Sri Lanka's social policy as an emerging middle income country: How can PRC's development assistance...

8/4/2019 Sri Lanka's social policy as an emerging middle income country: How can PRC's development assistance help maki

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Nb~m ^x}h{ ie^zk Cbegb$~ inkbc Vickn{ b~ be M`mzdked @khhcm K eni`m Ni}exz{?

Nbe VZN$~ Hmqmciv`mex B~~k~xbenm Lmcv ke @ bgkedDzitxl ke ^zk Cbegb @ izm Kenc}~kqm

Tizgked Vbvmz aiz Nieamzmenm ie @bgked Dzitxl Kenc}~kqm? Nlbccmedm~ behIvvizx}ekxkm~ aiz B~kb$~ @khhcm Keni`m Ni}exzkm~ beh xlm Zmdkie*

2> ^mvxm`jmz :622Kehiem~kb

Inxijmz :622

Vzmvbzmh j{@ke}zk B`bzb~}zk{b# Dmmxlb @b{bh}eem# K~lbzb Zbxleb{bgm

beh G% Zi`m~l}e

:; Dzmdiz{~ Zibh# Nici`ji 4# ^zk CbegbXmc? ';8 22 :141;==-


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Bjjzmqkbxkie~ beh Bnzie{`~

BHJ B~kbe Hmqmciv`mex JbegJIK Jibzh ia Keqm~x`mexNMVB Nmexzm aiz Viqmzx{ Bebc{~k~

HN^ Hmvbzx`mex ia Nme~}~ beh ^xbxk~xkn~MZH M|xmzebc Zm~i}znm Hmvbzx`mexABI Aiih beh Bdzkn}cx}zbc Izdbek~bxkieAHK Aizmkde Hkzmnx Keqm~x`mex~DHV Dzi~~ Hi`m~xkn Vzih}nxLKM^ Li}~mlich Keni`m beh M|vmehkx}zm ^}zqm{LHK L}`be Hmqmciv`mex Kehm|LVK L}`be Viqmzx{ Kehm|KAVZK Kexmzebxkiebc Aiih Vickn{ Zm~mbznl Ke~xkx}xmK@Z Keabex @izxbckx{ Zbxm@HD~ @kccmeek}` Hmqmciv`mex Dibc~@KN @khhcm Keni`m Ni}exz{

@@Z @bxmzebc @izxbckx{ ZbxmENH~ Eie Ni``}eknbjcm Hk~mb~m~VB Vmivcm~ BcckbenmVZN Vmivcm~ Zmv}jckn ia Nlkeb^VK ^inkbc Vzixmnxkie Kehm|]DN ]ekqmz~kx{ Dzbex~ Ni``k~~kie]EHV ]ekxmh Ebxkie~ Hmqmciv`mex Vzidzb``m]EV ]ekxmh Ebxkiebc Vbzx{]VAB ]ekxmh Vmivcm~ Azmmhi` BcckbenmTJ Tizch Jbeg


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Xbjcm ia Niexmex~

2% Kexzih}nxkie %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 2:% Vbvmz ^xz}nx}zm beh @mxlihicid{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

>% Kenc}~kqm Dzitxl Nb~m ia ^zk Cbegb %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >b% Vickn{ kekxkbxkqm~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >j% Mniei`kn Hmqmciv`mex beh Viqmzx{ Cmqmc~ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8n% ^inkbc Hmqmciv`mex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% = vmznmex ia DHV azi` xlm vzm~mex :=vmznmex# vbkzmh tkxl be bvvzivzkbxm ~}vvizxkqm `bnzimniei`kn meqkzie`mex% Vi~xtbz ^zk Cbegb lb~ be kexmzebc beh m|xmzebc meqkzie`mex tkxl abqizbjcm abnxiz~ aiz xlmni}exz{ xi ~v}z kenc}~kqm dzitxl beh hmqmciv`mex# kenc}hked k`vziqmh keqm~xiz

nieakhmenm# abqi}zbjcm `bnzimniei`kn niehkxkie~ beh xlm dzbh}bc zmniqmz{ ia xlmdcijbc mniei`{ azi` iem ia xlm hmmvm~x zmnm~~kie~ ke lk~xiz{ ,Nmexzbc Jbeg :626+%

^zk Cbegb~ bnlkmqm`mex ni`m~ tkxl xlm jbnghziv ia zmvizxmh lkdl bnlkmqm`mex kexlm ~inkbc ~mnxiz% ^zk Cbegb k~ nie~khmzmh b `ihmc ke xlk~ zm~vmnx bnlkmqked b qmz{lkdl cmqmc ia hmqmciv`mex ke xlm mh}nbxkie beh lmbcxl ~mnxiz~% Xlm lkdlbnlkmqm`mex~ ke xlm~m ~mnxiz~ h}zked xlm 2;;6~ ~bt b hkv ke cbxmz {mbz~ h}m xi}ehmzkeqm~x`mex# nieacknx beh cbng ia b ~xzbxmdkn hkzmnxkie# beh ^zk Cbegb~bnlkmqm`mex~ bzm eit nie~khmzmh xi jm ~ckvvked ,BHJ 2;;


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:

nzmbxmh be bxxzbnxkqm meqkzie`mex aiz j}~kem~~m~ xi aci}zk~l beh nzmbxm oij~% Tlkc~xNlkeb~ m|vmzkmenm ke Xite~lkv beh Qkccbdm Mexmzvzk~m~ xlbx hmqmcivmh ~`bcc beh`mhk}` mexmzvzk~m~# xlm Li}~mlich Zm~vie~kjkckx{ ^{~xm` tlknl k`vziqmhbdzkn}cx}zbc vzih}nxkqkx{ beh ke vicknkm~) vzbnxknm~ xlbx mebjcmh kx xi jmni`m xlmcbzdm~x hm~xkebxkie aiz aizmkde hkzmnx keqm~x`mex `b{ eix jm xixbcc{ zmvcknbjcm ke ^zkCbegb# xlmzm bzm b~vmnx~ tkxlke xlbx bvvzibnl xlbx ^zk Cbegb nbe m`}cbxm ke mebjcked

kenc}~kqm hmqmciv`mex% ^k`kcbzc{ bebc{~k~ ia ~inkbc vzbnxknm~ ia xlm VZN ti}ch bc~ivziqkhm kev}x~ aiz ^zk Cbegb~ ~inkbc vickn{ xlbx ti}ch melbenm mr}kxbjcm beh~}~xbkebjcm hmqmciv`mex% Kehkb$~ dzitxl m|vmzkmenm# tlkcm lkdlmz xlbe `be{ ixlmzhmqmcivked ni}exzkm~# tb~ ~xkcc cm~~ xlbe xlm zbvkh dzitxl m|vmzkmenmh j{ Nlkeb% Xlm~x}h{ ti}ch bc~i ciig bx xlm hmqmciv`mex m|vmzkmenm ia Kehkb ~vmnkaknbcc{ ke lmbcxlbeh ~inkbc vzixmnxkie%

^xbzxked tkxl xlm Z}jjmzZknm Vbnx ke 2;=: beh xlm m~xbjck~l`mex ia a}cc hkvci`bxknxkm~ akqm {mbz~ cbxmz# Nlkeb lb~ dzite xi jmni`m ^zk Cbegb~ cbzdm~x bkh hieiz# behxlm jkddm~x keqm~xiz niexzkj}xked 88 vmznmex ia m|xmzebc akebenm hk~j}z~mh xi ^zkCbegb ke :626% Dkqme xlm VZN~ ab~x vbnmh hmqmciv`mex beh jmked ^zk Cbegb~ cbzdm~xhieiz# xlk~ vbvmz ciig~ bx vi~~kjkckxkm~ aiz cm~~ie~ azi` xlm VZN~ hmqmciv`mex

vzinm~~ beh xlm vi~~kjkckxkm~ ia kexmdzbxked xlm` kexi xlm VZN~ hmqmciv`mexb~~k~xbenm xi ^zk Cbegb%

:% Vbvmz xz}nx}zm beh @ mxlihicid{Xlm vbvmz nie~k~x~ ia xlzmm ~mnxkie~% Xlm akz~x ~mnxkie m|vcbke~ tlbx kenc}~kqm dzitxlk~ tkxl hmakekxkie~ beh kx~ k`vizxbenm aiz be m`mzdked mniei`{% Kx tkcc bc~i hk~n}~~xlm vzm~mex ^zk Cbegbe ~inkimniei`kn ~kx}bxkie vb{ked bxxmexkie xi xlmdiqmze`mex~ vickn{ azb`mtizg beh mcbjizbxm~ xlm nlbzbnxmzk~xkn~ ia viqmzx{zmh}nxkie beh kenc}~kqm dzitxl vicknkm~ iqmz xlm vb~x {mbz~ beh lit kx lb~niexzkj}xmh xi xlm vzm~mex bnlkmqm`mex~% Xlk~ bebc{~k~ zmqmbc~ ~}nnm~~m~ beh

hzbtjbng~ ia ~inkbc vicknkm~ beh kx~ k`vcm`mexbxkie beh ~}ddm~x~ bzmb~)~mnxiz~ xlbxzmr}kzm a}zxlmz bxxmexkie% Xlm ~mnieh ~mnxkie m|vcizm~ xlm cm~~ie~ xlbx ^zk Cbegb nbecmbze azi` b cbzdmz @khhcm Keni`m Ni}exz{ ,@KN+ ckgm xlm VZN beh Kehkb% Xlm ~mnxkieain}~m~ ie gm{ bzmb~ ke ~inkbc vicknkm~ kenc}hked lmbcxl# mh}nbxkie# ~inkbc vzixmnxkiebeh be bdked viv}cbxkie% Xlm bebc{~k~ ti}ch ~}ddm~x tlbx ^zk Cbegb nbecmbze)nbeeix cmbze azi` xlm hmqmciv`mex m|vmzkmenm ia xlm VZN beh Kehkb%

Xlm xlkzh ~mnxkie m|vcizm~ xlm nlbzbnxmzk~xkn~ ia hmqmciv`mex bkh azi` xlm VZN xi ^zkCbegb tlknl lb~ kenzmb~mh ~}j~xbexkbcc{ ~kenm :664# beh tlmxlmz kx lb~ niexzkj}xmhxi viqmzx{ zmh}nxkie beh kenc}~kqm dzitxl ke ^zk Cbegb% Xlm ~mnxkie ain}~m~ ie b amthmqmciv`mex vziomnx~ a}ehmh j{ xlm VZN beh mcbjizbxm~ ie xlmkz i}xv}x~ behk`vbnx~ ie viqmzx{ beh kenc}~kqm dzitxl% Xlm ~x}h{ k~ jb~mh ie ~mniehbz{ ~i}znm~beh gm{ vmz~ie kexmzqkmt~ hzbtked hbxb beh keaiz`bxkie aiz xlm bebc{~k~ beh ieNMVB~ ite bhqk~iz{ beh zm~mbznl tizg%


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>

>% Kenc}~kqm dzitxl Nb~m ia ^zk Cbegbb% Vickn{ kekxkbxkqm~^zk Cbegb~ vickn{ ~kenm kehmvmehmenm beh }exkc xlm `kh 2;46~ lb~ lbh b lkdlm`vlb~k~ ie l}`be nbvkxbc hmqmciv`mex# tmcabzm beh ketbzh ciigked hmqmciv`mexvicknkm~% Xlm m`vlb~k~ ie tmcabzm ia xlm viv}cbxkie iqmz xlm {mbz~ zm~}cxmh ke xlm

bnlkmqm`mex ia b ~kdekaknbex cmqmc ia l}`be beh ~inkbc hmqmciv`mex% Xlm~m vicknkm~kenc}hm#

Mh}nbxkie ke Diqmze`mex ~nliic~ jmked `bhm azmm ia nlbzdm ke 2;>< b~ bnie~mr}menm ia xlm ]ekqmz~bc Azbenlk~m dzbexmh ke 2;>2% Xlm niciekbcmh}nbxkie vicknkm~ lbh nzmbxmh ~inkimniei`kn# mxlekn# zmckdki}~ beh zmdkiebchk~vbzkxkm~ ke xlm vziqk~kie ia mh}nbxkie beh kx~ i}xni`m%

^}j~khk~bxkie ia xlm ni~x ia aiih xi nie~}`mz~# jmd}e ke 2;8>% B aiih zbxkie ~{~xm` tb~ kexzih}nmh ke 2;8%

Bji}x iem xlkzh ia xlm j}hdmxbz{ m|vmehkx}zm ,26 vmznmex ia xlm DHV+ tb~bccinbxmh aiz tmcabzm vb{`mex~ kenc}hked mh}nbxkie# lmbcxl beh aiih ~}j~khkm~ke xlm 2;=6~ beh 2;16~ ,Zbxleb{bgm 2;; beh 44%; aiz `bcm~ beh am`bcm~# zm~vmnxkqmc{ ke :626% Vzk`bz{ emx~nliic mezic`mex zbxki k~ 2 B~kbe beh Vbnkakn ni}exzkm~ aiz tlknl BHJ^VK~ lbqmjmme nbcn}cbxmh7 kx k~ xlm lkdlm~x zbegmh ^i}xl B~kbe ebxkie ,BHJ :664+% Xlmvicknkm~ dmbzmh xitbzh~ tmcabzm vzkiz xi 2;44# dbqm lkdl vzkizkx{ xi mr}kx{ zbxlmzxlbe dzitxl% H}zked 2;4644 zm~i}znm bccinbxkie tb~ hiem xlzi}dl b nmexzbcc{vcbeemh `mnlbek~`# vzkqbxm ~mnxiz bnxkqkxkm~ tmzm `kek`bc beh k`vizx ~}j~xkx}xkietb~ vzi`ixmh% Ke bhhkxkie# vicknkm~ k`vcm`mexmh ke xlm mbzc{ 2;46~ tkxl zm~vmnx xicbeh zmaiz`~# keni`m nmkcked beh ebxkiebck~bxkie xmehmh xi zmhk~xzkj}xm keni`m keabqi}z ia xlm viiz% Litmqmz# xli~m vicknkm~ jb~knbcc{ ain}~ked ie tmcabzm lbh bhqmz~mnie~mr}menm~ ie vzih}nxkie bnxkqkxkm~ beh xl}~ ~citmh hite xlm dzitxl vzinm~~%

Xlm nlbedm ia diqmze`mex ke 2;44 `bzgmh b x}zeked vikex ke ~inkimniei`kn vicknkm~ke xlm vi~x kehmvmehmenm mzb% Xlm emt diqmze`mex nie~khmzmh dzitxl b~ xlm `boizmniei`kn ijomnxkqm% Xl}~# ~xz}nx}zbc bho}~x`mex~ xi ckjmzbck~m xlm mniei`{ beh

i}xtbzh ciigked vicknkm~ tmzm bhivxmh% Xlm~m vicknkm~# litmqmz# tmzm ai}eh cbngkedke vziqkhked xlm dzitxl hkqkhmeh xi xlm z}zbc viiz% Xl}~# ke bhhkxkie xi z}zbchmqmciv`mex vziomnx~# b ~vmnkakn viqmzx{ bccmqkbxkie vzidzb``m# Obeb~bqk{b# tb~kexzih}nmh ke xlm cbxm 2;


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8

ia mniei`kn dzitxl# xlm `bzgmx izkmexmh dzitxl vicknkm~ bhivxmh baxmz xlmckjmzbck~bxkie zm~}cxmh ke mniei`kn dzitxl tkxl }emqme keni`m hk~xzkj}xkie b`iedxlm viv}cbxkie%

Xlm vzk`bz{ ijomnxkqm ia xlm~m hmqmciv`mex vzidzb``m~ tb~ vziviiz dzitxltlknl k~ bc~i zmacmnxmh ke ^zk Cbegb~ Viqmzx{ Zmh}nxkie ^xzbxmd{ hmqmcivmh ke {mbz

:666 xkxcmh ^zk Cbegb? B Azb`mtizg aiz Viqmzx{ Zmh}nxkie% Xlm xlzmm `boiz vkccbz~ iaxlm ~xzbxmd{ tmzm nzmbxked ivvizx}ekxkm~ aiz xlm viiz xi vbzxknkvbxm ke mniei`kndzitxl# ~xzmedxlmeked xlm ~inkbc vzixmnxkie ~{~xm`# beh m`vitmzked xlm viiz beh~xzmedxlmeked diqmzebenm%

Xlm xzmeh xitbzh~ kenc}~kqm hmqmciv`mex vicknkm~ inn}zzmh tkxl xlm bhivxkie iaXlmA}x}zm zmdbkeked ^zk Cbegbvickn{ ke {mbz :66: tlknl bk`mh bx iaamzked bcc vmivcmk`vziqmh lmbcxl# mh}nbxkie beh li}~ked# beh dzmbxmz ivvizx}ekxkm~ aiz vzih}nxkqmm`vci{`mex% Xlk~ ~xzbxmd{ hkzmnxkie tb~ a}zxlmz k`vziqmh tkxl xlm kexzih}nxkie ia@blkehb Nlkexlbeb? Qk~kie aiz b emt ^zk Cbegb? B xme {mbz lizkie hmqmciv`mex

azb`mtizg:661:621 tlknl vi~x}cbxmh xi k`vziqm dzitxl vzi~vmnx~ tkxl mr}kxbjcmhmqmciv`mex ke xlm ni}exz{# tkxl ~vmnkbc m`vlb~k~ ie xlm emmh~ ia cbddked zmdkie~%Xlm ~xzbxmd{ jb~mh ie xlm vickn{ }ehmzckm~ b cied xmz` b xme {mbz `bnzi mniei`knazb`mtizg tkxl be < vmznmex DHV dzitxl xbzdmx aiz xlm k``mhkbxm ~k| {mbz~ beh blkdlmz xbzdmx ia ;26 vmznmex xlmzmbaxmz% Tkxlke xlm `bnzi mniei`kn vbzb`mxmz~ xlmvzidzb``m kenc}hm~ b xme {mbz vickn{ azb`mtizg aiz xlm mniei`kn beh ~inkbc ~mnxiz~ia ^zk Cbegb% Kx m`vlb~k~m~ xlm emmh xi ~lbzm xlm jmemakx~ ia dzitxl bnzi~~ bcc~md`mex~ ia xlm viv}cbxkie beh bc~i xi vzmqmex kemr}kxkm~# ~inkbc m|nc}~kie behbhqmz~m meqkzie`mexbc zmvmzn}~~kie~ xlbx lbqm jmme tkxem~~mh ke ~i`m ia xlmzbvkhc{ dzitked mniei`km~ ckgm Nlkeb iz Kehkb tlknl iaamz emt `ihmc~ aizhmqmciv`mex%

j% Mniei`kn Hmqmciv`mex beh Viqmzx{ Cmqmc~Kenc}~kqm dzitxl k~ b nienmvx bhqinbxmh xi bnlkmqm be mr}kxbjcm beh ~}~xbkebjcmmniei`kn dzitxl% Kx zmamz~ xi b hmqmciv`mex vzinm~~ ke tlknl mqmz{ `m`jmz ia xlm~inkmx{ vbzxknkvbxm~ beh jmemakx~ azi` mniei`kn dzitxl ie be mr}kxbjcm jb~k~# tkxldzitxl jzibh-jb~mh bnzi~~ ~mnxiz~# beh kenc}~kqm ia b cbzdm vbzx ia xlm ni}exz{~cbji}z aiznm% Tlkc~x ^zk Cbegb k~ nzmhkxmh tkxl bnlkmqked b ~}~xbkemh = vmznmex 2bee}bc bqmzbdm dzitxl zbxm mqme h}zked xlm nieacknx {mbz~# xlm `mhkinzmhmqmciv`mex bnlkmqmh lb~ zm~}cxmh ke citmz bnlkmqm`mex~ ke vmz nbvkxb keni`m%Lmenm ^zk Cbegb~ hm~kzm xi dzit bx be bqmzbdm ia < vmznmex ~i xlbx kx nbe zmbnl xlm]^H 8#666 vmz nbvkxb keni`m tkxlke b ~lizx vmzkih ia xk`m% H}zked xlm cb~x amt {mbz~xlm bqmzbdm dzitxl zbxm lb~ kenzmb~mh xi 1 vmznmex tkxl b lkdl < vmznmex dzitxlh}zked :626% Xlm k`vziqked dzitxl zbxm~ lbqm mebjcmh ^zk Cbegb xi zmh}nm iqmzbccviqmzx{ cmqmc~% Xlm Li}~mlich Keni`m beh M|vmehkx}zm ^}zqm{ ,LKM^+ ia xlmHmvbzx`mex ia Nme~}~ beh ^xbxk~xkn~ ,HN^+ kehknbxm~ xlbx b ~lbzv beh ~xmbh{ hmnckemke viqmzx{ beh nie~}`vxkie kemr}bckx{ k~ tkxem~~mh bx ebxkiebc cmqmc beh bnzi~~ bcc

vziqkenm~# iqmz xlm cb~x hmnbhm% Xlm Lmbhni}ex zbxki iz xlm vmznmexbdm e}`jmz iavmz~ie~ ckqked jmcit xlm iaaknkbc nie~}`vxkie viqmzx{ ckem hmnzmb~mh azi` ::%4vmznmex ke :66: xi 2=%4 vmznmex ke :661)4 beh xi


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=

dzitxl k~ nienmzemh tkxl ivvizx}ekxkm~ aiz xlm `boizkx{ ia xlm cbjiz aiznm# viiz beh`khhcmncb~~ bckgm% Xlm dzitxl kenkhmenm n}zqm~ ~lit xlbx jmxtmme :66::661dzitxl k~ vi~kxkqm# lkdl beh ìzm iz cm~~ mr}bcc{ ~vzmbh iqmz bcc keni`m hmnkcm~% Kx k~xlm ckgmc{ v}~l abnxiz tlknl ìqmh xlm viiz i}x ia viqmzx{ iz vbqmh xlm tb{ aizvmivcm xi ìqm i}x ia viqmzx{ ke xlm vmzkih xlbx aiccitmh% Hm~vkxm dzitxl jmkedcitmz ke xlm :661:66; vmzkih# xlm qmz{ lkdl dzitxl zbxm ke xlm k``mhkbxmc{

vzmnmhked vmzkih# xlbx k~ jmxtmme :66::661 m|vcbke~ xlm hmnckem ke iqmzbcc viqmzx{azi` 2=%: vmznmex ke :664 xi %4 vmznmex# zm~vmnxkqmc{ ke :626% Ke ckem tkxl xlm ni}exz{~ xzmeh iazmh}nked viqmzx{# xlm ]qb beh ^bjbzbdb`}tb vziqkenm~ hi ~lit b hziv ia embzc{ 2=

vmznmexbdm vikex~ ke viqmzx{ ke zmcbxkie xi :661)4% Xlm Eizxl: beh Mb~x ia ^zk Cbegblbqm meh}zmh be bz`mh nieacknx aiz xlzmm hmnbhm~# baamnxked xlmkz vzih}nxkqm nbvbnkx{beh zmr}kzked ~}j~xbexkbc keqm~x`mex ke jixl ~inkbc beh mniei`kn keazb~xz}nx}zm xik`vziqm xlk~ bzmb~ nbvbnkx{ xi niexzkj}xm xi xlm ebxkiebc mniei`{%

: Nieacknx lbh baamnxmh xlm ~{~xm`bxkn niccmnxkie ia hbxb beh ~xbxk~xkn~ ie xlm EizxlmzeVziqkenm%

8%6

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6%6

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1%6

8 = 1 4 < ; 26

Dzitxl

zbxm

Llhkeni`mhmnkcm~

Llh`mbekeni`mdzitxl

zbxm,-+:66::661

Llh`mbekeni`mdzitxl

zbxm,-+:661:66;


9/38

1

Akd}zm :? Kenkhmenm ia Viqmzx{ j{ V ziqkenm

^i}znm? Nlbzx jb~mh ie HN^# LKM^ :661)4# :66;)26

Tkxl viqmzx{ zmh}nked# kemr}bckx{ k~ bc~i ~litked b zmh}nked xzmeh beh xlm Dkeknimaaknkmex aiz xlm zmbc vmz nbvkxb nie~}`vxkie ke :66;)26 ~lit~ b ~kdekaknbex hziv kebcc vziqkenm~ ,Akd}zm >+% Litmqmz# ^zk Cbegb~ Dkeknimaaknkmex ia 6%84 kehknbxm~ xlbxxlmzm k~ ~xkcc ~}j~xbexkbc kemr}bckx{ ,Hmvbzx`mex ia Nme~}~ beh ^xbxk~xkn~ :622+%

Akd}zm >? Kemr}bckx{ j{ V ziqkenm

^i}znm? Nlbzx jb~mh ie HN^# LKM^ :661)4# :66;)26

Xlm ~xmbh{ hziv ke viqmzx{ ke xlm z}zbc ~mnxiz azi` :8%4 vmznmex ke :66: xi 2=%4vmznmex ke :661)4 beh ;%8 vmznmex ke :66;)26 k~ xlm `bke niexzkj}xiz aiz xlm}evzmnmhmexmh hziv ke viqmzx{ bx ebxkiebc cmqmc ,Akd}zm 8+% B xti xlkzh hziv keviqmzx{ ke xlm m~xbxm ~mnxiz tb~ tkxem~~mh jmxtmme :661)4 beh :66;)26% Litmqmz#xlm z}zbc beh vcbexbxkie)m~xbxm viv}cbxkie ~xkcc zm`bke~ zmcbxkqmc{ viizmz xlbe xlm}zjbe viv}cbxkie beh xlm z}zbc ~mnxiz niexzkj}xm~ 6

Viqmzx{Lmbh

ni}ex

zbxki,-+:661)64

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66%6=

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10/38

4

Akd}zm 8? Kenkhmenm ia Viqmzx{

î}znm? Nlbzx jb~mh ie HN^# LKM^ 2;;6);2# 2;;=);1# :66:# :661)4# :66;)26

Dzitxl Kenkhmenm N}zqm~ ~lite ke akd}zm = kehknbxm keni`m dzitxl bnzi~~ bcc keni`mdzi}v~# beh ìzm ~kdekaknbex dzitxl ke xlm `khhcm keni`m dzi}v~ m~vmnkbcc{ ke xlmm~xbxm ~mnxiz# aiccitmh j{ xlm z}zbc ~mnxiz% Bcxli}dl dzitxl k~ cit ke xlm citm~x xtihmnkcm~# xlm lkdl dzitxl ke xlm `khhcm keni`m hmnkcm~ k~ ckgmc{ xi lbqm zm~}cxmh ke xlmabcc ke viqmzx{ ke xlm m~xbxm ~mnxiz azi` >: vmznmex ke :664 xi 22%8 vmznmex ke:626# ke xlm z}zbc ~mnxiz azi` 2=%4 vmznmex xi ;%8 vmznmex# beh ke xlm }zjbe ~mnxizazi` 1%4 vmznmex xi =%> vmznmex ,Akd}zm =+%

Akd}zm =? Li}~mlich Keni` m Dzitxl Z bxm j{ Keni`m Hmnkcm~

î}znm? Dzitxl zbxm nbcn}cbxkie~ jb~mh ie HN^# LKM^ :661)4# :66;)26 hbxb

Jmxtmme :66::626# xlm ~mnxizbc ~lbzm~ ia DHV# ke zmbc xmz`~# zm`bkemh ìzm izcm~~ xlm ~b`m# kehknbxked xlbx xlm mniei`{ lbh zmbnlmh b vcbxmb} aiccitked b~xz}nx}zbc xzbe~aiz`bxkie iqmz xlm vzmqki}~ xti hmnbhm~% Ke :66::626 vmzkih# xlmbdzkn}cx}zm ~mnxiz ~lbzm ac}nx}bxmh bzi}eh 2> vmznmex# beh ~mzqknm~ beh keh}~xz{~mnxiz ~lbzm~ ac}nx}bxmh bzi}eh =; vmznmex beh :< vmznmex# zm~vmnxkqmc{ ,HN^qbzki}~ {mbz~ beh Nmexzbc Jbeg :626+% M`vci{`mex kenzmb~mh ~xmbhkc{ bnzi~~ bccmniei`kn ~mnxiz~# tkxl xlm zbxm ia }em`vci{`mex hmnzmb~ked qmz{ ~kdekaknbexc{

6

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keni`mdzitxlzbxm

,-+:661:66;

Z}zbcllh`mbe

keni`mdzitxlzbxm

,-+:661:66;


11/38

> vmznmex# keh}~xz{ bzi}eh :8 vmznmex beh~mzqknm~ bzi}eh 8> vmznmex%

Kenc}~kqm dzitxl zmr}kzm~ xlm nzmbxkie ia b nieh}nkqm meqkzie`mex aiz xlm hkaamzmex

~mnxiz~ xi k`vziqm vzih}nxkqkx{ cmqmc~# cbji}z kenc}~kie# beh jzibh jb~mh ~inkbcvicknkm~% Kx bc~i zmr}kzm~ vicknkm~ xlbx tkcc me~}zm lkdl# ~}~xbkemh beh maaknkmexmniei`kn dzitxl xi nzmbxm ~}aaknkmex e}`jmz~ ia vzih}nxkqm oij~ beh m|vbehmniei`kn ivvizx}ekx{ xi bcc% Cbji}z vzih}nxkqkx{ iz xlm dzitxl zbxm ia DHV ,ke zmbcxmz`~+ vmz vmz~ie m`vci{mh# kenzmb~mh ke bcc xlzmm ~mnxiz~ jmxtmme :66::626# tkxlxlm cmb~x kenzmb~m inn}zzked ke xlm bdzkn}cx}zm ~mnxiz ,Akd}zm 1+% Xlm ~xmbh{ kenzmb~mke cbji}z vzih}nxkqkx{ k~ ckgmc{ xi jm xlm gm{ abnxiz xlbx zm~}cxmh ke b ~xmbh{ abcc kenie~}`vxkie viqmzx{ cmqmc~ jmxtmme :66::626% Xlm vzih}nxkqkx{ cmqmc~ ke xlmbdzkn}cx}zbc ~mnxiz lbqm zm`bkemh ~xbdebex beh vmz~ie~ medbdmh ke bdzkn}cx}zm behnb~}bc tbdm cbji}zmz~ zm`bke xlm viizm~x ni``}ekxkm~ ,D}emtbzhmeb :664+%

Akd}zm 1? Cbji}z Vzih}nxkqkx{ j { Mniei`kn ^mnxiz~

î}znm? Nbcn}cbxkie~ jb~mh ie HN^ Cbji}z Aiznm ^}zqm{ Bee}bc Zmvizx~:66::66;# :626 hbxb# Ebxkiebc Bnni}ex~ ia ^zk Cbegb# :66::626

Ke b ~}``bz{ xlm bqmzbdm mniei`kn dzitxl zbxm ia ^zk Cbegb tlknl lbh jmme~xbdebex bx bzi}eh = vmznmex# lb~ ke zmnmex {mbz~ ~lite be }vtbzh xzmeh% Xlk~ lb~mebjcmh xlm zmh}nxkie ia viqmzx{7 beh keni`m dzitxl bebc{~k~ j{ hmnkcm~ zmqmbc~xlbx xlm dzitxl lb~ ~vzmbh mqmec{ bnzi~~ bcc hmnkcm~# kehknbxked xlbx xlm dzitxlbvvmbz~ xi jm kenc}~kqm% Litmqmz ~}j~xbexkbc kemr}bckx{ vmz~k~x~# cbzdmc{ ie bnni}ex iazmdkiebc hk~vbzkxkm~ ke keazb~xz}nx}zm# cbng ia vzih}nxkqkx{ ke bdzkn}cx}zm beh xlm xlzmm

hmnbhm cied nieacknx ke xlm Eizxl beh Mb~x%

n% înkbc Hmqmciv`mex^kenm kehmvmehmenm ~}nnm~~kqm diqmze`mex~ ia ^zk Cbegb lbqm vcbnmh m`vlb~k~ iexlm ~inkbc tmcabzm ia xlm ebxkie% Vziqk~kie ia m|xme~kqm lmbcxl ~mzqknm~ aiz xlm vb~x 16{mbz~ beh mh}nbxkie beh ixlmz abnkckxkm~ lbqm zm~}cxmh ke ni``mehbjcm bnlkmqm`mex~ke l}`be hmqmciv`mex b~ tmcc b~ jmked ie xzbng xi bxxbke xlm @HD xbzdmx~ mbzc{% ^zkCbegb~ l}`be hmqmciv`mex bnlkmqm`mex~ bzm qmz{ `}nl blmbh ia kx~ î}xl B~kbeemkdljiz~ beh ixlmz hmqmcivked ni}exzkm~%

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12/38

;

k% Mh}nbxkie^zk Cbegb~ bnlkmqm`mex~ ke mh}nbxkie bzm k`vzm~~kqm ni`vbzmh xi ixlmz hmqmcivkedni}exzkm~% Xlm zkdlx xi mh}nbxkie lb~ jmme zmnidek~mh aiz iqmz ~k| hmnbhm~ ke ^zkCbegb tkxl xlm vziqk~kie ia azmm mh}nbxkie beh kenmexkqm~ xlbx kenc}hm azmm xm|xjiig~# azmm ~nliic }ekaiz`~# ~}j~khk~mh xzbe~vizx beh ~vmnkbc mh}nbxkie vzidzb``m~aiz hk~bhqbexbdmh ~x}hmex~% Xlm vicknkm~ lbqm niexzkj}xmh xi zmh}nm ~inkimniei`kn#

mxlekn# zmckdki}~ beh zmdkiebc hk~vbzkxkm~ ke xlm vziqk~kie ia mh}nbxkie beh kx~i}xni`m~ iqmz xlm {mbz~% Kx ivmemh }v xlm hiiz~ ia lkdlmz mh}nbxkie xi xlm viiz%@izm nmexzbc ~nliic~ tmzm ivmemh tkxl b lkdl nienmexzbxkie ke z}zbc bzmb~% Xlk~ lb~kenzmb~mh ~nliic mezic`mex~# beh bxxmehbenm ia dkzc~ beh ji{~ b`ied xlm viiz#kenzmb~ked xlm r}bckx{ ia mh}nbxkie zmnmkqmh j{ xlm viiz ni``}ekxkm~% Xlmzm bzmlitmqmz k~~}m~ tkxl xlm r}bckx{ ia mh}nbxkie ~i zmnmkqmh beh kx~ }~m aiz dbkea}cm`vci{`mex%

Vzk`bz{ ~nliickedXlm emx mezicc`mex zbxm bx xlm vzk`bz{ cmqmc tb~ bjiqm


13/38

26

hk~bhqbexbdmh dmidzbvlknbc zmdkie~ ~}nl b~ xlm z}zbc lkexmzcbeh# nieacknx baamnxmhbzmb~ beh xlm m~xbxm ~mnxiz# iz bzm hkaamzmexc{bjcmh nlkchzme ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+%

Xli}dl ^zk Cbegb lb~ hiem tmcc ke vziqkhked }ekqmz~bc bnnm~~ xi jb~kn mh}nbxkie# xlm~x}hmex~ ke citmz dzbhm~ m|lkjkx tmbg vmzaiz`benm~ ke Medck~l# @bxlm`bxkn~ behcinbc cbed}bdm~ ,KV^ :626+% Xlm~m nizm ~gkcc~ bzm m~~mexkbc aiz lkdlmz mh}nbxkie beh

~mn}zked m`vci{`mex% Xlmzm bzm qbzkbxkie~ ke cmbzeked i}xni`m~ bìed vziqkenm~%

Akd}zm 4? Vzk`bz{ Mh}nbxkie Emx Mezic`mex Zbx ki beh Vzk`bz{ Ni`vcmxkieZbxki Vziqkenkbc Hkaamzmenm~

î}znm~? ^zk Cbegb Cbjiz Aiznm ^}zqm{~# qbzki}~ {mbz~7 ^vmnkbc ^}zqm{ ie @HD~# :661)64

Xlm ~mniehbz{ mh}nbxkie n{ncm k~ baamnxmh cbzdmc{ j{ xlm r}bckx{ ia ~nliicked b~ ~mmeazi` xlm vb~~ zbxm~ ia xlm Izhkebz{ Cmqmc ,I)C+ Dmemzbc Nmzxkaknbxm ia M|b`kebxkie,DNM+>% Xlm vzi~vmzi}~ beh bhqbenmh Tm~xmze Vziqkenm lb~ lkdlmz vb~~ zbxm~ tlkc~x

xlm viizmz beh hk~bhqbexbdmh zmdkie~ ia xlm Eizxl# Mb~x# Eizxl Nmexzbc# ]qb behNmexzbc Vziqkenm~ lbqm citmz vb~~ zbxm~% Bzi}eh 1: vmznmex ia xli~m ~kxxked xlm

Bhqbenmh Cmqmc ,B)C+ Dmemzbc Nmzxkaknbxm ia M|b`kebxkie ,DNM+8 r}bcka{ xi mexmz xlm^zk Cbegbe ]ekqmz~kxkm~% Litmqmz xlm 2= diqmze`mex `bebdmh }ekqmz~kxkm~ nbe iec{bnni`ìhbxm bzi}eh 21 vmznmex ia xli~m tli r}bcka{ xi mexmz }ekqmz~kx{%

Xlm vzm~mex cmdbc azb`mtizg vzilkjkx~ vzkqbxm }ekqmz~kxkm~ azi` iaamzked hmdzmm~ behlmenm xli~m ~mmgked lkdlmz mh}nbxkie mezicc xlm`~mcqm~ ke iqmz~mb~ }ekqmz~kxkm~ izcinbcc{ ivmzbxmh aizmkde }ekqmz~kx{ baakckbxm~ iz vziam~~kiebc ni}z~m~ ke cbt#`bebdm`mex# bnni}exked)akebenm beh keaiz`bxkie xmnleicid{% Tlkc~x xlmdiqmze`mex }ekqmz~kxkm~ lbqm vzidzm~~kqmc{ hi}jcmh xlmkz kexbgm azi` bzi}eh 22#;1:=ke :662 xi :6# {mbz~ ia mh}nbxkie xi r}bckx{ aiz ]ekqmz~kx{ Mexzbenm= Bzi}eh >:6#666 mexmz vzk`bz{ mh}nbxkie bee}bcc{

4=


14/38

22

lkdlmz mh}nbxmh xmeh xi zm`bke }em`vci{mh aiz b ciedmz vmzkih ia xk`m ,Xbjcm :+%Xlm m|xmehmh vmzkih ia oij ~mbznl b`ied~x mh}nbxmh {i}ed beh xlm lkdl}em`vci{`mex tb~ bxxzkj}xmh ke xlm vb~x xi xlm ~citmz dzitxl zbxm ia xlm mniei`{#tkxl b zmh}nmh hm`beh aiz mh}nbxmh {i}ed vmivcm% Xlm ixlmz nb}~m~ kenc}hm b cbngbeh iz cit dmemzkn ~gkcc~ hm`behmh tkxlke xlm cbji}z `bzgmx ~}nl b~ Medck~lcbed}bdm ac}men{# Keaiz`bxkie Xmnleicid{ ~gkcc~# xlm `ihmzbxm r}bckx{ ia ~i`m ia xlm

]ekqmz~kx{ vzidzb``m~ beh kebhmr}bxm izkmexbxkie ia xlm mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` xi xlmtizch ia tizg# m~vmnkbcc{ hmqmciv`mex ia ~gkcc~ ~}nl b~ b hk~nkvckemh tizg mxlkn# diihxmb` tizg# nzmbxkqkx{# acm|kjkckx{# maamnxkqm ni``}eknbxkie beh vzijcm` ~icqkedbvvzibnlm~ ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+% Xlm cbng ia m`vci{bjkckx{ ia xlm dzbh}bxm~ ke xlmvzkqbxm ~mnxiz lb~ emnm~~kxbxmh xlm diqmze`mex xi bj~izj xlm` kexi xlm diqmze`mex%

Akd}zm


15/38

2:

`mhk}` ia ke~xz}nxkie azi` Medck~l xi ^kelbcb beh Xb`kc ke 2;=< tkxl xlm ~vmnkaknv}zvi~m ia k`vziqked mh}nbxkiebc bxxbke`mex ia bcc ~inkimniei`kn r}kexkcm~%Xlmzmaizm# ~xkcc lbqked xlk~ i}xni`m k~ kehmmh b vikex aiz nienmze%

Akd}zm ;? Lkdlmz Mh}nbxkie Mezicc`mex j{ înki-Mniei`kn Dzi}v

î}znm? Tizch Jbeg# jb~mh ie LKM^ :66:

Xlm ni}exz{~ kexmccmnx}bc beh l}`be nbvkxbc k~ b gm{ abnxiz ke zmbnlked `khhcmkeni`m ni}exz{ ~xbx}~% Xlm mniei`kn zmcmqbenm beh xlm r}bckx{ ia lkdlmz mh}nbxkiebx vzm~mex bzm ~}j~xbexkbcc{ jmcit xlm cmqmc zmr}kzmh ia b `khhcmkeni`m ni}exz{%Mezicc`mex~ aiz lkdlmz mh}nbxkie bìed `bcm beh am`bcm lb~ jmme zk~ked iqmz xlm{mbz~# j}x }ehmzkeqm~x`mex~ ke mh}nbxkie ni`vbzmh xi ixlmz `khhcm keni`mni}exzkm~ beh hmqmcivked ni}exzkm~# k~ b nzkxknbc k~~}m% B tmbg lkdlmz mh}nbxkie~{~xm` tkcc eix jm bjcm xi vzih}nm kexmzebxkiebc r}bckx{ dzbh}bxm~ beh zm~mbznl xi`mmx nlbccmedm~ tlme xlm mniei`{ ìqm~ xitbzh~ b `khhcm keni`m ni}exz{%A}zxlmz xlm mniei`kn beh ~inkbc zmcmqbenm ia xlm lkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` k~k`vizxbex xi `mmx xlm nlbccmedm~ ia b h{eb`kn dcijbc mniei`{ beh tizch izhmz,Tizch Jbeg :66;+%

Bnnizhked xi xlm Nmexzbc Jbeg ,:626+# xlm diqmze`mex m|vmehkx}zm ie mh}nbxkie k~kenzmb~ked ke ìemxbz{ xmz`~ j}x b~ b vmznmexbdm ia DHV# xlm mh}nbxkie m|vmehkx}zmia xlm diqmze`mex lb~ hmnckemh azi` :%14 vmznmex ke :661 xi 2%6

86

=6

16

2 : > 8 =

Vmznmexbdm

Nie~}`vxkieR}kexkcm~

@bcm

Am`bcm


16/38

2>

jm nieakz`mh ke xlm :622 hmìdzbvlkn ~}zqm{ ia xlm Hmvbzx`mex ia Nme~}~ beh^xbxk~xkn~%

Xlm `bxmzebc beh keabex ìzxbckx{ zbxm~ ~lit xlbx xlm bnlkmqm`mex~ ia ^zk Cbegb bzm`}nl blmbh ia ixlmz î}xl B~kbe ni}exzkm~% ^zk Cbegb lb~ bnlkmqmh nie~khmzbjcm~}nnm~~ ke zmh}nked xlm @bxmzebc @izxbckx{ Zbxki ,@@Z+ nie~k~xmexc{ ~kenm xlm 2;86~%

Xlm @@Z zbxki aiz ^zk Cbegb tb~ >;%> vmz 266#666 ckqm jkzxl~ ke :661 beh tb~ xlmcitm~x ke î}xl B~kb% ^zk Cbegb k~ ie xzbng aiz bnlkmqked xlm @HD xbzdmx~ ia @@Z behbcc xlm ~mnxiz~ ~lit b ~}j~xbexkbc zmh}nxkie% Xlm }zjbe ~mnxiz ~lit~ b ~lbzvzmh}nxkie ke @@Z tlkcm xlm m~xbxm ~mnxiz ~lit~ xlm citm~x hmnckem jmxtmme xlm2;;2:66> vmzkih beh b lkdlm~x zbxki ke :66>% Hk~xzknx hk~vbzkxkm~ bzm bc~i cbzdm tkxl bcitmz @@Z zbxki ke Nici`ji beh xlm lkdlm~x ke Gkckeinlnlk% Xlm cmbhked nb}~m~ bzmni`vcknbxkie~ abnmh h}zked cbji}z beh hmckqmz{# kccmdbcc{ keh}nmh bjizxkie~ beh vi~xvbzx}` lbmìzzlbdm%

Xlm Keabex @izxbckx{ Zbxm ,K@Z+ ke ^zk Cbegb k~ 22%> keabex hmbxl~ vmz 2#666 ckqmjkzxl~7 xlm K@Z k~ citmz xlbe xlbx bnlkmqmh j{ ni}exzkm~ tmbcxlkmz xlbe ^zk Cbegb ,KV^:626+% Ke bhhkxkie# }ehmz= ìzxbckx{ zbxm~ bzm bc~i zmh}nked iqmz xlm {mbz~ ,Xbjcm>+% Hm~vkxm xlm zmh}nxkie ke K@Z iqmz xlm {mbz~# xlmzm bzm zmdkiebc hk~vbzkxkm~ keìzxbckx{ zbxm~ bnzi~~ xlm ni}exz{% Tlkcm keabex ìzxbckx{ zbxm~ hmnckemh ke ~mqmevziqkenm~ h}zked 2;;2:66># xlm{ kenzmb~mh ke xlm Mb~xmze beh EizxlNmexzbcvziqkenm~ h}zked xlk~ vmzkih% Xlm zbxm ia zmh}nxkie ia xlm keabex ìzxbckx{ zbxm lb~~citmh hite ke zmnmex {mbz~ beh bhhkxkiebc maaizx~ tkcc jm zmr}kzmh xi bnlkmqm xlm@HD xbzdmx ia =%; hmbxl~ vmz 2#666 ckqm jkzxl~ j{ :62= qkb zmh}nxkie~ ke emiebxbcìzxbckx{% Xlk~ zmr}kzm~ ìzm m|vme~kqm kexmzqmexkie~# ~}nl b~ vziam~~kiebcc{bxxmehmh hmckqmzkm~ tkxl k`vziqmh r}bckx{ ia nbzm# vzi`vx xzmbx`mex ia emiebxbckeamnxkie~ ,~}nl b~ vem}ìekb+# beh bqbkcbjkckx{ ia m`mzdmen{ ij~xmxzkn nbzm bx citmzcmqmc~ ia lmbcxlnbzm abnkckxkm~%Ke bhhkxkie# ^zk Cbegb lb~ bnlkmqmh embz}ekqmz~bc`mb~cm~ k``}ek~bxkie niqmzbdm% Bìed qbnnkem vzmqmexbjcm hk~mb~m~# `mb~cm~ k~ blkdlc{ niexbdki}~ hk~mb~m beh hmbhckm~x ia bcc nlkchliih zb~l)amqmz kccem~~m~ ,KV^:626+

Xbjcm >? Keabex beh ]ehmz = @izx bckx{ Zbxm~

Kehknbxiz 2;;2 2;;1 :66>

]ehmz = ìzxbckx{ zbxm ::%: := 2>%=

Keabex ìzxbckx{ zbxm 24%4/ :: 22%>

Vzivizxkie ia 2 {mbzich nlkchzmek``}ekmh bdbke~x`mb~cm~

+/

;4%:/,:661)64+

Eixm? / Xlm akd}zm k~ azi` HN^ ,:66< vmznmex ke2;;> xi :; vmznmex ke :666 beh k~ hite xi :1%; vmznmex ke :661)64% Xlm vmznmexbdmia }ehmztmkdlx nlkchzme k~ lkdlm~x ke xlm m~xbxm ~mnxiz tkxl >1%> vmznmex ia nlkchzme


17/38

28

jmked }ehmztmkdlx# aiccitmh j{ xlm z}zbc ~mnxiz# tlmzm bji}x :4%2 vmznmex ianlkchzme bzm }ehmztmkdlx ,Xbjcm 8+% B ~k`kcbz vbxxmze nbe jm ij~mzqmh aiz ~x}exked#tkxl lkdlmz zbxm~ ke m~xbxm bzmb~# aiccitmh j{ xlm z}zbc beh }zjbe ~mnxiz~% Tlkcm xlmkenkhmenm ia }ehmztmkdlx beh ~x}exked lb~ hmnckemh ~}j~xbexkbcc{ iqmz xk`m ke bccbzmb~# kx k~ ~xkcc lkdl aiz b ni}exz{ xlbx vzkhm~ kx~mca ie azmm lmbcxl beh lkdl cmqmc~ iamh}nbxkiebc bxxbke`mex ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+%

Xbjcm 8? Vmznmexbdm ia ]ehmzt mkdlx Nlkchzme }ehmz = [ mbz~ j{ ^mnxiz

^mnxiz 2;;> :666 :661) 64 Bcc) ^zk Cbegb >< :; :1%;

]zjbe >2 :6 :2%< >2 :4%2

M~xbxm =: 88 >1%>

î}znm? HN^ :661)64

Nlkch `bce}xzkxkie cmbh~ xi b zbedm ia bhqmz~m mniei`kn beh ~inkbc nie~mr}menm~% Kxzbk~m~ xlm zk~g ia keabex beh nlkch hmbxl~# beh kenzmb~m~ q}cemzbjkckx{ xi b qbzkmx{ iahk~mb~m~ ke cbxmz ckam% Ke bhhkxkie# `bce}xzkxkie k`vbkz~ nidekxkqm bjkckx{# hmnzmb~m~~nliic vmzaiz`benm# beh citmz~ cbji}z vzih}nxkqkx{ beh ckamxk`m mbzeked~% Kx bc~i

baamnx~ xlm ckgmckliih ia bnlkmqked xlm ixlmz @HD~% Ni`jbxked nlkch `bce}xzkxkie k~ ianmexzbc k`vizxbenm xi xlm a}x}zm mniei`kn beh ~inkbc tmcabzm ia ^zk Cbegb% Bcxli}dlxlmzm bzm ei bvvbzmex dmehmz hk~vbzkxkm~ ke ~nliicked ivvizx}ekxkm~ bx vzk`bz{ beh~mniehbz{ mh}nbxkie cmqmc~# xlmzm bzm hk~vbzkxkm~ tkxlke xlm li}~mlich bdbke~x dkzc~ kebccinbxkie ia e}xzkxkiebc kev}x~ beh `mhknbc ~mzqknm~% Kx k~ mqkhmex xlbx xlm ~kx}bxkie k~tiz~m tlme kexzbli}~mlich dmehmz hk~vbzkxkm~ bzm hk~bddzmdbxmh j{ jkzxl izhmz% Xlmzk~g ia keabex ìzxbckx{ aiz dkzc~ ia jkzxl izhmz > iz lkdlmz k~ embzc{ =6 vmznmex dzmbxmzxlbe aiz ji{~ ia xlm ~b`m jkzxl izhmz ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+% Xlm~m hk~nzk`kebxkie~ bzmzmacmnxmh ke lkdlmz keabex ìzxbckx{ zbxm~ aiz am`bcm~ xlbe aiz `bcm~% A}zxlmz xlm~mx{vm~ ia li}~mlich cmqmc dmehmz hk~vbzkxkm~ bzm niexzkj}xiz{ xi ~mqmzm `bce}xzkxkiebìed dkzc~ zbxlmz xlbe aiz ji{~ ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+%

^zk Cbegb lb~ jmme bjcm xi zmh}nm xlm kenkhmenm ia ni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~% Kx~~}nnm~~ ke @bcbzkb beh X}jmzn}ci~k~ ,XJ+ mzbhknbxkie k~ `k|mh? xlm kenkhmenm ia@bcbzkb lb~ zmh}nmh j}x tkxl XJ xlm zmqmz~m k~ xz}m ,Diqmze`mex ia ^zk Cbegb beh]ekxmh Ebxkie~ Hmqmciv`mex Vzidzb``m :66=+% Xlm viiz niexke}m xi jm baamnxmhhk~vzivizxkiebxmc{ j{ ni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~% ^zk Cbegb k~ ncb~~kakmh b~ b citvzmqbcmenm ni}exz{ aiz Bnr}kzmh K``}em Hmaknkmen{ ^{ehzi`m ,BKH^+) L}`beK``}eihmaknkmen{ Qkz}~ ,LKQ+ tkxl iec{ 2>2 h{ked azi` BKH^ b~ ia :668%

Hk~mb~m~ ia xlm nkzn}cbxiz{ ~{~xm` beh hkbjmxm~ bzm eit xlm cmbhked nb}~m~ ia hmbxl~ke ^zk Cbegb ,Tizch Jbeg :626+% Xlm lmbcxl ~{~xm` ti}ch emmh xi ìqm xi `bebdkednlziekn xzmbx`mex aiz eie ni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~ ,ENH+ tlknl bnni}ex~ aiz 42vmznmex ia bcc hmbxl~ ke ^zk Cbegb ke :662 ,Tizch Jbeg :66


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lb~ hmnckemh azi` 2%;4 vmznmex ke :661 xi 2%>: vmznmex ke :626 ,Nmexzbc Jbeg :626+%Xlk~ k~ ni`vbzbxkqmc{ cit ke zmcbxkie xi xlm 8 vmznmex m|vmehkx}zm j{ ixlmz B~kbeni}exzkm~ beh :%= vmznmex j{ hmqmcivked ni}exzkm~ ,Tizch Jbeg :66=+% Nci~m xi vmznmex ia xixbcm|vmehkx}zm ie lmbcxl ke xlm ni}exz{# kehknbxked be kenzmb~ked zm~izx xi i}xiavingmx

m|vmehkx}zm ie lmbcxl ,Tizch Jbeg :626+% Xli}dl azmm# xlm v}jckn ~mnxiz nbxmz~ xibzi}eh =6 vmznmex ia xlm i}xvbxkmex nbzm# j}x vziqkhm~ b lkdl ;6 vmznmex ia xlm kevbxkmex nbzm% Xlk~ k~ be kehknbxkie xlbx vzkqbxm lmbcxl nbzm vziqkhmz~ bzm vzmamzzmh j{xlm dmemzbcc{ v}jckn beh iec{ xlm m|vme~m zmcbxmh xi kevbxkmex nbzm vzmqmex~ xlmhi`kebenm ia vzkqbxm ~mnxiz lmbcxl vziqk~kie% Kx nbcc~ kexi r}m~xkie xlm maaknkmen{ iaxlm azmm lmbcxl abnkckxkm~ vziqkhmh j{ xlm diqmze`mex%

Kx k~ ncmbz xlbx diqmze`mex kexmzqmexkie ke xlm bzmb~ ia lmbcxl beh e}xzkxkie k~zm`bzgbjcm% Litmqmz# }e}~}bcc{ lkdl zbxm~ ia nlkch `bce}xzkxkie# zmdkiebc hk~vbzkxkm~ke keabex beh }ehmzakqm ìzxbckx{ beh xlm cbng ia b lmbcxl ~{~xm` xi bhhzm~~ xlm~vmnkbc emmh~ ia xlm bdked viv}cbxkie lbqm k`vcknbxkie~ aiz xlm a}x}zm kenc}~kqmdzitxl vzinm~~ ke ^zk Cbegb%

k k k% înkbc vzixmnxkie B tmcc hm~kdemh ~inkbc vzixmnxkie ~{~xm` k~ emnm~~bz{ xi bhhzm~~ viqmzx{ behkemr}bckx{ xlzi}dl zmhk~xzkj}xkie# `kxkdbxm zk~g~ beh abnkckxbxm m`vci{`mexivvizx}ekxkm~# xl}~ niexzkj}xked xi jixl dzitxl beh mr}kx{ dibc~% ^zk Cbegb~ ~inkbcvzixmnxkie ~{~xm` ni`vzk~m~ xlzmm `bke ni`viemex~? ,k+ m`vci{`mex vzixmnxkie behvziìxkie ,kk+ ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{)ke~}zbenm vzidzb``m~ beh ,kkk+ ~bamx{ emx~# izvzixmnxkie% M`vci{`mex vzixmnxkie beh vziìxkie kenc}hm~ cbji}z cmdk~cbxkie tlknl k~m`vci{mm azkmehc{# }ekie~# niccmnxkqm bdzmm`mex~# beh xzbkeked ia}em`vci{mh)zmxzbkeked ia tizgmz~ ke `b~~ cb{iaa~% înkbc ~mn}zkx{)ke~}zbenmvzidzb``m~ kenc}hm vme~kie~# hk~bjkckx{ beh ~}zqkqiz ke~}zbenm ,ni}vcmh tkxl}ekqmz~bc lmbcxl niqmzbdm+% ^bamx{ emx~ iz vzixmnxkie ia cb~x zm~izx# bzm `bkec{ nb~lxzbe~amz~ beh ~inkbc tmcabzm beh nbzm ~mzqknm~% Kx~ niqmzbdm k~ `}nl ìzm m|xme~kqmxlbe ke ixlmz î}xl B~kbe ni}exzkm~# tkxl }v xi b xlkzh ia xlm tizgaiznm niqmzmh kenb~m ia m`vci{`mex vzixmnxkie beh ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{# beh bji}x 86 vmznmex iali}~mlich~ niqmzmh ke xlm nb~m ia xlm cbzdm~x ~bamx{ emx ,nb~l jmemakx+ vzidzb``m,BHJ :664+% Bnnizhked xi xlm BHJ ,:664+ xlm ^VK aiz ^zk Cbegb k~ lkdlmz xlbe xlbx iaî}xl B~kb beh B~kb kehknbxked xlbx ^zk Cbegb k~ vziqkhked b lkdlmz cmqmc ia ~inkbcvzixmnxkie xlbe iem ti}ch m|vmnx azi` kx~ iqmzbcc cmqmc ia tmbcxl%

Tlkcm hmqixked ~kdekaknbex bxxmexkie xi tizgmz vzixmnxkie beh vziìxkie# ^zk Cbegblb~ {mx xi bnlkmqm xlm zkdlx jbcbenm ia vicknkm~ beh vzidzb``m~% Xlm vzixmnxkievziqkhmh xlzi}dl xlm~m cbt~ bzm xi aiz`bc ~mnxiz m`vci{mm~# amt ia tli` bzm ckgmc{xi jm viiz# tlkc~x xlm eieaiz`bc ~mnxiz tlknl bnni}ex~ aiz xtixlkzh~ ia xlmm`vci{mh lb~ cit cmqmc~ ia vzixmnxkie% Xlk~ m|nm~~ vzixmnxkie nbe cmbh xi citmz

vzih}nxkqkx{ ke xlm aiz`bc ~mnxiz beh bc~i m|nc}~kie ia q}cemzbjcm ~md`mex~ azi` xlmcbji}z `bzgmx% Aiz`bc ~mnxiz tizgmz~ bzm abqi}zmh j{ tbdm ~mxxked ke~xkx}xkie~ ìzmxlbe keaiz`bc ~mnxiz tizgmz~# nzmbxked bzxkaknkbc tbdm dbv~ jmxtmme jmxxmzvb{ked

oij~ ke xlm v}jckn beh xlm vzixmnxmh vzkqbxm ~mnxiz# beh citvb{ked oij~ ke xlm }evzixmnxmh vzkqbxm ~mnxiz% B `boizkx{ ia xlm keaiz`bc ~mnxiz tizgmz~ bzm}emh}nbxmh beh vmzaiz` }e~gkccmh oij~% Bcied tkxl mniei`kn dzitxl# b nieh}nkqmmeqkzie`mex k~ emnm~~bz{ aiz k`vziqked m`vci{`mex# vzih}nxkqkx{ beh tbdm~ aiz bcctizgmz~% Ke bhhkxkie b jbcbenmh oij beh tizgmz vzixmnxkie ~{~xm` tkxl xlm zmìqbcia m|nm~~ oij ~mn}zkx{ k~ zmr}kzmh xi lbqm abqi}zbjcm cbji}z `bzgmx i}xni`m~%


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^zk Cbegb vziqkhm~ m|xme~kqm ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{ ,vme~kie~# hk~bjkckx{# ~}zqkqiz beh lmbcxl+niqmzbdm ni`vbzmh xi ixlmz î}xl B~kbe ni}exzkm~% înkbc ke~}zbenm ~nlm`m~ nzmbxmhxi vzixmnx xli~m ke xlm keaiz`bc ~mnxiz# vziqkhm ~i`m `mb~}zm ia vzixmnxkie# j}x xlm{iaamz ck`kxmh niqmzbdm# vziqkhm kebhmr}bxm jmemakx~# lbqm tmbg bh`kek~xzbxkie behzmd}cbxkie# beh xlmkz akebenkbc ~}~xbkebjkckx{ k~ ke r}m~xkie ,BHJ :664+% Xlmzm k~ b emt

v}jckn ~vie~izmh vme~kie ~nlm`m xlbx zmbnlm~ abz`mz~ beh ak~lmz`me# beh vziqkhm~xlm` niqmz aiz vbzxkbc beh xixbc hk~bjkckx{ beh hmbxl ke~}zbenm% Xti v}jcknc{~vie~izmh vzidzb``m~ iaamz ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{ aiz keaiz`bc ~mnxiz tizgmz~# j}x abnm~k`kcbz beh mqme ni`vcm| nlbccmedm~%Keni`m ~}vvizx xi xlm hk~bjcmh k~ ain}~mh ie~ichkmz~ keo}zmh j{ xlm nieacknx# cmbqked ixlmz viiz hk~bjcmh dzi}v~ }ehmzniqmzmh%Jixl xlm diqmze`mex beh xlm eiediqmze`mex ~mnxiz~ bzm keqicqmh ke melbenked xlmmh}nbxkie ia vmz~ie~ tkxl hk~bjkckxkm~# j}x xlm{ bzm ck`kxmh xi ~vmnkbc mh}nbxkie izeie aiz`bc mh}nbxkie% Ke bhhkxkie xlmzm bzm zmdkiebc vzidzb``m~ xi hmqmciv ~gkcc~ iahk~bjcmh nlkchzme% Tlkc~x xlmzm k~ b diqmze`mex bh`kek~xzbxkqm vickn{ hkzmnxked xlbx >vmznmex ia oij~ ~li}ch jm dzbexmh xi vmz~ie~ tkxl hk~bjkckxkm~# kx k~ eix k`vcm`mexmhj{ mqmz{ diqmze`mex hmvbzx mex% Xlm @kek~xz{ ia Hmamenm lb~ kx~ ite vzidzb``m~aiz m|ni`jbxbex~# vziqkhked xlm` tkxl lmbcxl# li}~ked# b~~k~xbenm xi ab`kckm~ behqinbxkiebc xzbkeked ,BHJ :66:+%

^zk Cbegb lb~ be m|xme~kqm ~bamx{ emx ~{~xm` kenc}hked ^b`}zhlk# xlm gm{ keni`mxzbe~amz vzidzb``m# xi bhhzm~~ nlziekn viqmzx{# hk~bjkckx{ vb{`mex~# ~inkbc tmcabzmbeh nbzm ~mzqknm~ beh hk~b~xmz zmckma xi bcc baamnxmh vmz~ie~ ie xlm jb~k~ ia xlm k`vbnxbeh keo}zkm~ ~}aamzmh% Zmckma vzidzb``m~ bzm bc~i ke vcbnm xi b~~k~x ab`kckm~ nivm tkxlkeni`m ci~~ b~~inkbxmh tkxl hzi}dlx% Xlmzm bzm ck`kxbxkie~ beh ~lizxni`ked~b~~inkbxmh tkxl xlm ~bamx{ emx ~{~xm`% Aiz m|b`vcm# ^b`}zhlk# vziqkhm~ ck`kxmhjmemakx~ beh lb~ cbzdm kenc}~kie beh m|nc}~kie mzziz~ ,Tizch Jbeg :664+% Zmqb`vkedxlm m|k~xked ~bamx{ emx vzidzb``m~# tkhmz zmbnl xi kenc}hm ìzm q}cemzbjcm# tkhmzniqmzbdm beh ~xzmedxlmemh zmckma vzidzb``m~ bzm bìed xlm ivxkie~ zmr}kzmh xijmxxmz ~mzqm xlm q}cemzbjcm beh viiz%

kq% Bdked viv}cbx kie^zk Cbegb~ viv}cbxkie k~ bdked ab~x beh kx k~ m~xk`bxmh xlbx := vmznmex ia xlmviv}cbxkie tkcc jm iqmz 16 {mbz~ ia bdm b~ ^zk Cbegb mexmz~ xlm :686~ ,Tizch Jbeg:66


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xlzi}dl xlm ^b`}zhlk vzidzb``m~ beh ich bdm ~}vvizx% Tlkc~x xlm diqmze`mexvme~kie ~{~xm` xi kx~ zmxkzmh m`vci{mm~ beh xlm MVA) MXA hi vziqkhm b zmb~iebjcmniqmz xi xlm m|vme~m~ ia xlm bdmh# xlm vme~kie ~{~xm` aiz xli~m medbdmh kebdzkn}cx}zm# ckqm~xing beh ak~lmzkm~ ~}aamz~ azi` cit cmqmc~ ia ni`vckbenm behbhmr}bn{% ^k`kcbzc{# xlm xzbe~amz~ bzm bc~i cit zm~}cxked ke kenzmb~ked viqmzx{ cmqmc~bìed~x xlm bdked# m~vmnkbcc{ bìed~x xli~m iqmz 4= {mbz~ ,Tizch Jbeg :66 vmznmex ia xlm ^zk Cbegbe tizgked viv}cbxkie jmkedke xlm keaiz`bc ~mnxiz `bgm~ kx hkaakn}cx aiz xlm diqmze`mex xi ~}vvizx xlm`# beh xlk~`bgm~ kx k`vmzbxkqm xlbx xlm{ niexke}m xi tizg ke xlmkz ich bdm mqme tkxl keakz`kxkm~%Ti`me~ vbzxknkvbxkie ke xlm cbji}z aiznm k~ cit ke ^zk Cbegb# j}x am`bcm ckamm|vmnxben{ k~ lkdlmz `bgked xlm` qmz{ `}nl hmvmehmex ie ~}vvizx azi` xlm ab`kc{ke xlmkz ~mekiz {mbz~% Dkqme xlm bjiqm# b~ ke ì~x vbzx~ ia B~kb# bzi}eh 44 vmznmex iaxlm bdmh ckqm tkxl xlmkz ~vi}~m beh)iz nlkchzme ,Tizch Jbeg :66


21/38

26# tlmzmb~ ke :66=# xlk~ akd}zm zmbnlmh bvvzi|k`bxmc{ 6%8= ,Lm :664# Ckbeh C}i :66


23/38

:6

~nkmenm beh medkemmzked beh cm~~ xi ~inkbc ~nkmenm~ beh xlm l}`bekxkm~# beh ìzm xiqinbxkiebc xzbkeked beh cm~~ xi dmemzbc mh}nbxkie% ]ekqmz~kx{ mh}nbxkie tb~ `bhmazmm% Dli~l ,:626+ r}ixm~ Abe# _lbed beh _lbed ,:66:+ bzd}ked xlbx diqmze`mexm|vmehkx}zm ie mh}nbxkie lbh xlm cbzdm~x k`vbnx ie zmh}nked jixl z}zbc viqmzx{ behzmdkiebc kemr}bckx{# beh b ~kdekaknbex k`vbnx ie jii~xked vzih}nxkie% Xl}~ Nlkeb~keqm~x`mex ke be mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` xlbx ain}~mh ie k`vziqked ~nkmenm beh

xmnleicid{ lb~ niexzkj}xmh xi kx~ ~}~xbkemh hmqmciv`mex vzinm~~% Xlm ì~xk`vizxbex ambx}zm xlbx k~ cbngked ke xlm ^zk Cbegbe mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` bx xlm ì`mexk~ xlm cbng ia ~gkcc~ hm`behmh j{ xlm `bzgmx% B lkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` ain}~ked ie~nkmenm beh xmnleicid{ xlbx `mmx~ xlm hm`beh ia oij~ nzmbxmh j{ keh}~xzkbck~bxkieti}ch jm be ivxkie aiz xlm vzmqbkcked }em`vci{`mex ~kx}bxkie ke ^zk Cbegb% Litmqmzkx k~ k`vizxbex xi eixm xlbx xlmzm k~ cm~~)hk`kek~lmh bxxmexkie ie jb~kn mh}nbxkie#}ejbcbenmh ain}~ ie ~i`m ~}jomnx ~xzmb`~ ~}nl b~ ~inkbc ~nkmenm~ beh xlml}`bekxkm~ beh ie iqmzbcc dmemzbc mh}nbxkie b~ b zm~}cx ia xlm emt mh}nbxkie~{~xm`% Xlmzmaizm xlm cm~~ie~ ~li}ch nie~khmz xlm zm~}cxmh ~inkbc ni~x~ zmcbxmh xi xlmnieqmz~kie azi` be }ekqmz~bc mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` xi be mckxm mh}nbxkie ~{~xm`%

Litmqmz kx k~ k`vizxbex xi eixm xlm vicknkm~ beh vziomnx~ k`vcm`mexmh jmxtmme:66=:661 ain}~ked ie bnnmcmzbxked xlm hmqmciv`mex ia Nlkeb~ z}zbc mh}nbxkie%Xlm~m kenc}hm ni`v}c~iz{ mh}nbxkie ke viiz bzmb~# zmeiqbxkie ia j}kchked~ ke z}zbcvzk`bz{ beh ~mniehbz{ ~nliic~# xlm vzidzb``m zmamzzmh xi b~ xti jb~kn~ tlknlain}~mh ie }ekqmz~bc ni`v}c~iz{ mh}nbxkie beh mck`kebxked kcckxmzbn{ bìed {i}edbh}cx~% Xlm~m vzidzb``m~ k`vziqmh niehkxkie~ ia mh}nbxkie ke z}zbc Nlkeb#m~vmnkbcc{ ke viqmzx{ ~xzkngme bzmb~# beh lmcvmh nlkchzme azi` viiz ab`kckm~ xi zmnmkqmmh}nbxkie% A}zxlmz ke :66=# zmaiz`~ aiz ~bam d}bzh `mnlbek~`~ ia a}ehked aiz z}zbcni`v}c~iz{ mh}nbxkie tb~ me~}zmh j{ jzkedked ke a}eh~ emmhmh aiz z}zbc ni`v}c~iz{mh}nbxkie kexi xlm ~nivm ia v}jckn akebenkbc ~mn}zkx{% Ke bhhkxkie# ~bxmcckxm hkdkxbcnlbeemc~ aiz ìhmze hk~xbenm mh}nbxkie ke z}zbc ~nliic~ tb~ bc~i be k`vizxbexkekxkbxkqm xi vziìxm hk~xbenm cmbzeked tlknl ^zk Cbegb nbe hzbt cm~~ie~ azi` ,\k beh_lbed :626+%

Nlkch @bce}xzkxkie? Zmkeaiznked xlbx zbvkh zbxm~ ia mniei`kn dzitxl bciem bzmke~}aaknkmex ke bxxbkeked ni`ìe vzi~vmzkx{ ,diedxieda}{}+# jixl Kehkb beh Nlkebbzm n}zzmexc{ m|vmzkmenked ~mqmzm hkaakn}cxkm~ ke zmcbxkie xi nlkch `bce}xzkxkie% Ke Kehkb#bcxli}dl xlmzm tb~ b `keiz hmnckem ke }ehmztmkdlx nlkchzme ke mbzc{ 2;;6# xlm cmqmc~tmzm ~xbdebex azi` cbxm 2;;6 xi :66=)61% Ke niexzb~x# xlm cmqmc ia ~x}exked tb~bcì~x acbx jmxtmme 2;;:);> beh 2;;


24/38

:2

maamnxkqm hbxb niccmnxkie ~{~xm` xlbx vziqkhm~ zmd}cbz hbxb aiz ìekxizked vzidzm~~#beh me~}zked xlbx hbxb beh keaiz`bxkie azi` xlm ni}exz{~ ~xzied zm~mbznlke~xkx}xkie~ bzm maamnxkqmc{ ni``}eknbxmh xi vickn{ `bgmz~ beh }~mh aizvickn{`bgked# >% m~xbjck~l`mex ia ~xzied beh maamnxkqm vbzxemz~lkv~ jmxtmme xlmNlkem~m diqmze`mex beh kexmzebxkiebc vbzxemz~ beh 8% kenzmb~mh j}hdmx ~lbzm iadiqmze`mex m|vmehkx}zm ie mh}nbxkie xi :6 vmznmex h}zked xlm 2;;6~# bcxli}dl xlm

~lbzm ~vmex ie lmbcxl tb~ zmcbxkqmc{ cit ,>8 vmznmex+%

Xlm `bce}xzkxkie ~kx}bxkie ke ^zk Cbegb k~ v}cked ~kenm ^zk Cbegb lb~ k`vcm`mexmhxbzdmxmh vzidzb``m~ aiz xlm vb~x :6 {mbz~% B~ ke Nlkeb# ^zk Cbegb k~ tmcc blmbh kebqbkcbjkckx{ beh }xkck~bxkie ia lmbcxl abnkckxkm~ beh am`bcm ckxmzbn{ tlknl bzm nizzmcbxm~ia `bce}xzkxkie tlknl ke x}ze niexzkj}xmh xi xlm bnlkmqm`mex ia diih @@Z beh K@Zzbxki% Kx k~ k`vizxbex xi ciig bx Nlkeb~ ni`vcm`mexbz{ e}xzkxkie kexmzqmexkie~ ~}nl b~kexmzqmexkie~ ie k`vziqked tbxmz beh ~bekxbxkie beh xlm k`vbnx ie zmh}nked`bce}xzkxkie% Bx xlm ì`mex# ^zk Cbegb lb~ k`vcm`mexmh ~}j~xbexkbc e}xzkxkiebcni`vcm`mexbz{ vzidzb``m~ beh kx `b{ zmr}kzm ìekxizked beh mqbc}bxked xlmvzidzm~~ ia kexmzqmexkie~ ~{~xm`bxknbcc{ xi dbke `b|k`}` i}xv}x% A}zxlmz# kx k~ bc~ik`vizxbex xi nie~khmz nizzmnx xbzdmxked ia xlm jmemaknkbzkm~ ia xlm kexmzqmexkie~%M~xbjck~l`mex ia be maamnxkqm hbxb niccmnxkie ~{~xm` xlbx vziqkhm~ zmd}cbz hbxb aizìekxizked vzidzm~~ k~ bc~i be k`vizxbex cmbzeked% Dmemzbxkie ia hbxb behkeaiz`bxkie xlzi}dl r}bckx{ zm~mbznl beh me~}zked xlbx xlm mqkhmenm k~ maamnxkqmc{ni``}eknbxmh xi vickn{`bgmz~ beh }~mh aiz vickn{`bgked bzm bìed xlm diihvzbnxknm~ ^zk Cbegb nbe cmbze azi` Nlkeb% Xlm cbxxmz k~ iem ia xlm vzbnxknm~ xlbxzm~mbznlmz~ ~li}ch nie~nki}~c{ medbdm ke%

Eie-ni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~? Zbvkhc{ dbkeked vzi`kemenm b~ xlm ì~x }zdmexxb~g abnmh j{ xlm Nlkem~m lmbcxl ~mnxiz# ENH vzmqmexkie k~ bxxzbnxked `}nl bxxmexkiejixl cinbcc{ beh kexmzebxkiebcc{% 4;- ia bh}cx ìzxbckxkm~ ke Nlkeb bzm h}m xi ENH~,TLI :664+% Xlm niexzkj}xiz{ abnxiz~ bzm eixmh xi jm xlm zbvkh bdked ia xlmviv}cbxkie# lkdl cmqmc~ ia ijm~kx{# be kenzmb~m ke xlm e}`jmz ia ~ìgmz~# dzmbxmzv~{nlicidknbc ~xzm~~# nlbedm~ ke hkmx ~xz}nx}zm~ beh vbxxmze~ ia vl{~knbc bnxkqkx{%

]vie bhhzm~~ked xlk~ k~~}m# ~mqmzbc gm{ Nlkem~m kexmzqmexkie~ kenc}hm xlmm~xbjck~l`mex ia ENH vzmqmexkie emxtizg~ beh zmcbxmh nzkxmzkb# xlm kexzih}nxkie iavzmqmexkqm `mb~}zm~ xi lkdlzk~g dzi}v~ beh xlm k`vcm`mexbxkie ia kexmdzbxkqmni``}ekx{jb~mh vzmqmexkie% Xlm~m kexmzqmexkie~ vziqkhm m|b`vcm~ aiz ^zk Cbegb xihzbt cm~~ie~ azi` xi `bebdm xlm m`mzdked k~~}m~ zmcbxmh xi ENH~ tlknl bx xlmì`mex cbng eiqmc xzmbx`mex `mxlih~ beh akebenked% Litmqmz# xlm ^zk Cbegbediqmze`mex k~ bji}x xi kexzih}nm b ebxkiebc vickn{ aiz eieni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~tlknl bk`~ xi n}x hite xlm hmbxl~ nb}~mh j{ ENH~ j{


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xmz`~ ia i}x ia vingmx m|vme~m~ ni`vbzmh xi vmz~ie~ tkxl ixlmz niehkxkie~ behkccem~~m~ ,Tizch Jbeg :622+%

înkbc Vzixmnxkie ^{~xm`? ]exkc qmz{ zmnmexc{# xlm Nlkem~m diqmze`mex lbh kevzidzm~~ b ~inkbc vzixmnxkie ~{~xm` xlbx tb~ vzk`bzkc{ dmbzmh xitbzh~ }zjbezm~khmex~ beh emdcmnxmh vmz~ie~ ke z}zbc zmdkie~% Litmqmz b~ ia cbxm# xlm ni}exz{ lb~

xbgme dzmbx ~xzkhm~ ke vziqkhked b ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{ ~{~xm` xlbx k~ bnnm~~kjcm xi bcc% Xlmvzidzb``m kenc}hm~# Tizg ]ekx Tmcabzm)^}j~kh{ Meoi{mh j{ zmxkzmh nkqkc ~mzqbex~# zmxkzmh

diqmze`mex tizgmz~# beh zmxkzmh v}jckn ke~xkx}xkiebc tizgmz~% ]zjbe Mehit`mex Ke~}zbenm Kenc}hm~ zmxkzmm~ azi` ìeivic{ mexmzvzk~m~#

zmxkzmh eieke~xkx}xkiebc vmivcm beh zmxkzmm~ azi` ixlmz ni`vbekm~ kenc}hkedkehkqkh}bc mniei`kn izdbek~bxkie~# vzkqbxm eiemexmzvzk~m }ekx~# ~mca m`vci{mhkehkqkh}bc~ mxn%

Z}zbc Mehit`mex Ke~}zbenm Bk`~ bx niqmzked bcc z}zbc zm~khmex~ jmaizm:6:6% Xlk~ zmaiz` k~ meoi{mh j{ `kdzbex tizgmz~ beh zmxkzmh vmb~bex~%

înkbc B~~k~xbenm Xlm viiz mchmzc{ tli bzm eix mckdkjcm aiz be{ ia xlm bjiqmmehit`mex ke~}zbenm vzidzb``m~ jmemakx azi` xlm @kek`}` Keni`m^mn}zkx{ Vzidzb``m% Xlk~ vzidzb``m m|xmeh~ ~vmnkbc b~~k~xbenm xi mchmzc{vmz~ie~ tkxli}x ab`kc{ ~}vvizx beh xi xli~m tkxl iec{ iem nlkch%

Tmk ,:626+# litmqmz# nb}xkie~ xlbx xlm r}bckx{ beh niqmzbdm ia xlm vzixmnxkie~{~xm` k~ keac}menmh qmz{ `}nl j{ xlm maaknkmen{ beh nbvbnkx{ ia cinbc iaaknkbc~%

Bcxli}dl ^zk Cbegb lb~ be m|xme~kqm ~inkbc vzixmnxkie ~{~xm` beh k~ tmcc blmbh iaixlmz î}xl B~kbe ni}exzkm~# kx nbe ~xkcc k`vziqm kx~ ~{~xm` j{ ciigked bx Nlkeb~}zjbe beh z}zbc mehit`mex ke~}zbenm ~nlm`m~ beh lit xlm{ bzm ivmzbxkiebck~mh xiniqmz b `boizkx{ ia z}zbc beh }zjbe ni``}ekxkm~%

Xzmbxked xlm Mchmzc{? Li`m xi iqmz iemakaxl ia xlm tizch~ mchmzc{ viv}cbxkie#Nlkeb k~ n}zzmexc{ abnmh tkxl xlm hkaakn}cx vzi~vmnx ia lbqked xii ~`bcc b tizgkedviv}cbxkie xi ~}vvizx kx~ ~xbddmzked e}`jmz ia bdmh vmz~ie~ ,]ekxmh Ebxkie~

Viv}cbxkie Hkqk~kie :66=7 Gbemhb :661+% Xlm Nlkem~m diqmze`mex lbqkedbngeitcmhdmh xlm hmxzk`mexbc k`vcknbxkie~ ia be bdked viv}cbxkie lb~ cb}enlmh~mqmzbc vicknkm~ beh vzidzb``m~ ke be maaizx xi bhhzm~~ xlk~ k~~}m% Xlm~mvzidzb``m~ kenc}hm#

Bccinbxkie ia ~}j~xbexkbcc{ ìzm v}jckn a}eh~ xi nbxmz xi xlm emmh~ ia xlmmchmzc{ viv}cbxkie ,Jmk T} mx% bc% :66=# Gbemhb :661+%

Nlkeb~ ~inkbctmcabzm zmaiz` k`vcm`mexmh ke xlm 2;;6~# lb~ nb}~mhmexzmvzmem}zkbc ivvizx}ekxkm~ ke xlm lmbcxl ~mzqknm keh}~xz{ xi ~vzi}x }v,Lm{ked O% _lbe mx% bc% :6617 Gbemhb :661+% Be kenzmb~ked e}`jmz ia vzkqbxmmchmz~ li`m~ bcied tkxl xlm aiz`bc diqmze`mex ~}vvizxmh mchmz~ li`m~ bzmvziqkhked bcxmzebxkqm~ aiz keli}~m mchmzc{ nbzm ,_lbe mx% bc%+%

Keaiz`bc beh cinbcdiqmze`mex ~}vvizxmh# ni``}ekx{ jb~mh ke~xkx}xkie~

vziqkhked lmbcxl nbzm ~mzqknm~ ~}nl b~ hbkc{ nbzm# li`m `bkexmebenm behkeaiz`bxkie beh zmamzzbc ~mzqknm~ lbqm jmd}e xi m`mzdm# m~vmnkbcc{ ke }zjbezmdkie~ ,Jmk T} mx% bc%# :66= beh Gbemhb :661+%

Cinbc diqmze`mex bdmenkm~ lbqm jmd}e iaamzked xzbkeked xi cbkhiaa tizgmz~ kexlm vziqk~kie ia ciedxmz` lmbcxl nbzm ,Gbemhb :661+%

Vcbe~ xi kekxkbxm dmzkbxzkn `mhknbc xzbkeked bx be }ehmzdzbh}bxm cmqmc# beh xim~xbjck~l ìzm dmzkbxzkn }ekx~ xi melbenm xlm ni}exz{~ bjkckx{ xi zm~vieh xixlm ~vmnkakn emmh~ ia xlm mchmzc{ ,Ombe Tii mx% bc%# :66:7 Gbemhb :661+%


26/38

:>

Nie~khmzked xlm zmnmex xzmeh xitbzh~ kenzmb~ked nb~m~ ia nlziekn hk~mb~m~bìed xlm mchmzc{# Nlkeb~ `kek~xz{ ia lmbcxl lb~ jm~xitmh ìzm bxxmexkie iexlm vzmqmexkie beh niexzic ia nlziekn hk~mb~m~%

Xlm bjiqm `mexkiemh ~}vvizx ~{~xm`~ aiz xlm mchmzc{ ke Nlkeb vziqkhm diihm|b`vcm~ aiz ^zk Cbegb xi k`vziqm kx~ m|k~xked ~{~xm`~ b~ Nlkeb lb~ jmme

m|vmzkmenked k~~}m~ zmcbxmh xi bdked aiz b nie~khmzbjcm xk`m vmzkih% Vcbd}mh j{~k`kcbz vzijcm`~ b~~inkbxmh tkxl be bdked viv}cbxkie# Kehkb cb}enlmh b ~xzbxmdknakebenkbc ~mn}zkx{ vcbe aiz xlm bdmh xlbx kenc}hmh xlm m|vbe~kie ia xlm vme~kie~{~xm` beh bc~i m~xbjck~lmh xlm Ebxkiebc Vickn{ ie Ichmz Vmz~ie~ ke 2;;; bk`mh bxxzbkeked `mhknbc vmz~ieemc azi` vzk`bz{# ~mniehbz{ beh xmzxkbz{ lmbcxl nbzm abnkckxkm~ie nbzked aiz xlm mchmzc{ ,TLI :664+%

Xl}~# Kehkb beh Nlkeb lbqm lbh ~k`kcbz ~inkbc k~~}m~ xlbx nienmze kenc}~kqm dzitxl#b~ lb~ ^zk Cbegb# beh lbqm mqicqmh hkaamzmex `mxlihicidkm~ ke hmbcked tkxl xlm~mk~~}m~% ^zk Cbegb nbe xl}~ cmbze azi` xlm m|vmzkmenm ia xlm~m ni}exzkm~ ke hmbckedtkxl k~~}m~ zmcbxmh xi lkdlmz r}bckx{ mh}nbxkie# nlkch `bce}xzkxkie# ~inkbc vzixmnxkie#eieni``}eknbjcm hk~mb~m~ beh bdked%

=% Nlkem~m Hmqmciv`mex B~~k~xbenm xi ^zk CbegbM|xmzebc hmqmciv`mex b~~k~xbenm# zmnmkqmh ke xlm aiz` ia cibe~ beh dzbex~ azi`jkcbxmzbc beh `}cxkcbxmzbc hmqmciv`mex vbzxemz~ vcb{~ be k`vizxbex zicm ke `mmxked ^zkCbegb~ hmqmciv`mex akebenked emmh~ beh niexzkj}xm~ xi bzi}eh =6- ia xlm v}jcknkeqm~x`mex% Xlm ni`vi~kxkie beh xlm aiz` ia m|xmzebc hmqmciv`mex akebenked lb~nlbedmh ~}j~xbexkbcc{ iqmz xlm cb~x amt {mbz~ nie~mr}mex xi xlm k`vcm`mexbxkie iaxlm diqmze`mex~ mniei`kn vickn{ ~xzbxmd{ }ehmz @blkehb Nlkexlbeb - Qk~kie aiz bemt ^zk Cbegb beh xlm dzbh}bxkie ia ^zk Cbegb xi b `khhcm keni`m ni}exz{ ~xbx}~%

B~ b zm~}cx# m|vmnxmh nienm~~kiebc akebenked k~ hmnzmb~ked bx xlm ì`mex%

B dzmbxmz ain}~ lb~ jmme `bhm ie emmhmh cbzdm keqm~x`mex~ ke xlm vzkizkx{ ~mnxiz~ ke^zk Cbegb ~}nl b~ memzd{# zibh~ beh m|vzm~~ lkdltb{~# vizx~ beh bqkbxkie# kzzkdbxkiebeh tbxmz ~}vvc{ ~nlm`m~ tkxli}x ni`vzi`k~ked xlm bccinbxkie ia zmr}kzmh zm~i}znm~aiz xlm hmqmciv`mex ia cbddked zmdkie~% ]ehmz xlk~ emt hmqmciv`mex ~xzbxmd{ Nlkebbeh Kehkb lbqm m`mzdmh b~ xlm xti cmbhked hmqmciv`mex vbzxemz~%

b% Nlkem~m Iqmz~mb~ Hmqmciv`mex B~~k~xbenmNlkeb vziqkhm~ bkh ivmzbxked tkxlke xlm niexm|x ia kx~ vi~kxkie b~ b hmqmcivkedni}exz{# j}x bc~i xi a}cakcc kx~ kexmzebxkiebc zm~vie~kjkckxkm~% Xlm iqmzbcc ijomnxkqm k~xlbx# Nlkeb k~ vziqkhked aizmkde bkh xi lmcv zmnkvkmex ni}exzkm~ xi ~xzmedxlme xlmkz~mcahmqmciv`mex nbvbnkx{# mezknl beh k`vziqm xlmkz vmivcm~ ckqmckliih# beh vziìxmxlmkz mniei`kn dzitxl beh ~inkbc vzidzm~~% Xlmzm k~ b ncmbz hmncbzbxkie xlbx Nlkem~m

bkh k~ b ìhmc tkxl kx~ ite nlbzbnxmzk~xkn~% Xlmzm bzm xlzmm ~xbdm~ ia Nlkem~m bkhvziqk~kie? 2;=62;4


27/38

:8

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Bhlmzked xi mr}bckx{# `}x}bc jmemakx beh ni`ìe hmqmciv`mex# Zm`bkeked zmbck~xkn tlkcm ~xzkqked aiz xlm jm~x# Gmmvked vbnm tkxl xlm xk`m~ beh vb{ked bxxmexkie xi zmaiz` beh

keeiqbxkie%

Nlkem~m aizmkde bkh k~ vziqkhmh ke xlzmm aiz`~? dzbex~ beh kexmzm~xazmm cibe~,xlzi}dl ~xbxm akebenm~+ beh nienm~~kiebc cibe~ bh`kek~xmzmh xlzi}dl Nlkeb M|K`Jbeg% Bx xlm meh ia :66;# Nlkeb lbh vziqkhmh b xixbc ia :=1%:; jkcckie {}be ,]^(>;%>jkcckie+ ke bkh# tkxl bvvzi|k`bxmc{ 82- dzbex~# >6- kexmzm~xazmm cibe~ beh :;- kexlm aiz` ia nienm~~kiebc cibe~% Nlkeb~ bkh bc~i nieakz`~ b jbcbenm vziqk~kie bìedqbzkmh ~mnxiz~% Ke dmemzbc# ia Nlkeb~ nienm~~kiebc cibe~# 12- bzm }~mh xi lmcvhmqmcivked ni}exzkm~ xi nie~xz}nx xzbe~vizxbxkie# ni``}eknbxkie~ beh mcmnxzknkx{keazb~xz}nx}zm# beh


28/38

:=

j% Iqmzqkmt ia Nlkem~m b~~k~xbenm xi ^zk CbegbLk~xizknbc zmcbxkie~ ke xlm akmch ia mniei`kn~ beh xzbhm mexmzmh xlzi}dl xlm ~kcgzi}xmazi` benkmex Nlkeb `be{ nmex}zkm~ bdi% Ke 2;=: xlm ^zk Cbegb Nlkeb Z}jjmz ZknmVbnx `bzgmh b emt nlbvxmz ke mniei`kn beh xzbhm zmcbxkie~% @izm zmnmexc{ mniei`knbeh vickxknbc xkm~ lbqm jmme nm`mexmh ~kenm xlm m~xbjck~l`mex ia aiz`bc hkvci`bxknzmcbxkie~ ke 2;=4% Ke 2;


29/38

:1

Akd}zm 2:? Itemz~lkv ia I}x~xbehked Aizmkde Hmjx azi` Nlkeb xi ^zk Cbeg b

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30/38

:4

Zmh Nzi~~ Qkccbdm beh zm~xizbxkie tizg ke > ak~lmz{ lbzji}z~% Ke bhhkxkie xlmzm bzm`keiz niexzkj}xkie~ xi xlm mh}nbxkie beh lmbcxl ~mnxiz~ ke ^zk Cbegb%

A}zxlmz# Nlkeb lb~ jmni`m b `boiz keqm~xiz ke ^zk Cbegb% Keqm~x`mex j{ Nlkeb ke ^zkCbegb b~ bx meh :66= tb~ ]^H 22%11 @e% @boiz ~mnxiz~ kexi tlknl AHK tb~ zmnmkqmhkenc}hm xlm bvvbzmc beh xm|xkcm ~mnxiz~# ~mzqknm~ beh ak~lmz{ vzih}nx~% B~ vmz ~xbxk~xkn~

azi` xlm JIK# xlmzm bzm 1> mexzmvzmem}z~# azi` Nlkeb beh ìzm Nlkem~m mexmzvzk~m~bzm kexmzm~xmh ke xlm ^zk Cbegbe `bzgmx% Niivmzbxkie ke xlm akmch ia bdzkn}cx}zm lb~bc~i jmme vziìxmh ke xlm zmnmex {mbz~ vbzxkn}cbzc{ tkxl xlm ~kdeked ia b @i] keAmjz}bz{ :66< jmxtmme xlm @kek~xz{ ia Bdzkn}cx}zm beh Nlkem~m Bnbhm`{ ia

Bdzkn}cx}zbc @mnlbek~bxkie ^nkmenm~ ,NBB@^+% Xlk~ lb~ mebjcmh xlm m|nlbedm ia lkdlcmqmc hmcmdbxkie~ aiz k`vziqked bdzkn}cx}zbc zm~mbznl beh xmnleicid{ xzbe~amz~jmxtmme xlm xti ni}exzkm~ ,M`jb~~{ ia ^zk Cbegb ke xlm Vmivcm~ Zmv}jckn ia Nlkeb:622+%

n% ^}vvizx xi kenc}~kqm dzitxl xlzi}dl Nlkem~m b~~k~xmh vziomnx~Xlk~ ~mnxkie ti}ch ciig bx b amt zmnmex Nlkeb a}ehmh vziomnx~ xi b~~m~~ xlm ~}vvizxxi kenc}~kqm dzitxl ke ^zk Cbegb%

k% Hmqmciv`mex ia xlm Vizx ke Lb`jbexixbXlm vizx ia Lb`jbexixb tb~ vcbeemh xi jm hmqmcivmh b~ b ~mzqknm~ beh keh}~xzkbcvizx% Xlm xixbc m~xk`bxmh nie~xz}nxkie ni~x ia Vlb~m 2 ia xlm vziomnx k~ ]^ ( >12`kcckie# i}x ia tlknl# ; ìexl~% Xlm vziomnx tb~ vcbeemh xi jm ni`vcmxmh j{ Bvzkc :622% Xlmakz~x qm~~mc tb~ nmzmìekbcc{ jmzxlmh bx Lb`jbexixb Vizx ke Eiqm`jmz xlk~ {mbz% Be}`jmz ia aizmkde beh cinbc mexzmvzmem}z~ lbqm bczmbh{ m|vzm~~mh kexmzm~x xi keqm~xke j}~kem~~ ivvizx}ekxkm~ bx xlm vizx%

Lb`jbexixb tb~ iem ia xlm citm~x vmz nbvkxb keni`m zmdkie~ ke ^zk Cbegb% Xl}~# xlmnie~xz}nxkie ia b vizx ke Lb`jbexixb ti}ch jm be k`vizxbex nbxbc{~x aiz `boizmniei`kn hmqmciv`mex ke ^zk Cbegb% A}zxlmz# kx tkcc zmh}nm xlm vzmqbkcked lkdlmz}em`vci{`mex vmznmexbdm ke xlm Lb`jbexixb zmdkie b~ m|vmnxmh m`vci{`mexdmemzbxkie ia xlk~ vziomnx m~xk`bxmh k~ ìzm xlbe =6#666%

Xlk~ vziomnx lb~ b ain}~ ie iem ia xlm cbddked zmdkie~ ke ^zk Cbegb beh ti}chniexzkj}xm xi be kenzmb~m ke keni`m cmqmc~ ia xlm viv}cbxkie beh lmenm ie zmh}nkedxlm cmqmc ia viqmzx{ ke xlm Lb`jbexixb% A}zxlmz# xlm m`vci{`mex dmemzbxmh xlzi}dlxlm vziomnx ti}ch niexzkj}xm xi zmh}nm xlm cmqmc ia }em`vci{`mex ia xlm zmdkie%Litmqmz# kx k~ bzd}mh xlbx xlm m|xme~kqm }~m ia Nlkem~m cbji}z beh xmnleknbcm|vmzxk~m ti}ch eix vziqkhm xlm m|vmnxmh m`vci{`mex ivvizx}ekxkm~ behxmnleicidknbc xzbe~amz~ xi ^zk Cbegb%

k k% Eizinlnlicbk Nibc Vit mz Vcbex Vziomnx^zk Cbegb k~ m|vmnxmh xi dkqm b `boiz jii~x xi kx~ vitmz ~mnxiz tkxl xlm ni`vcmxkieia xlm Eizinlnlicbk nibc vitmz vziomnx# ia tlknl ;=- k~ ni`vcmxmh bx vzm~mex%Xlm akz~x vlb~m ia kx~ nie~xz}nxkie tb~ ni`vcmxmh ke :66; tlkcm xlm ~mnieh vlb~m iaxlm vziomnx# bk`mh bx dmemzbxked iqmz 166@T ni``menmh tkxl akebenkbc b~~k~xbenmazi` xlm Nlkem~m Diqmze`mex% Nlkeb vziqkhmh ]^(


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:66 @T k~ bhhmh xi xlm ebxkiebc dzkh tkxl xlm ni`vcmxkie ia xlm akz~x ~xbdm beh 166@T tkcc jm bhhmh ke xlm ~mnieh ~xbdm% Xlm vziomnx k~ m|vmnxmh xi `bgm b ~kdekaknbexniexzkj}xkie xitbzh~ `mmxked xlm ni}exz{$~ mcmnxzknkx{ emmh~ j{ :622% Xlm ni~x iavitmz dmemzbxkie azi` nibc akzmh vitmz vcbex~ k~ zmcbxkqmc{ cit ni`vbzmh xi ikc akzmhvitmz vcbex~% Xl}~# xlk~ vziomnx tkcc zm~}cx ke ~bqked b nie~khmzbjcm bì}ex ia aizmkde

m|nlbedm beh cmbh xi b zmh}nxkie ke xlm ni~x ia vitmz dmemzbxkie%

Xlm vziomnx k~ m|vmnxmh xi niexzkj}xm xitbzh~ xlm m|vbe~kie ia xlm keh}~xzkbc ~mnxizb~ tmcc b~ ixlmz hmqmciv`mex ~mnxiz~% Kx tkcc xl}~ niexzkj}xm xi kenzmb~mhm`vci{`mex b~ tmcc b~ keni`m dmemzbxkie ivvizx}ekxkm~% Xlm xbzkaa aiz mcmnxzknkx{ nbejm zmh}nmh h}m xi ni~x maamnxkqm vitmz dmemzbxkie% Litmqmz xlm k`vbnx~ ia xlmvziomnx ie xlm meqkzie`mex beh ie hkaamzmex ckqmckliih~ bzm {mx xi jm qbc}mh%

k k k% Ixlmz vziomnx~Nlkeb lb~ bc~i a}ehmh xlm zmhmqmciv`mex ia xlm Cbh{ Zkhdmtb{ Nlkchzme$~ Li~vkxbcbeh kx tb~ iem ia xlm amt Nlkeb a}ehmh ~inkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm vziomnx~% Ke bhhkxkie#xlmzm bzm mh}nbxkiebc ckegbdm~ jmxtmme ^zk Cbegb beh Nlkeb kenc}hked ~nlicbz~lkv~beh b ~mzkm~ ia xzbkeked vzidzb``m~ aiz ^zk Cbegbe diqmze`mex iaaknkbc~# ~nkmexk~x~#

oi}zebck~x~ beh mexzmvzmem}z~% Nlkem~m ~x}hmex~ bzm ~x}h{ked J}hhlk~`# ^kelbcb behmqme xmb n}cxkqbxkie ke ^zk Cbegb%

h% Iqmzbcc i}xni`m~Kx k~ ncmbz xlbx ì~x ia xlm vziomnx~ bzm ie mniei`kn keazb~xz}nx}zm tkxl amtmzain}~ked ie ~inkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm kenc}hked ~inkbc ~mn}zkx{% Litmqmz tlme nie~khmzkedxlm dmidzbvlknbc ~vzmbh ia xlm vziomnx~# kx k~ ncmbz xlbx xlm vziomnx~ lbqm zmbnlmh xlmcbddked zmdkie~ ia xlm ni}exz{ ~}nl b~ V}xxbcb`# Lb`jbexixb beh nieacknx baamnxmhbzmb~ ke Eizxl beh Mb~x%

A}zxlmz# ì~x ia xlm vziomnx~ lbqm hkzmnx k`vbnx ie mniei`kn dzitxl% M`vlb~k~ iem`vci{`mex dmemzbxkie beh ivvizx}ekxkm~ aiz j}~kem~~ bzm bc~i xlm jmemakx~ ia xlmvziomnx~ j}x a}zxlmz ke hmvxl `knzi ~x}hkm~ bzm zmr}kzmh xi b~~m~~ xlm k`vbnx ie xlmviizm~x ni``}ekxkm~ ke xlm zm~vmnxkqm zmdkie~% A}zxlmz# xlm meqkzie`mexbc k`vbnx~#k`vbnx~ ie hkaamzmex ckqmckliih~ beh ixlmz ~inkbc ni~x~ bzm bc~i {mx xi jm qbc}mh%

1% Nienc}~kieB ~kdekaknbex vzivizxkie ia xlm ^zk Cbegbe viv}cbxkie zm`bke~ i}x~khm xlm b`jkx iajb~kn vl{~knbc# ~inkbc beh akebenkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm beh cbng~ xlm ivvizx}ekx{ xiniexzkj}xm xi xlm vzm~mex dzitxl ì`mex}`% Lmenm# xlm diqmze`mex~ keazb~xz}nx}zmhzkqm vcbnm~ be m`vlb~k~ ie zmdkiebc keazb~xz}nx}zm hmqmciv`mex xi bnlkmqm b

zmdkiebcc{ jbcbenmh kenc}~kqm dzitxl% Kx k~ mr}bcc{ k`vizxbex xi khmexka{ v}jckn vickn{vzkizkxkm~ xi k`vziqm mniei`kn# ~inkbc beh akebenkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm xi bnlkmqm kenc}~kqmdzitxl beh kenzmb~mh ~vbxkbc mr}kx{%

Ke xlk~ vzinm~~# m`vlb~k~ ie ~inkbc vicknkm~ vcb{~ b gm{ zicm ke xlm bnlkmqm`mex iajmxxmz l}`be hmqmciv`mex ia b ni}exz{% Ke ^zk Cbegb# xlm vicknkm~ bhivxmh vzkiz xixlm mniei`kn ckjmzbck~bxkie ke 2;44# niexzkj}xmh xi b dzmbxmz mr}bckx{ j}x bx xlmm|vme~m ia mniei`kn dzitxl% Xlm `bzgmx izkmexmh dzitxl vicknkm~ bhivxmh baxmzckjmzbck~bxkie zm~}cxmh ke mniei`kn dzitxl tkxl }emqme keni`m hk~xzkj}xkie bìed


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xlm viv}cbxkie% Ke niexzb~x# xlm Nlkem~m ~inkbc vicknkm~ bhivxmh mqme ke xlm vzm ckjmzbck~bxkie mzb tmzm v}x ke vcbnm xi ~}vvizx xlm keh}~xzkbc vzih}nxkie ke }zjbebzmb~% Xlm ~}j~mr}mex ~inkbc vickn{ zmaiz`~ tmzm bc~i xbgme xi ~}vvizx xlm mniei`kndzitxl ìhmc~%

Xlm ~inkbc vicknkm~ k`vcm`mexmh ke ^zk Cbegb ~kenm kehmvmehmenm lbqm niexzkj}xmh xi

dzmbxmz bnlkmqm`mex~ ke l}`be hmqmciv`mex bnzi~~ xlm zmdkie~ tlme ni`vbzmh xikx~ î}xl B~kbe emkdlji}z~# xl}~ niexzkj}xked xi kenc}~kqm dzitxl ke ^zk Cbegb%Litmqmz zmdkiebc hk~vbzkxkm~ k%m% bìed vziqkenm~)~mnxiz~)hk~xzknx~ beh hk~vbzkxkm~bìed keni`m dzi}v~ ke xlm bnlkmqm`mex ia @HD~ ~xkcc m|k~x% A}zxlmz# cbng ianiqmzbdm ia ~inkbc vzixmnxkie vzidzb``m~ beh b cbng ia xbzdmxked ia emmh{ dzi}v~beh b cbng ia vzmvbzmhem~~ xi abnm xlm k~~}m~ ia be bdked viv}cbxkie bzm bìed xlm~inkbc hmqmciv`mex k~~}m~ ^zk Cbegb ~xkcc lb~ xi niexmeh tkxl%

Nlkeb k~ jmni`ked xlm cmbhked hieiz ~vmnkbcc{ aiz vziqkhked a}ehked aiz keazb~xz}nx}zmhmqmciv`mex vziomnx~ ke ^zk Cbegb% Bx xlm ~b`m xk`m# Nlkeb k~ m`mzdked b~ bemniei`kn dkbex tkxl be k`vzm~~kqm zmh}nxkie ke viqmzx{ cmqmc~ vziqkhked cm~~ie~ aizixlmz m`mzdked mniei`km~ ckgm ^zk Cbegb% Nlkeb ni`m~ tkxl b qmz{ hkaamzmexjbngdzi}eh tlme ni`vbzmh xi ^zk Cbegb% Xlm cbzdmz mniei`{ beh xlm nmexzbcc{vcbeemh mniei`kn ~{~xm` bzm bìed xlm `boiz hkaamzmenm~ beh xlk~ bhh~ xi xlmni`vcm|kx{ ke hzbtked cm~~ie~ azi` Nlkeb~ hmqmciv`mex m|vmzkmenm%

Kx k~ k`vizxbex xi eixm xlm ~vmnkakn nlbzbnxmzk~xkn~ ia lmbcxl# mh}nbxkie beh ~inkbcvzixmnxkie ~{~xm`~ ke Nlkeb)Kehkb tlknl niexzkj}xm xi xlm vzm~mex ~xbx}~ ia mniei`kndzitxl# viqmzx{ zmh}nxkie beh l}`be hmqmciv`mex% Litmqmz# hm~vkxm xlm k`vzm~~kqmdzitxl bnlkmqm`mex~ kemr}bckx{ k~ b `}nl hmjbxmh k~~}m ke Nlkeb% Xlm vzi}zjbedzitxl ìhmc aiccitmh ~iie baxmz ckjmzbck~bxkie cmh xi cbzdm dbv~ ke niqmzbdm b~ tmccb~ ~xbddmzked kemr}bckxkm~ ke xmz`~ ia tmcabzm beh ckqked ~xbehbzh~% @iqked btb{ azi`xlk~ ìhmc# xlm Nlkem~m diqmze`mex cbxmz m`jzbnmh b vziviiz bvvzibnl j{bhqinbxked }zjbek~bxkie ke z}zbc bzmb~# keni`m zmhk~xzkj}xkie# keqm~xked ke z}zbckeazb~xz}nx}zm~ beh cii~meked niexzic iqmz z}zbc}zjbe kdzbxkie%

Zmaiz`~ xi xlm mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` kexzih}nmh ke 2;=6 ke Nlkeb tlknl ain}~~mh ie xlmhkzmnx niexzkj}xkie ia ~nkmenm beh xmnleicid{ beh xlm vzmvbzbxkie ia ~gkcc~ aizkeh}~xzkbck~bxkie beh ebxkiebc hmamenm lmcvmh k`vziqm kx~ lkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm`%

Bcxli}dl# xlm mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` vbkh ìzm bxxmexkie xi lkdlmz mh}nbxkie# xlm ~{~xm`vbkh cm~~ bxxmexkie xi jb~kn mh}nbxkie# ìzm xi ~nkmenm beh medkemmzked beh cm~~ xi~inkbc ~nkmenm~ beh xlm l}`bekxkm~# beh ìzm xi qinbxkiebc xzbkeked beh cm~~ xidmemzbc mh}nbxkie% Ke ^zk Cbegb tmbgem~~m~ ke xlm lkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` lbqmniexzkj}xmh xi vzih}nked cit r}bckx{ dzbh}bxm~ tli bzm eix zmbh{ xi `mmx xlmhm`beh ia be m`mzdked `khhcm keni`m ni}exz{% Xlmzmaizm# xlm ìhmc bhivxmh j{Nlkeb ke hmqmcivked kx~ xmnleknbc beh lkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` ti}ch lmcv ~lbvm xlmlkdlmz mh}nbxkie ~{~xm` xi vzih}nm dzbh}bxm~ tkxl `bzgmxbjcm ~gkcc~ xlbx ti}ch

`mmx xlm hm`beh ia be m`mzdked mniei`{ ckgm ^zk Cbegb% Litmqmz# kx k~ k`vizxbex xieixm xlm zm~}cxked cit cmqmc~ ia bxxmexkie ie jb~kn mh}nbxkie# ~}jomnx ~xzmb`~ ~}nl b~~inkbc ~nkmenm~ beh l}`bekxkm~ beh ie dmemzbc mh}nbxkie ke hzbtked cm~~ie~ aiz ^zkCbegb beh maaizx~ jm `bhm xi bqikh xlm~m ~kx}bxkie~%

Nlkeb lb~ jmme bjcm xi ~lit b hzb`bxkn zmh}nxkie ke nlkch `bce}xzkxkie cmqmc~ j}x xlmvzmqbcmenm ia ~x}exked k~ ~kdekaknbex% Hbxb ~lit~ xlbx Nlkeb zmbnlmh kx~ @HD~ ìzmxlbe b hmnbhm blmbh ia xlm xbzdmx {mbz :62=% Zbvkh viqmzx{ zmh}nxkie beh bnnm~~ xivziam~~kiebc lmbcxl nbzm beh qbnnkebxkie ia bcc xlm nlkchzme ke Nlkeb lb~ niexzkj}xmh


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>6

xi xlm vzm~mex bnlkmqm`mex~% Bcxli}dl ^zk Cbegb k~ tmcc blmbh ke bnlkmqked diih@@Z beh K@Z# ^zk Cbegb~ viiz vmzaiz`benm ke nlkch `bce}xzkxkie k~ hkaakn}cx xi}ehmz~xbeh dkqme xlm lkdl cmqmc~ ia `bxmzebc mh}nbxkiebc bxxbke`mex% Vziqk~kie iavziam~~kiebc lmbcxlnbzm beh a}cc qbnnkebxkie aiz bcc xlm nlkchzme beh ~{~xm`bxknìekxizked beh mqbc}bxkie ia xlm vzidzm~~ ia lmbcxl beh e}xzkxkiebc kexmzqmexkievzidzb``m~ bzm bìed xlm cm~~ie~ ^zk Cbegb nbe hzbt azi` Nlkeb%

ENH~ tlknl bzm vbzxc{ b zm~}cx ia be bdked viv}cbxkie ke Nlkeb beh ^zk Cbegb bzm bek~~}m% Nlkeb nie~khmz~ ENH~ ìzm b~ b v}jckn lmbcxl vzijcm` xlbe b nckeknbc iem behain}~m~ ìzm ie vzmqmexkie% M~xbjck~l`mex ia ENH vzmqmexkie emxtizg~ beh zmcbxmhnzkxmzkb beh xlm kexzih}nxkie ia vzmqmexkqm `mb~}zm~ xi lkdlzk~g dzi}v~ beh xlmk`vcm`mexbxkie ia kexmdzbxkqm ni``}ekx{jb~mh vzmqmexkie bzm bìed xlmkexmzqmexkie~ xlbx ^zk Cbegb nbe hzbt cm~~ie~ azi`% Ke bhhkxkie Nlkeb lb~ cb}enlmh~mqmzbc vicknkm~ beh vzidzb``m~ ke be maaizx xi bhhzm~~ xlm bdked k~~}m% Bccinbxkie ia~}j~xbexkbcc{ kenzmb~mh v}jckn a}eh~ xi nbxmz xi xlm emmh~ ia xlm mchmzc{ viv}cbnm#vcbe~ xi kekxkbxm dmzkbxzkn `mhknbc xzbkeked bx be }ehmzdzbh}bxm cmqmc# beh m~xbjck~lìzm dmzkbxzkn }ekx~ xi melbenm xlm ni}exz{~ bjkckx{ xi zm~vieh xi xlm ~vmnkakn emmh~ia xlm mchmzc{ bzm bìed xlm k`vizxbex kexmzqmexkie~% Vcbd}mh j{ ~k`kcbz vzijcm`~b~~inkbxmh tkxl be bdked viv}cbxkie# Kehkb cb}enlmh b ~xzbxmdkn akebenkbc ~mn}zkx{ vcbeaiz xlm bdmh xlbx kenc}hmh xlm m|vbe~kie ia xlm vme~kie ~{~xm` beh bc~i m~xbjck~lmhxlm Ebxkiebc Vickn{ ie Ichmz Vmz~ie~ ke 2;;; bk`mh bx xzbkeked `mhknbc vmz~ieemcazi` vzk`bz{# ~mniehbz{ beh xmzxkbz{ lmbcxl nbzm abnkckxkm~ ie nbzked aiz xlm mchmzc{%Kekxkbxkie ia dmzkbxzkn `mhknbc xzbkeked bx be }ehmzdzbh}bxm cmqmc# beh m~xbjck~lkedìzm dmzkbxzkn }ekx~ ke xlm ni}exz{# m|vbehked xlm vme~kie ~{~xm` tkxl akebenkbc~mn}zkx{ vcbe~ beh ìzm v}jckn a}eh~ xi nbxmz xi xlm emmh~ ia xlm mchmzc{ viv}cbxkiebzm xlm cm~~ie~ xlbx ^zk Cbegb nbe bhivx xi abnm xlm k~~}m~ xlbx bzk~m tkxl be bdkedviv}cbxkie%

B ~inkbc vzixmnxkie ~{~xm` vzk`bzkc{ dmbzmh xitbzh~ }zjbe zm~khmex~ tb~ ij~mzqmh keNlkeb }exkc zmnmexc{ b~ b zm~}cx ia xlm ain}~ ie keh}~xzkbc beh }zjbe ~mnxizhmqmciv`mex% Litmqmz b~ ia cbxm# xlm ni}exz{ lb~ xbgme dzmbx ~xzkhm~ ke vziqkhked b

~inkbc ~mn}zkx{ ~{~xm` xlbx k~ bnnm~~kjcm xi bcc% Bìed xlm kexmzqmexkie~# xlm }zjbebeh z}zbc mehit`mex ke~}zbenm ~{~xm` k~ vzi`kemex%

M|xmzebc hmqmciv`mex b~~k~xbenm# zmnmkqmh ke xlm aiz` ia cibe~ beh dzbex~ azi`jkcbxmzbc beh `}cxkcbxmzbc hmqmciv`mex vbzxemz~ vcb{~ be k`vizxbex zicm ke `mmxked bni}exz{~ hmqmciv`mex akebenked emmh~ ke v}jckn keqm~x`mex~ beh Nlkeb k~ iem ia xlmm`mzdked cmbhked hmqmciv`mex vbzxemz~ ke ^zk Cbegb% Nlkem~m a}ehmh vziomnx~ ke ^zkCbegb bzm `bkec{ ie mniei`kn keazb~xz}nx}zm hmqmciv`mex beh lmenm lbqmniexzkj}xmh xi xlm mniei`kn dzitxl ke ^zk Cbegb% Mh}nbxkie beh lmbcxl lbqm jmmekhmexkakmh b~ gm{ b~vmnx~ ia ~inkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm tlknl nbe hkzmnxc{ niexzkj}xm xikenc}~kqm dzitxl% K`vziqm`mex~ ke xlm ~inkbc keazb~xz}nx}zm ia b ni}exz{ keac}menm xlmnzmbxkie ia b vzih}nxkqm beh ~gkccmh tizgaiznm nbvbjcm ia `mmxked xlm hm`beh~

jzi}dlx j{ mniei`kn dzitxl beh me~}zked xlbx xlm ni}exz{ k~ nieh}nkqm aiz a}zxlmztmccvbnmh mniei`kn dzitxl beh hmqmciv`mex% Xl}~# Nlkeb~ hmqmciv`mexb~~k~xbenm xi ^zk Cbegb ~li}ch nie~khmz xlm vi~~kjkckxkm~ ia xzbe~amzzked kx~ m|vmzkmenmie hmqmciv`mex k~~}m~ xlbx ti}ch lbqm b jmemaknkbc maamnx ie kenc}~kqm dzitxl ke ^zkCbegb%


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>2

Beem| 2? Nlkem~m B~~k~xbenm aiz ^zk Cbegb 2 ;46 xi :6 22

2% Nie~xz}nxkie ia xlm J@KNL:% Ekcbjm L{hzivitmz ^xbxkie>% Nmexzbc @bkc beh Xmcmdzb` Ni`vcm|8% Dkedbedb Aciih Vzixmnxkie Vziomnx=% ]hbtbcbtb Azm~l Tbxmz Ak~l Jzmmhked beh M|vmzk`mexbc ^xbxkie1% Vicieebz}tb Tbxmz ^}vvc{ Vziomnx4% Qm{bedihb beh V}dihb Xm|xkcm @kcc~%B~~k~xbenm aiz î}xl B~kbe Db`m~28%Nie~xz}nxkie ia Amt ^mcmnxmh Zibh Keazb~xz}nx}zm Mcm`mex~2=%Vziomnx xi ]vdzbhm Abnkckxkm~ bx J@KNL21%Nie~xz}nxkie ia Ebxkiebc Vmzaiz`ked Bzx~ Xlmbxzm24%Zma}zjk~l`mex ia ^}vmzkiz Ni}zx~ Ni`vcm|28-+

2;%V}xxbcb` Nibc Vitmz Vziomnx Vlb~m K ,11-+:6%^}vvc{ ia 266 Zbkctb{ Vb~~medmz Nbzzkbdm~:2%^}vvc{ ia 2> Hkm~mc @}cxkvcm ]ekx~ xi ^zk Cbegb Zbkctb{~::%Lb`jbexixb Vizx Hmqmciv`mex Vziomnx:>%J}egmzked Abnkckxkm~ beh Xbeg Abz` Vziomnx bx Lb`jbexixb:8%Nici`jiGbx}eb{bgm M|vzm~~tb{ Vziomnx:=%î}xlmze M|vzm~~ tb{ ,ai}z cbem~ azi` Vkeebh}tb xi Dihbdb`b +:1%V}xxbcb` Nibc Vitmz Vziomnx Vlb~m KK:4%@bxxbcb Lb`jbexixb Kexmzebxkiebc Bkzvizx Vziomnx:6%Nie~xz}nxkie ia @bxbzb Jmckbxxb Zbkctb{ Ckem Vlb~m 2>2%Vzin}zm`mex ia @bxmzkbc aiz xlm Eizxlmze Vziqkenm Vitmz ^mnxiz Hmqmciv`mex

Vzidzb``m>:%Eizxlmze zibh zmlbjkckxbxkie vzidzb``m vbngbdm akebenmh j{ Nlkeb

Zmlbjkckxbxkie beh k`vziqm`mex ia 14 g` cmedxl ia Ebqbxg}ckGmzbxkq}@beebz zibh ,B>:+

Zmlbjkckxbxkie beh k`vziqm`mex ia 22> g` cmedxl ia V}xxbcb`@bzknlnlkgbhm@beebz zibh ,J >4;# J 86>+

Zmlbjkckxbxkie beh k`vziqm`mex ia 2=> g` cmedxl ia Gbeh{Obaaeb zibh,B6;+

Zmlbjkckxbxkie beh k`vziqm`mex ia :+# ObaaebGbegb~bexl}zbk zibh ,BJ 21+#ObaaebVbcbc{ zibh ,BJ 2>8+7 @}cbxkq}V}ck{beg}cb` zibh ,J :;1+

î}znm? Hmvbzx`mex ia M|xmzebc Zm~i}znm~# @kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked# ^zk Cbegb,qbzki}~ {mbz~+


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>:

Zmamzmenm~

Bjh}c Nbhmz# B% beh @}eb~# @% ,:66;+% @kdzbxkie beh Zm`kxxbenm~? B~~m~~ked xlmvixmexkbc xi `b|k`k~m viqmzx{ k`vbnx# ke# Ivvizx}ekxkm~ aiz xlm vzih}nxkqm viiz?

vmz~vmnxkqm~ ie bdzkn}cx}zm beh z}zbc ckqmckliih~ ke ^zk Cbegb# mh~% K~lbzb Zbxleb{bgmbeh Vzk{bexlk Amzebehi# Nmexzm aiz Viqmzx{ Bebc{~k~# Nici`ji%

Bdzkn}cx}zm beh BdzkAiih Nbebhb# ,:66# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx? ,lxxv?))h~vv~h%vtd~n%dn%nb)niccmnxkieY:66;)bdz)B>=22M%vha+

B~kbe Hmqmciv`mex Jbeg ,2;;


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Mhkxizkbc Dzi}v aiz d}i`keokedk lm ~lml}kablbe hk~lk{kdmt}ekbed}kl}bdbed{bi|}m|ka}hbi# D}i`keokedk lm ~lml}kablbe hk~lk{kdmt}ekbed}kl}bdbed{bi|}m|ka}hbi,^}``bz{ ia xlm Mcmqmexl Akqm-[mbz Vcbe aizEbxkiebc Mniei`kn beh înkbc Hmqmciv`mex? ^x}h{ D}khm+ ,:661+% Jmkoked# Nlkeb# NNVVbzx{ nliic%

M`jb~~{ ia ^zk Cbegb ke xlm Vmivcm~ Zmv}jckn ia Nlkeb ,:622+% ^zk Cbegb VickxknbcZmcbxkie~ tkxl Nlkeb# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx?,lxxv?))ttt%~cm`j%ni`)hb~lklknkYme:%lx`+%

M|xmzebc Zm~i}znm Hmvbzx`mex ,:626+% Hmqmciv`mex Vbzxemz~lkv xitbzh~ beM`mzdked mniei`{ ke B~kb# @kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked# Nici`ji%

Abe# N% ,:661+% Nlkeb~ Mcmqmexl Akqm[mbz Vcbe ,:661:626+? Azi` Dmxxked ZknlAkz~x xi Ni`ìe Vzi~vmzkx{7 M}zb~kbe Dmidzbvl{ beh Mniei`kn~ :661# Qic%84# Ei%1# vv 46# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx?,lxxv?))ttt%~~nemx%}ncb%mh})dmid)hitecibh~)=;4)>66%vha+

Abe# ^lmeddme# Cke|k} _lbed beh \kbiji _lbed ,:66:+% Dzitxl# Kemr}bckx{ behViqmzx{ ke Z}zbc Nlkeb? Xlm zicm ia v}jckn keqm~x`mex~# KAVZK Zm~mbznl Vbvmz 2:=#Kexmzebxkiebc Aiih Vickn{ Zm~mbznl Ke~xkx}xm# Tb~lkedxie# HN%

Aiih beh Bdzkn}cx}zm Izdbek~bxkie ia xlm ]ekxmh Ebxkie~ ,:661+% Zbvkh Dzitxl ia^mcmnxmh B~kbe Mniei`km~? Cm~~ie~ beh K`vcknbxkie~ aiz Bdzkn}cx}zm beh Aiih^mn}zkx{# ^{exlm~k~ Zmvizx# ABI# Zmdkiebc Iaaknm aiz B~kb beh xlm Vbnkakn# Jbedgig#Xlbkcbeh# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx? ,lxxv?))ttt%abi%izd)hin~)}v)mb~{vic)81>)~{exl~k~

) vha+

Diqmze`mex ia ^zk Cbegb beh ]ekxmh Ebxkie~ Hmqmciv`mex Vzidzb``m ,:66=+%@kccmek}` Hmqmciv`mex Dibc~ Ni}exz{ Zmvizx :66=# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx?,lxxv?))ttt%`hd%cg)kevbdm~)`hdYzmvizx~):66=)kexzih}nxkie%vha+

Dli~l# O% ,:626+% Viqmzx{ zmh}nxkie ke Nlkeb beh Kehkb? Vickn{ k`vcknbxkie~ ia zmnmexxzmeh~# HM^B Tizgked Vbvmz Ei% ;:# Hmvbzx`mex ia Mniei`kn beh înkbc Baabkz~#]ekxmh Ebxkie~# Emt [izg%

D}emtbzhmeb# H% ,:664+% Nie~}`vxkie Viqmzx{ ke ^zk Cbegb 2;


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@kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked ,:666+% ^zk Cbegb? B Azb`mtizg aiz Viqmzx{Zmh}nxkie# @kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked%

@kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked ,:666+% Xlm A}x}zm zmdbkeked ^zk Cbegb#Diqmze`mex ia ^zk Cbegb# Nici`ji%

@kek~xz{ ia Akebenm beh Vcbeeked ,:661+% @blkehb Nlkexlbeb? Qk~kie aiz b emt ^zkCbegb# Diqmze`mex ia ^zk Cbegb# Nici`ji%

@izzk~ie# T%@% ,:661+% Nlkeb~ Mniei`kn Niehkxkie~# NZ^ K~~}m Jzkma aiz Niedzm~~#Niedzm~~kiebc Zm~mbznl ^mzqknm# Xlm Ckjzbz{ ia Niedzm~~%

Vmzmzb# H% beh Tkom~kedlm B% ,:622+% ^@M Hmqmciv`mex ^xzbxmdkm~ aiz ^zk Cbegb?Cmbzeked Cm~~ie~ azi` Emkdljizked Ni}exzkm~# B jcid j{ xlm Ke~xkx}xm ia Vickn{^x}hkm~ ia ^zk Cbegb# bqbkcbjcm ieckem bx? ,lxxv?))kv~cg%jcid~vix%ni`):622)62)~`mhmqmciv`mex~xzbxmdkm~aiz~zk%lx`c+

Zbqbcckie# @% beh Nlme ^% ,:66>+% @mb~}zked vziviiz dzitxl# Mniei`kn~ Cmxxmz~Mc~mqkmz# Qic%4;;%

Zbqbcckie# @% ,:66# Hmqmciv`mex Zm~mbznl Dzi}v# XlmTizch Jbeg%

Zbxeb{bgm# Z%@%G% ,2;;


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TH^Niexmex^mzqmz)TH^V)KJ):664)62)26)6666:6;=>Y:66462262=6>:=)Zmehmzmh)VHA)>>;6Hbenked6tkx+

Tizch Jbeg ,:66=+%Bxxbkeked xlm @kccmeek}` Hmqmciv`mex Dibc~ ke ^zk Cbegb# L}`beHmqmciv`mex ]ekx# î}xl B~kb Zmdkie# Tizch Jbeg%

Tizch Jbeg ,:664+% ^zk Cbegb? ^xzmedxlmeked înkbc Vzixmnxkie# L}`be Hmqmciv`mex]ekx# î}xl B~kb Zmdkie# Tizch Jbeg%

Tizch Jbeg ,:66+% Mqbc}bxkie ia Hmqmciv`mex ia xlm Tm~xmze Zmdkie ia Nlkeb# NlkebMniei`kn Bebc{~k~ Tizgked Vbvmz~ 4# Nzi~~^xzbkx Kexmzacit Vzi~vmnx Ai}ehbxkie#NMBTVM6>664%

_l}bed# O% ,:66>%

Sri Lanka's social policy as an emerging middle income country: How can PRC's development assistance...

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Transcript of Sri Lanka's social policy as an emerging middle income country: How can PRC's development assistance...