanic) ridges

(oceanic) trench(es)

rift(s)

seismic waves

subductionor recycling of rocks

tsunami(s)do not credit tidal waves

volcano(es)or volcanic activity / sill(s) dyke(s) lava flow(s)

2[6]

M39. (a) nitrogen and oxygenboth required either order

1

(b) (i) any two from

(atmosphere) is now cooler water vapour has condensedto form sea(s) / ocean(s)

2

(ii) any two from

has dissolved in / reacted with seawater has formed carbonates(evolution of green) plants removed by photosynthesishas formed fossil fuels

2

(c) (i) 225accept any date in the Triassic period225 – 191 (mya)do not credit 190 (mya)

1

(ii) on different (tectonic) platesor answer refers to African and South American plates

1

(movement) due to convection currents in the mantle1

due to energy / heat from the coreor due to radioactivity

1[9]

M40. (a) a chemical1

(b) oxygen1

[2]

M41. (a) heat/light1

(b) any reference to the products being (colourless) gases/smoke1

[2]

##

hydrogencarbon

in any order each for 1 mark[2]

M43. (a) each bar correct height_ (2 bars) to less than ½ square1 mark for each

both bars correctly labelled (in relation to size of bars)for 1 mark

3

(b) lessgains 1 mark

but a lot less / much less / 18 times less or more if referring to coalgains 2 marks

2

(c) (i) carbonsulphur

for 1 mark each2

(ii) ideas that

• at high temperatures, (produced when fuels burn)

• nitrogen and oxygen from atmosphere combine / reactfor 1 mark each

2[9]

M44. (a) (i) oxygen (not air)

(ii) oxides/monoxides/dioxidesfor 1 mark each

Do not allow specific examples2

(b) (i) water

(ii) sulphur

(iii) carbonfor 1 mark each

3

(c) gives out/releases heat/energyfor 1 mark

1

(d) (i) carbon dioxide

(ii) carbonfor 1 mark each

(allow correct symbols/formulae)2

[8]

M45. (a) substances/chemicals/compoundsgains 1 mark

but gases (accept vapours)gains 2 marks

heat (accept light)for 1 mark

3

(b) carbon dioxide/CO2

water (vapour)/H2Osulphur dioxide/SO2

(accept correct formulae)in any order for 1 mark each

3[6]

M46. (a) fuelsheat – allow light

for 1 mark each2

(b) gasesfor 1 mark

1[3]

M47. idea that:continents had not drifted apart at the end of the Permian periodcontinents had not drifted apart 230 million years ago*continents moved apart before the Jurassic periodcontinents moved apart prior to 195 million years ago*continents moved apart in Triassic period(* credit single figure in range 195-230 million years ago)

any 3 for 1 mark each with 1 mark[3]

M48. (a) (i) oxygenair

each for 1 mark2

(ii) carbon dioxidefor 1 mark

1

(b) 30 seconds 5 inclusivefor 1 mark

1[4]

##

carbon;hydrogen (any order)

each for 1 mark[2]

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