SRI LANKA: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND · PDF fileEnvironment Assessment and Management...

E830November 10, 2003

SRI LANKA: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ANDLIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Environment Assessment and Management Framework

Prepared by

Project Management UnitCommunity Development and Livelihood Improvement Project

Ministry of Rural Economy

November 10, 2003

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized


SRI LANKA: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND LIVELIHOODIMPROVEMENT PROJECT

Table of Contents

Environment Assessment and Management Framework1.0 Purpose ................................................. 3

2.0 Project Description .................................................. 5

3.0 Preliminary Environmental Assessment of Activities that may beincluded in Village Development Plans .9

4.0 Government of Sri Lanka Environmental Regulations andProcedures .............. I 1

5.0 Environment Review .............. 14

Annexes1. List of the Projects falling under the "Prescribed Projects" by the

Central Environmental Authority ................................................. 16

2. Negative List - Projects not eligible for Funding ............................ 21

3. Checklists for Rapid Environmental Assessment of CommunityProjects ................................................ 24

4. Potential Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures .............. 31

5. Pest Management Plan .46

6. Dam Safety Plan .48

2


COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND LIVELIHOODIMPROVEMENT PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

1.0 Purpose

The Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project (the Project), to befinanced by IDA, aims to enable the rural poor to improve their livelihood and quality oflife. The main objective of the project is to support GOSL' s strategy of reducing ruralpoverty and promotion of sustainable and equitable rural development through betteraccess of the poor to basic social and economic infrastructure and services and supportfor productive activities, using the CDD approach. The empowerment activities under theproject seek to deepen the partnership with civil society, increase the role of localgovernments to allocate resources for community development in the context ofstrengthened accountability, enhance financial transparency, and mainstream genderconsiderations in all anti-poverty efforts. The experiences of the community-drivendevelopment approach will be used to scale up the role of poor communities participatingin the growth process. The projects development objectives will be achieved through: (a)empowering communities to manage sustainable investments and build accountable andself-governing local institutions; (b) working with local governments which have provedto be more responsive and accountable to increase the size and quality of publicexpenditures that would be delivered in a community driven and accountable manner;and (c) working with federations of village organizations, private sector and NGOs oneconomic empowerment to increase size and diversity of livelihood, increased-creditflow, private sector investment in community activities and value added in agriculture.

Projects and Programs financed with IDA resources need to comply with World BankOperational Policies. Therefore, sub-projects and components eligible for funding underthis project will be required to satisfy the World Bank's safeguard policies, in addition toconformity with environmental legislation of the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL). Theproposed project is classified as Category B by the World Bank, which means that theproject is not expected to have any significant and/or irreversible adverse environmentalimpacts. In fact, it is expected to be beneficial from an environmental and socialperspective. Further, investments are expected to be small, very localized, laborintensive and largely of a rehabilitation or small rural enterprise development nature. Nosignificant impacts are expected on any critical ecosystems or culturally or sociallysensitive areas. Any potential impacts are expected to be readily manageable with properplanning and oversight arrangements.

World Bank policies and guidelines, pertaining to environmental safeguards, that mayrequire consideration under this project are as follows:

3


* OP/BP/GP 4.01 Environmental Assessment* OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams* OP 4.09 Pest Management

However, based on the experience of the on-going VSHLI initiative upon which thisproject is based, and the sub-project eligibility criteria agreed with the Government ofSri Lanka (GOSL), the most likely safeguard policy to be triggered under this project willbe OP/BP/GP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management. TheSafety of Dams safeguard policy listed above will considered to ensure minimal adverseenvironmental impacts due sub-projects, that may involve rehabilitation of existing tanksthat include a dam. Particular attention is needed during preparation of villagedevelopment plans to ensure that the Forestry and Natural Habitats safeguard polices arenot triggered since the Southern and Uva Provinces contain large extents of land that areunder forestry and natural habitats. However, all such environmentally sensitive areashave been declared as "protected areas" under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinanceand the Forestry Ordinance. Therefore, development activities are not permitted underprotected areas in Sri Lanka, except under exceptional circumstances with the priorconcurrence of either the Director General of the Department of Wildlife Conservation(DWLC) or Conservator General of Forests. There will be no activities supported underthis project that will be within designated protected areas, therefore, the forestry andnatural habitats safeguard policies are not being triggered under the project.

Considering the demand driven nature of the project, specific sub-projects to be fundedunder the Project will be identified by rural communities as part of their villagedevelopment plans. Therefore, specific environmental assessments on villagedevelopment plans cannot be conducted at this stage. However, an environmentalassessment was conducted on all possible sub-projects that could be undertaken in thetwo provinces. The list of sub-projects was comprehensive. Thereafter, based on asurvey of the development needs participating communities, activities most likely to befunded under the project have been identified from the general environmental assessmentconducted. Activities that were identified in the EA to have significant environmentalissues and/or above the financial threshold for funding a village development plan, arelisted as activities that will be ineligible for funding under the Project. A list of activitiesthat are ineligible for funding is identified in Annex 2.

An Environmental Assessment and Management Framework (EAMF) has been prepared,based on potential sub projects that will most likely be included in village developmentplans by the respective rural communities in the two selected provinces. The EAMF willbe used to identify potential environmental impacts of activities/sub-projects identified inthe respective village development plans and be used to integrate mitigatory measuresinto the sub-project designs. Therefore, the resulting village development plan wouldhave integrated environmental mitigatory measures into the designs of sub-projects. Aplan for monitoring environmental conditions will be developed for each villagedevelopment plan as part of developing indicators for overall project monitoring. Thisdocument describes the Environmental Assessment and Management Framework, whichwill be used as a template, for identification and mitigation of environmental impacts for

4


activities/sub-projects that will be included in village development plans. Thesedocuments have been prepared in lieu of a project specific EA to appraise theenvironmental aspects of the project. It has also been made available for public reviewand comment in appropriate locations in Sri Lanka and in IDA's Public InformationCenter in accordance with BP 17.50 requirements of disclosure. The EAMF will be usedby respective rural communities with technical assistance from service providers of thecommunities' choice, to integrate environmental concerns and include mitigatorymeasures in the village development plans. The service providers could be GovernmentOfficials, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), academia or the private sector.

1.0 Project Description

The Sri Lanka Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project willinclude the following four components: (A) Village Development; (B) InstitutionalStrengthening; (C) Innovation Seed Fund; and (4) Project Management.

Component A - Village Development: This component consists of the followingthree sub-components: (i) Formation, development and strengthening of communitybased organizations; (ii) Community Sub-projects; and (iii) Inter-village Roads.

Al: Formation, Development And Strengthening Of Community BasedOrganizations: The goal of this subcomponent is to develop self reliant, self managedand sustainable people's organizations for community development and livelihoodimprovement in the rural areas. Activities to be financed under the sub-component willinclude: (a) facilitation support by the Divisional Facilitation Team; (b) support byresource persons, NGOs and other institutions with expertise in CBOs' capacity building;(c) Workshops and trainings to community members, CBOs, and facilitators oninstitutional building, preparation of Village Development plans, preparation andappraisal of sub projects, community monitoring, general principles of financialmanagement, environmental management and community procurement and so on; (d)Capacity building of para-professionals; (e) Support to set up and manage CommunityLearning Centers; (f) support to set up and manage companies.

A2. Community Sub Projects: This sub-component will finance four main activities:(i) Capacity Building Fund; (ii) Community and Social Infrastructure Activities andServices; (iii) Income Generating Activities, and (iv) Incentive Fund.

(i) Capacity Building Fund. The Fund consists of 10% of the amount for communitysub projects. Funds are transferred directly to CBOs on receipt of the proposals. Theobjectives of this sub-component are to encourage a paradigm shift from supply driven todemand driven capacity building inputs and to ensure communities' access to financialresources to actively plan and manage their development plans (including partnershipswith the private sector). It is designed for communities to maintain a cadre of facilitatorsto assist them in developing participatory and inclusive Village Plans and in managingtheir own organizations; to secure services from a wide range of service providers, toensure technical soundness and feasibility by accessing technical services; to access

5


experts in the field of enterprise development and market linkages, and to enhance theskills base of para-professionals and CBOs' office bearers in areas like book keeping,financial management, community procurement, environmental management, sub-projectplanning and implementation.

(ii) Community and Social infrastructure Activities and Services . The objectives ofthis sub-component are to ensure inclusive and participatory processes in theidentification, prioritization and planning of community infrastructure and socialservices; to empower the communities to manage execution of the identifiedinfrastructure activities; and to expand the scope of social services already accessible tothe communities. It is designed to facilitate communities to identify their priority needsfor improving quality of their lives. This process of identification and prioritization callsfor community cohesion, participation of all the members and sensitivity to the needs ofthe poorest and the vulnerable. The communities will also be made aware of the projectappraisal process so that their sub- projects will meet appraisal criteria. Communities willalso be assisted in assessing environmental impacts of sub projects.

This sub-component will finance identification of priority needs through a participatoryapproach and selection of interventions which meet the principle of equity, sustainabilityand productivity; formulation of sub projects on community and technically andfinancially feasible social infrastructure activities and services; appraisal of sub projectsby the provincial appraisers; and execution and monitoring of sub projects by CBOs.

(iii) Income Generating Activities. The objective of this component is to developsustainable micro-finance institutions at the community level able to meet their members'credit requirements and to assist them in taking up a wide range of income generationactivities. The sub-component will finance the following activities: (a) preparation byCBOs and appraisal by the Provincial Appraisal Teams of sub projects for accessing thecommunity investment fund for building micro finance institutions; (b) technical supportby the National Core Team to expand income generation opportunities; and (c) theestablishment by the District Coordination Committee and the National Core Team oflinkages with formal financial institutions (Commercial banks in the Government andprivate sector) to meet the growing credit demand of the rural poor.

(iv) Incentive Fund. This Fund is assigned to those villages that follow trulyparticipatory and inclusive processes in their identification and prioritization ofdevelopment activities. The objective of this component is to ensure that communities donot exclude the most vulnerable and voiceless groups(members of lower castes, women-supported households, refugees, alcohol-addicted, disabled, and so on) from thedevelopment process.

A3. Inter-village Roads (Rural Roads). The objective of this subcomponent is toimprove the network of inter-village roads to secure better access of project villages tomain roads and market places. Main activities to be financed by the sub-componentinclude the following: (i) Identification of the inter-village roads to be taken up; (ii) Workestimates by Pradeshiya Sabha Technical Officers; (iii) Appraisal of proposals; (iv)

6


Agreement between Pradeshiya Sabhas and the Project on works' execution and release;and (v) Roads' execution and maintenance by Pradesiya Sabhas.

Component B: Institutional Strengthening: The objective of this component is toencourage the establishment of highly sensitized and pro poor and responsive Projectteams, Government agencies, Pradeshiya Sabhas, NGOs and Private sector, withcapacities to promote community driven development. This component consists of thefollowing three sub-components: (i) Capacity Building of National, District andDivisional Project teams; (ii) Capacity Building of Support Organizations and ServiceProviders; and (iii) Monitoring and Learning.

Bi. Capacity Building of National, District and Divisional Project Teams. Theobjective of this sub-component is to develop a shared vision and build requiredcompetences among project teams at national, district and divisional levels to enablethem to perform their respective roles. This will be achieved by promoting experientiallearning, exposure to the organized communities to demonstrate their strength anddevelop sensitivity to their needs. The project will identify the mix of skills, attitude, andorientation required for the project teams, the line agencies, Pradeshiya Sabhas, NGOsand private sector to respond to the needs of the rural communities. The focus shall be onthe role these agencies can meaningfully play to nurture and empower rural communities.Project teams will receive intensive training on social mobilization, communityparticipation, social capital, community based organizations, micro finance institutions,village development plans, environment management and Monitoring and Evaluation.The line departments will receive training on how to give space to the CBOs in thedevelopment agenda and on improving the quality of services to be provided to the ruralpoor. The Pradeshiya Sabhas will be facilitated to actively participate in the program andtheir capacities will be built to gradually replace the project teams and take overmanagement of the program (2nd phase).

B2. Capacity Building of Support Organizations and Service Providers. Theobjective of this sub-component is to facilitate the active participation of NGOs and theprivate sector to expand livelihoods options of the poor. The project would invest inbuilding their capacities to so as mould them to forge linkages with the ruralcommunities. The project will identify the NGOs with considerable experience innurturing community driven development and organize their exposure to projectinitiatives and facilitate their interaction with CBOs to establish linkages. Similarly, theprivate sector will be exposed to CBOs.

B3. Monitoring and Learning. The objective of this sub-component is to monitorperformance (including implementation of the Environmental Management Plans) andprogress of the project and to disseminate it among all stakeholders to enable them toeffectively address project implementation issues. The sub-component will financeestablishment and strengthening of a Monitoring and Learning system that will serve theneeds of project agencies at all levels. The information will flow from communitymembers to the Project Director through the Divisional Coordinator interfacing withDivisional Secretaries and service providers. The format for monitoring records will be

7


designed with the participation of various stakeholders. Participatory techniques likebeneficiaries' self assessments, focus groups and key informant discussions willparticularly be used for process monitoring, on issues related to the evolution of sub-projects, their inclusiveness, transparency and the level of participation in project benefitsand in decision-making processes. Process monitoring will be carried out by an externalagency. The Monitoring and Learning Coordinator from the project team will anchor allrelated activities, such as Baseline survey, MIS, process monitoring, follow up studies,impact evaluation and community monitoring.

Component C. Innovation Seed Fund: The objective of this component is to conductand possibly replicate pilots on innovative ideas with the potential to expand livelihoodoptions of the rural poor. The component consists of the following three sub-components:(i) Private Sector Linkages; (ii) Product Development/Test Marketing; and (iii)Information Technology Linkages.

Cl. Private Sector Linkages. The objective of this sub-component is to promotepartnership with private sector so to widen the livelihood options for the poor and topromote micro enterprises. This subcomponent will finance the promotion of: (a)partnerships with the private sector to develop innovative enterprises; and (b) demanddriven vocational training facilities to link up job opportunities for educated youths. Carewould be taken to ensure that these linkages do not become a channel for exploitation ofthe unorganized and scattered small producers.

C2. Product Development/Test Marketing. The objective of this sub-component is toinvest in some well-defined research studies to explore new opportunities in processingand value addition initiatives. This sub-component will finance the piloting of newmicro enterprises and research in areas relating to post-harvest methodologies and non-timber forest produce and the development of new economic activities with value addedproducts for livelihood improvement. The project's interventions include measures toreduce the risks and production costs for CBO members, improve their productivity,timely access to quality inputs, better prices for outputs, marketing tie-ups etc. Financialinstitutes would be encouraged to come up with special pro-poor rural credit packageswith in-built insurance. Rural people need small shops set up by them with productstailored to their needs. The project would support large retail chains to train women inlogistics and back and front-end operations.

C3. Information Technology Linkages. The objective of this sub-component is tosecure communities' access to emerging technologies to expand livelihoods options forthe poor. It will finance activities leading to communities' access to Information andCommunication Technologies among others.

Component D: Project Management: The main objective of this component is to takecare of the overall co-ordination and management of the project at national and divisionallevels.

8


3.0 Preliminary Environmental Assessment of Activities that may be included inVillage Development Plans

Considering the activities to be supported under the Project, as identified in Section 2, itappears that environmental issues will arise largely under Components A and C. UnderComponent A, sub-components of Community and Social Infrastructure Activities andServices; Income Generating Activities; and Inter-Village Roads most likely will result insub-projects with adverse environmental impacts. The Product Development andMarketing sub-component under Component C may comprise activities withenvironmental impacts.

Based on a survey conducted in selected villages in all 5 districts eligible to participate inthe project, six areas of likely activities were identified by the respondents. The activitieswere: (i) improvements in basic infrastructure in relation to services, such as connectivitythrough rural roads, community markets or economic centers and community halls inrural villages; (ii) improvements in basic infrastructure to ensure water availability byconstruction or renovation of small irrigation tanks and minor irrigations systems, ruralwater supply and sanitation systems; (iii) improvements in the efficiency of agriculturalproduction with activities such as crop diversification, animal husbandry and dairydevelopment; (iv) exploring more effective ways of income generation while utilizingexisting land resources such social or community forestry and small scale aquaculture;(v) improving markets for their agricultural produce and other products which includesthe construction of rehabilitation of rural roads, access to timely market information andaccess to new markets; and (vi) possibility of changing the existing land uses tomaximize incomes such as use of poor agricultural land for low technology cottageindustries.

The environment and ecology in Moneragala, Hambantota and Badulla Districts areconsidered good elephant habitat. In its role as a megaherbivore, elephants range over alarge area with home ranges. Studies conducted in Sri Lanka, have shown that the homerange for a female elephant is in the range of 30-160 square kilometers while the homerange for a male elephant is approximately 53-346 square kilometers. Of the 11,500 sq.km that comprise the Moneragala, Hambantota and Badulla districts, studies have shownthat elephants were found in 7923 sq. km, which comprises approximately 69% of thetotal area in the three districts. Of the area with the presence of elephants, 31% or 3600sq.km are designated protected areas. Another 5367 sq. km or 47% of the land areacomprises mixed land uses which are not clearly definable as elephant or human andcontains small extents of permanent cultivation, sparse human settlements, chena landsand uncultivated scrub jungle. The balance 2533 sq. km or 22% comprise exclusivehuman habitat with landuses such as high density human settlements, contiguouspermanent cultivation and well developed areas. Therefore, in the area of elephantpresence, the dominant landuse was mixed landuse where human and elephant use of theenvironment overlap. The result being conflicts between human and elephants,particularly in this area. Considering this, it is impossible to assume that the Projectactivities will not be affected by the human elephant conflict (HEC), if no preventivemeasures are taken.

9


. Mitigatory methods that can be undertaken by local communities on HEC

* Communal crop protection* Employment of 'psychological' barriers* Chasing of crop raiding elephants* Use of crops that elephants do not utilize

The surveys conducted during preparation of the project, indicate that probable sub-projects that may be proposed by communities for funding under the CommunityDevelopment and Livelihood Improvement Project would most likely be the following:

* Drinking water supply projects for rural communities* Minor irrigation rehabilitation of canals and tanks* Inter-village or rural roads* Construction of community markets and community halls* Construction of small tanks and minor irrigation systems* Sanitation facilities* Cultivation of cash crops under special irrigation methods such drip irrigation* Animal husbandry and dairy development* Small scale aquaculture* Agro processing and value addition products* Community forestry* Cottage industries* Activities undertaken to prevent or reduce crop raiding by elephants and HEC

As seen from the list above, the project will support small sub-projects or investments atthe village level. Because of the relatively small size of the investments, mostinvestments are not expected to have a significant impact on the environment. In theunlikely event that any potential adverse impacts are identified, its is expected that itcould be readily managed with proper planning and oversight. As specific projectinvestments will be determined through a village planning process on a rolling basis afterthe commencement of the project, as simple management system will be established toenable effective screening of the evolving plans for environmental conformity. Theintention of this management system is to (i) prevent the execution of a sub-project thatmight cause significant and irreversible environmental impacts; (ii) integrate identifiedenvironmental mitigation measures through modifications to sub-project design, locationor execution; (iii)prevent or mitigate cumulative impacts of small scale investments; (iv)enhance positive environmental impacts of the sub-projects; and (v) prevent additionalstress on environmentally sensitive areas.

Checklists for conducting rapid environmental assessments of the types of communitybased sub-projects that may be included in Village Development Plans (VDP) have beendeveloped and are attached (Annex 3).

10


Typical environmental impacts that may arise as a result of the types of sub-projectsidentified above as well recommended mitigation measures are listed in Annex 4.

As identified above, a negative list of projects have been identified (Annex 2). This listincludes the following:

(i) Projects or activities listed under Part I of the "Prescribed Projects List" and;(ii) Projects or activities listed under Part II of the "Prescribed Projects List".

Any sub-project or activity that falls within designated "environmentally sensitive areas"as defined in Part III of the "Prescribed Projects List" will be required to obtainenvironmental clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the WorldBank prior to being eligible for funds from under the Project. In order to obtain CEAclearance, an EIA needs to be conducted and reviewed by the CEA. For obtaining WorldBank clearance, the EIA has to conform to the Bank's OP/BP 4.01 EnvironmentalAssessment Safeguard Policy, including its public disclosure requirements.

The "Prescribed Projects List" is contained in Gazette (Extraordinary) 772/22 - 1993(Annex 1).

A "generic" Pest Management Plan has been developed for the Project, which will beused as a guide to address issues related to pest management under Village DevelopmentPlans. The detailed plan is in the EA document, while a summary is contained in Annex5.

A Village Dam Safety Plan has been developed for the Project which will be used as aguide to address issues related to dam safety. The detailed plan in the EA document.Based on the sub-projects, if relevant, a specific dam safety plan will be prepared andincluded in the Village Development Plans.

4.0 Government of Sri Lanka Environmental Regulations and Procedures

In 1981 GOSL passed the National Environmental Act (NEA) and in 1982, created theCentral Environmental Authority (CEA) as a regulatory and enforcement agency. TheCEA's statutory and enforcement powers were strengthened significantly in 1988, by anamendment to the NEA. A cabinet level ministry to handle the subject of environmentwas created in 1990, with the appointment of a Minister of Environment to ensure thatenvironmental issues will be given the required attention. GOSL also developed theEnvironmental Protection License (EPL) Scheme, with the CEA as the enforcing agency,as a regulatory instrument to set industrial pollution standards and control theirdischarges.

Under provisions of Part IV C of the NEA No. 47 of 1980 as stipulated in Gazette (ExtraOrdinary) No. 772/22 dated June 24, 1993 GOSL made Environmental Assessment (EA)a legal requirement for a range of development projects. The list of projects requiring anEA are prescribed in the above Gazette notification. In addition, the Gazette notificationincludes a list of line ministries and agencies that are designated as Project Approving

11


Agencies (PAA). With the change of government in August 1994, and the resulting re-allocation of Ministries, a new list of PAAs were specified under subject area ratherthan with the name of the Ministry, as listed originally in Gazette (Extra Ordinary) No.859/14 dated February 13, 1995.

The prescribed projects list is composed of 3 parts. Part I has a list of activities that havebeen identified based on its potential to create adverse environmental impacts as a resultof its magnitude. Some examples relevant to this project are: (a) All river basindevelopment and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigation works; (b) Reclamation ofland or wetlands exceeding 4 ha; (c) All ground water extraction projects of capacityexceeding 0.5 million cubic meters per day; etc. No sub-projects that fall within thiscategory, will be eligible for funding under this Project. Part II comprises a list ofindustrial activities that require EA clearance regardless of magnitude or location.Examples are (i) Iron and steel; (ii) Non ferrous basic metal; (iii) Tanneries and leatherfinishing, etc. Once again, no activity that falls into this category, will be eligible forfunding under the Project. Part III identifies a list of environmentally sensitive areas thatrequire EA clearance regardless to the magnitude of the activity. Examples are (i) Within100 meters form the boundaries of or within any area declared as a sanctuary under theFauna and Flora Protection Ordinance; (ii) 60 meters from the bank of a public stream asdefined in the Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having a width of more than 25meters at any point in its course; (iii) Any archeological reserve, ancient or protectedmonument as defined or declared under the Antiquities Ordinance (Chapter 188), etc.While the likelihood is small, there is a possibility that some sub-project activities mayfall under this category. Any sub-project activity to be funded under this project that fallswithin Part III of the list of prescribed projects will be subject to an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA).

According to GOSL procedure, all prescribed development activities listed in Gazette(Extraordinary Ordinary) No. 772/22 dated June 24, 1993 require environmentalclearance. In order to obtain such clearance, the project proponent has to fill in a BasicEnvironmental Information Questionnaire. The questionnaire requires information fromthe project proponent to enable the CEA to determine the level of environmental analysisrequired prior to providing approval for the project. Upon reviewing the questionnaire,the CEA determines whether the project requires an Initial Environmental Examination(IEE), or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). No. 772/22 dated June 24, 1993

4.1 The EIA Procedure

In the event that an EIA is required, the PAA in consultation with CEA, is responsible forsubjecting the preliminary information to environmental scoping, in order to set theTerms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA. The TOR is prepared by a Technical Committee(TC) comprising experts in the relevant field, appointed by the PAA. In developing theTOR, the regulations provide for the PAA to consider the views of state agencies and thepublic.

12


Upon submission of the EIA by the proponent, the PAA is required to determine whetherissues referred to in the TOR have been addressed and notify the proponent of anyinadequacies within 14 days. In the event any inadequacies are identified, the proponentis required to make necessary amendments and resubmit the report. Once accepted, inaddition to the EIA being forwarded to the CEA by the PAA, notice is also placed in theGovernment Gazette and in a national newspaper published daily in Sinhala, Tamil andEnglish languages inviting the public to make written comments, if any, to the PAAwithin 30 days. The notification would specify the times and places at which the EIAwould be available to the public. As a minimum the report would be available at theCEA, PAA and in a GOSL agency in the locality of the proposed project (Generally inthe Divisional Secretariat of the proposed project location). The environmentalregulations have provisions for public hearings on the project although it is notmandatory. The PAA is required to forward all comments, either written or raised duringany public hearing, to the project proponent for review and response within 6 days ofcompletion of the public comment period. The proponent is required to respond to allsuch comments in writing to the PAA.

The TC appointed by the PAA would then evaluate the EIA and require the projectproponent to respond to any queries raised by the TC. The TC would also evaluate theadequacy of the proponent's response to any comments raised during the publiccomments period. Upon completion of the evaluation of the TC, the PAA with theconcurrence of the CEA, would grant approval for the implementation of the proposedproject subject to specified conditions or refuse approval for implementation of theproject, with reasons for doing so. The notification must be made within 30 days of thereceipt of responses from the proponent. The PAA is required to specify a period withinwhich a the approved project should be completed. In the event the proponent is unableto complete the project within the specified period, written permission for an extensionhas to be obtained from the PAA, 30 days prior to the expiration date.

The PAA is responsible for forwarding a report which contains a plan for monitoring theimplementation of the approved project, to the CEA, within 30 days from grantingapproval. It is also the responsibility of the PAA to publish in the Government Gazetteand in one national newspaper published in Sinhala, Tamil and English languages,granting approval for the project. It is mandatory that the project proponent inform thePAA of any alterations to the project as approved and/or the abandonment of the project.The PAA shall, where necessary, obtain fresh approval in respect of any such alterationsthat are intended to be made to the approved project. The PAA in consultations with theCEA, would also determine the scope and the format of the supplemental report requiredto be submitted for such alterations.

4.2 The IEE Procedure

Upon review of the preliminary information provided by the proponent, if the PAAdetermines that the project would have no long term adverse environmental impacts, anInitial Environmental Examination (IEE) would be considered adequate. Under suchcircumstances, the proponent will be required to submit a detailed IEE for review and

13


approval by the PAA. The IEE will identify potential environmental and social issuesand the complexity of possible remedial actions. Upon reviewing the IEE, if the TCidentifies any substantial environmental issues that may arise as a result of the proposedproject, the proponent will be required to undertake a detailed EIA. In the event the IEEis considered adequate, then the project proponent is requested to prepare anEnvironmental Management Plan (EMP), to address any potential environmental andsocial issues as well as incorporate the PAA/CEA's approval conditions. The IEE reviewprocess is similar to the EIA review process, except for the level of detail and analysisinvolved, which is proportionate to the anticipated environmental and social impacts.The CEA has developed an IEE questionnaire for development activities, which isdesigned to capture environmental issues specific to proposed project. This answers onthis questionnaire is used by the CEA/PAA to determine whether the potential projectresults in long term irreversible or complex environmental and social issues and if so, itwarrants an EIA. If no EIA is required, the proponent is required to prepare an EMPwhich contains remedial measures to address adverse environmental and social issues.

4.3 Environmental Assessment and Management Review of Community-BasedDevelopment Sub-Projects that may be Funded under the Community Developmentand Livelihood Improvement Project

All sub-projects that will be identified by communities participating in the above Project,will be included in the respective Village Development Plans. All sub-projects will bescreened for environmental impacts based on checklists contained in Annex 3.Mitigation actions listed in Annex 4 will be used to integrate the mitigation measuresinto the sub-project design and thereafter will be included in each Village DevelopmentPlan (VDP). The VDP will contain specific environmental monitoring indicators toassess the impacts of the specific sub-projects included in the VDPs.

5 Environmental Review

Any activities proposed for funding under the Project that fall under Part III of the"Prescribed Projects List" of the Gazette (Extraordinary) 772/22 - 1993 will require amandatory EIA undertaken in accordance with CEA's requirements. In addition it has tosatisfy the World Bank's OP/BP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. Activities that fallunder this category require prior CEA and World Bank approval prior to beingconsidered for eligibility for funding under the Project. Sri Lanka has a history of 10years of EIA The CEA has been taking the lead in EIA review and has developed a goodtrack record of effective EIA evaluation. The CEA has the in-house technical capacity toundertake this task successfully. However, it must be noted that it is most unlikely thatany sub-projects will fall within this requirement.

All other subprojects will be subjected to the environmental checklist to identify potentialenvironmental impacts and mitigation measures identified in Annex 4 will be used tointegrate environmental concerns into the sub-project design. The service providers willbe assisting the village communities in addressing environmental issues in the sub-projects that will be included in Village Development Plans. Based on the guidance

14


provided in the EAMF, it should be possible for communities and service providers toeffectively assess and mitigate environmental impacts of the sub-projects in the VillageDevelopment Plans.

The Village Development Plans will be evaluated for funding eligibility by ProvincialAppraisal Committee, which will have technical expertise to appraise the technical,financial and environmental soundness of the plan. The technical experts will be retainedby the Project Management Unit and will be responsible with the other members of theProvincial Appraisal Committee for the quality of the plan and its eligibility for fundingunder the Project. The CEA has a Divisional Environmental Officer stationed allDivisional Secretariats in the country and will assist in reviewing the environmentalaspects of the Village Development Plans as well.

An Environmental Monitoring Plan with monitoring indicators - output and outcome -indicators will be developed for each Village Development Plan. Monitoring indicatorsshould be identified at the Village Development Plan appraisal stage and be included as acondition for fund disbursement. The environmental staff of the PMU will be responsiblefor ensuring that the monitoring plan ins being adhered to by the village communities.

15

Environment Assessment and Management FrameworkANNEX 1

LIST OF THE PROJECTS FALLING UNDER 'PRESCRIBED PROJECTS' BYTHE CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY.

PRESCRIBED PROJECTS:

PART I

1. All river basin development and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigationworks (as defined by the Irrigation Ordinance Chapter 453)

2. Reclamation of land, wetland are exceeding 4 hectares3. Extraction of timber covering land area exceeding 5 hectares4. Conversion of forests covering an area exceeding 1 hectare into non forest use5. Clearing of land areas exceeding 50 hectares6. Mining and Mineral Extraction

a. Inland deep mining and mineral extraction involving a depth exceeding 25meters

b. Inland surface mining of cumulative areas exceeding 10 hectaresc. All off shore mining and mineral extractionsd. Mechanised mining and quarrying of aggregate, marble, limestone, silica,

quartz and decorative stone with 1 kilometer of any residential orcommercial areas

7. Transportation Systemsa. Construction of national and provincial highways involving a length

exceeding 10 kilometersb. Construction of railway linesc. Construction of airportsd. Construction of airstripse. Expansion of airports or airstrips that increase capacity by 50% or more

8. Port and harbor developmenta. Construction of portsb. Construction of harborsc. Port expansion involving an annual increase of 50% or more in handling

capacity per annum9. Power generation and transmission

a. Construction of hydroelectric power stations exceeding 50 Megawattsb. Construction of thermal power plants having generation capacity

exceeding 25 Megawatts at a single location or capacity additionexceeding 25 Megawatts to existing plants

c. Construction of nuclear power plantsd. All renewable energy based electricity generating stations exceeding 50

Megawatts

16


10. Transmission linesa. Installation of overhead transmission lines of length exceeding 10

kilometers and voltage above 30 kilovolts11. Housing and Building

a. Integrated multi development activities consisting of housing, industry,commercial infrastructure covering a land area exceeding 10 ha.

12. Resettlementa. Involuntary resettlement exceeding 100 families other than resettlement

effected under emergency situations13. Water supply

a. All ground water extraction projects of capacity exceeding l/2 millioncubic meters per day

b. Construction of water treatment plants of capacity exceeding l2 millioncubic meters

14. Pipelinesa. Laying of gas and liquid (excluding water) transfer pipelines of length

exceeding 1 kilometer15. Hotels

a. Construction of hotels or holiday resorts or projects which providerecreational facilities exceeding 99 rooms or 40 hectares as the case maybe.

16. Fisheriesa. Aquaculture development projects or extent exceeding 4 hectaresb. Construction of fisheries harborsc. Fisheries harbor expansion projects involving an increase of 50% or more

in fish handling capacity per annum17. All tunneling projects18. Disposal of waste

a. Construction of any solid waste disposal facility having a capacityexceeding 100 tons per day

b. Construction of waste treatment plants treating toxic or hazardous waste19. Development of all industrial estates and parks exceeding an area of 10 hectares20. Iron and Steel Industries

a. Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding100 tons per day using iron ore as raw material

b. Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding100 tons per day using scrap iron as raw material

21. Non Ferrous Basic Metal Industriesa. Smelling of aluminium or copper or lead of production capacity exceeding

25 tons per day22. Basic Industrial Chemicals

a. Formulation of toxic chemicals or production capacity exceeding 50 tonsper day

b. Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tonsper day

23. Pesticides and Fertilizers

17


a. Formulation of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 50tons per day

b. Manufacture of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 25tons per day

c.24. Petroleum and Petrochemical

a. Petroleum refineries producing gasoline, fuel oils, illuminating oils,lubricating oils and grease, aviation and marine fuel and liquefiedpetroleum gas from crude petroleum

b. Manufacture of petro-chemicals of combined production capacityexceeding 100 tons per day from raw materials obtained from productionprocesses of oil refinery or natural gas separation.

25. Tyre and tube industriesa. Manufacture of tyre and tubes of combined production capacity exceeding

100 tons per day from natural or synthetic rubber26. Sugar Factories

a. Manufacture of refined sugar of combined production capacity exceeding50 tons per day

27. Cement and Limea. Manufacture of cementb. Manufacture of lime employing kiln capacity exceeding 50 tons per day

28. Paper and Pulpa. Manufacture of paper or pulp of combined production capacity exceeding

50 tons per day29. Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles

a. Integrated cotton or synthetic textile mills employing spinning, weaving,dyeing and printing operations together of combined production capacityexceeding 50 tones per day

30. Tanneries and leather finishinga. Chrome tanneries of combined production capacity exceeding 25 tones per

dayb. Vegetable (bark) of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tones per

day31. Industries which involve the manufacture storage or use of radio active materials

as defined in the Atomic Energy Authority Act NO. 19 of 1969 or Explosives asdefined in the Explosives Act No. 21 of 1956 excluding for National Securityreasons.

18


PART II

(32) All projects and undertakings listed in Part I irrespective of their magnitudesand irrespective of whether they are located in the coastal zone or not, if locatedwholly or partly within the areas specified in Part III.

(32 (a) Construction of all commercial buildings as defined by the UrbanDevelopment Authority law No. 41 of 1978 and the construction of dwellinghousing units, irrespective of their magnitudes and irrespective of whether theyare located in the coastal zone or not, if located wholly or partly within the areasspecified in Part III

The following industries if located wholly or partly within the areas specified inPart III

* Iron and steel* Non-ferrous basic metal* Basic industrial chemicals* Pesticides and fertilizer* Synthetic resins, plastic materials and man-made fibres* Other chemical products* Petroleum and petro-chemical products* Tyres and tubes* Manufacturing and refining of sugar* Alcoholic spirits* Malt liquids and malt* Cement, clinker and lime* Non metallic mineral products* Paper, pulp and paperboard* Spinning, weaving and fining of textiles* Tanneries and leather finishing* Shipbuilding and repairs* Railroad equipment* Motor vehicles* Air craft

19


PART III

1. Within 100 m from the boundaries of or within any area declared undera. National Heritage Wilderness Act No. 3 of 1988b. The Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451)c. Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981

2. Within the following areas whether or not thee areas are wholly or partly withinthe costal zone

a. Any erodable areas declared under the Soil Conservation Act (Chapter450)

b. Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (Chapter449) and any flood protection area declared under the Sri Lanka LandReclamation and Development Corporation Act 15 of 1968 as amended byAct No. 52 of 1982.

c. 60 meters from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown LandsOrdinance (Chapter 454) and having a width or more than 25 meters atany point of its course

d. Any reservation beyond the full supply level of a reservoire. Any archeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined or

declared under the Antiquities Ordinance (Chapter 188)f. Any are declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (Chapter 446)g. Within 100 meters from the boundaries of or within any area declared as a

Sanctuary under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469)h. Within 100 meters from the high flood level contour of or within a public

lake as defined in the Crown Lands Ordinance (Chapter 454) includingthose declared under section 71 of the said Ordinance

20


NEGATIVE LIST - PROJECTS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR FUNDING (PARTS I ANDII OF THE PRESCRIBED LIST OF THE CEA).

PART I

1. All river basin development and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigationworks (as defined by the Irrigation Ordinance Chapter 453)

2. Reclamation of land, wetland are exceeding 4 hectares3. Extraction of timber covering land area exceeding 5 hectares4. Conversion of forests covering an area exceeding 1 hectare into non forest use5. Clearing of land areas exceeding 50 hectares6. Mining and Mineral Extraction

a. Inland deep mining and mineral extraction involving a depth exceeding 25meters

b. Inland surface mining of cumulative areas exceeding 10 hectaresc. All off shore mining and mineral extractionsd. Mechanised mining and quarrying of aggregate, marble, limestone, silica,

quartz and decorative stone with 1 kilometer of any residential orcommercial areas

7. Transportation Systemsa. Construction of national and provincial highways involving a length

exceeding 10 kilometersb. Construction of railway linesc. Construction of airportsd. Construction of airstripse. Expansion of airports or airstrips that increase capacity by 50% or more

8. Port and harbor developmenta. Construction of portsb. Construction of harborsc. Port expansion involving an annual increase of 50% or more in handling

capacity per annum9. Power generation and transmission

a. Construction of hydroelectric power stations exceeding 50 Megawattsb. Construction of thermal power plants having generation capacity

exceeding 25 Megawatts at a single location or capacity additionexceeding 25 Megawatts to existing plants

c. Construction of nuclear power plantsd. All renewable energy based electricity generating stations exceeding 50

Megawatts10. Transmission lines

a. Installation of overhead transmission lines of length exceeding 10kilometers and voltage above 30 kilovolts

11. Housing and Building

21


a. Integrated multi development activities consisting of housing, industry,commercial infrastructure covering a land area exceeding 10 ha.

12. Resettlementa. Involuntary resettlement exceeding 100 families other than resettlement

effected under emergency situations13. Water supply

a. All ground water extraction projects of capacity exceeding l million cubicmeters per day

b. Construction of water treatment plants of capacity exceeding 1/2 million cubicmeters

14. Pipelinesa. Laying of gas and liquid (excluding water) transfer pipelines of length

exceeding 1 kilometer15. Hotels

a. Construction of hotels or holiday resorts or projects which providerecreational facilities exceeding 99 rooms or 40 hectares as the case may be.

16. Fisheriesa. Aquaculture development projects or extent exceeding 4 hectaresb. Construction of fisheries harborsc. Fisheries harbor expansion projects involving an increase of 50% or more in

fish handling capacity per annum17. All tunneling projects18. Disposal of waste

a. Construction of any solid waste disposal facility having a capacity exceeding100 tons per day

b. Construction of waste treatment plants treating toxic or hazardous waste19. Development of all industrial estates and parks exceeding an area of 10 hectares20. Iron and Steel Industries

a. Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100tons per day using iron ore as raw material

b. Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100tons per day using scrap iron as raw material

21. Non Ferrous Basic Metal Industriesa. Smelting of aluminum or copper or lead of production capacity exceeding 25

tons per day22. Basic Industrial Chemicals

a. Formulation of toxic chemicals or production capacity exceeding 50 tons perday

b. Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tons perday

23. Pesticides and Fertilizersa. Formulation of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons

per dayb. Manufacture of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 25 tons

per day

22


24. Petroleum and Petrochemicala. Petroleum refineries producing gasoline, fuel oils, illuminating oils,

lubricating oils and grease, aviation and marine fuel and liquefied petroleumgas from crude petroleum

b. Manufacture of petro-chemicals of combined production capacity exceeding100 tons per day from raw materials obtained from production processes of oilrefinery or natural gas separation.

25. Tyre and tube industriesa. Manufacture of tyre and tubes of combined production capacity exceeding

100 tons per day from natural or synthetic rubber26. Sugar Factories

a. Manufacture of refined sugar of combined production capacity exceeding 50tons per day

27. Cement and Limea. Manufacture of cementb. Manufacture of lime employing kiln capacity exceeding 50 tons per day

28. Paper and Pulpa. Manufacture of paper or pulp of combined production capacity exceeding 50

tons per day29. Spinning, weaving and finishing of textiles

a. Integrated cotton or synthetic textile mills employing spinning, weaving,dyeing and printing operations together of combined production capacityexceeding 50 tones per day

30. Tanneries and leather finishinga. Chrome tanneries of combined production capacity exceeding 25 tones per

dayb. Vegetable (bark) of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tones per day

31. Industries which involve the manufacture storage or use of radio active materialsas defined in the Atomic Energy Authority Act NO. 19 of 1969 or Explosives asdefined in the Explosives Act No. 21 of 1956 excluding for National Securityreasons.

23


PART II

(32) All projects and undertakings listed in Part I irrespective of their magnitudesand irrespective of whether they are located in the coastal zone or not, if locatedwholly or partly within the areas specified in Part III.

(32 (a) Construction of all commercial buildings as defined by the UrbanDevelopment Authority law No. 41 of 1978 and the construction of dwellinghousing units, irrespective of their magnitudes and irrespective of whether theyare located in the coastal zone or not, if located wholly or partly within the areasspecified in Part III

The following industries if located wholly or partly within the areas specified inPart III

* Iron and steel* Non-ferrous basic metal* Basic industrial chemicals* Pesticides and fertilizer* Synthetic resins, plastic materials and man-made fibres* Other chemical products* Petroleum and petro-chemical products* Tyres and tubes* Manufacturing and refining of sugar* Alcoholic spirits* Malt liquids and malt* Cement, clinker and lime* Non metallic mineral products* Paper, pulp and paperboard* Spinning, weaving and fining of textiles* Tanneries and leather finishing* Shipbuilding and repairs* Railroad equipment* Motor vehicles* Air craft

24


CHECKLISTS FOR RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFCOMMUNITY PROJECTS

These checklists provide a basis for understanding the environmental consequences ofprojects that will be prepared for funding in a variety of fields. .

Rural Water Supply

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksA. Project SitingIs the Project area

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas* Cultural heritage site* Protected area* Wetland* Mangrove

* Estuarine* Buffer zone of protected area _

* Special area for protecting biodiversity* Bay

B. Potential Environmental ImpactsWill the Project cause

Pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewaterdischarge from communities, industries, agriculture andsoil erosion runoffImpairment of historical monuments/areas andloss/damage to these sitesHazard of land subsidence caused by excessive groundwater pumpingSocial conflicts arising from displacement ofcommunitiesUnsatisfactory raw water supply (eg. excessive pathogensor mineral constituents)Inadequate protection of intake works or wells leading topollution of water supplyOver pumping of ground water leading to salinisation andground subsidenceNoise and dust from construction activitiesContinuing soil erosion and runoff from constructionactivitiesExcessive abstraction of water affecting downstreamwater usersCompeting uses of waterIncreased waste water flow due to increased water supply

25


Irrigation/Village hydro power schemes

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksC. Project SitingIs the Project area

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas* Cultural heritage site* Protected area* Wetland* Mangrove* Estuarine* Buffer zone of protected area* Special area for protecting biodiversity* Bay

D. Potential Environmental ImpactsWill the Project cause

Loss of precious ecological values (eg. result ofencroachment into forests/swamplands orhistorical/cultural areas, disruption of hydrology ofnatural waterways, regional flooding and drainagehazardsConflicts of water supply rights and related socialconflictsImpediments to the movements of people and animalsPotential ecological problems due to increased soilerosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacityInsufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusionOver pumping of groundwater leading to salinisation andground subsidenceImpairment of downstream water quality and thereforeimpairment of downstream beneficial uses of waterDislocation or involuntary resettlement of peoplePotential social conflicts arising from land tenure andland use issuesSoil erosion before compaction and lining of canalsNoise from construction equipmentDustClogging of canals by sedimentsSeawater intrusion into downstream fresh water systemsIntroduction or increase in incidence of waterbome orwater related diseases

26


Rural Roads

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksA. Project SitingIs the Project areaadjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas

* Cultural heritage site* Protected area* Wetland =__* Mangrove =* Estuarine* Buffer zone of protected area* Special area for protecting biodiversity* Bay

B. Potential Environmental ImpactsWill the Project cause

Encroachment of historical areas: disfiguration oflandscape by road embankments, cuts, fills and quarriesEncroachment of precious ecology (eg. sensitive orprotected areas)

* Impact on wetlands* Impact on fish and wildlife* Impact on threatened and endangered spp.* Impact on flood plains* Impact on rivers, waterways and canals* Impacts on the coastal zone

Alternation of surface water hydrology of waterwayscrossed by roads resulting in increased sediment inconstruction siteDeterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoffIncreased local pollution due to rock crushing, cuttingand filling worksNoise and vibration due to blasting and other civil worksDislocation or involuntary resettlement of peopleOther social concerns relating to inconveniences in livingconditions in the project areas that may trigger causes ofstressPoor sanitation and solid waste disposal in constructioncamps and work sites and possible transmission ofcommunicable diseasesCreating of temporary breeding habitats for mosquitovectors of diseaseIncreased risk of water pollution from oil, grease, fuelspills and other materials from vehicles using the road

27


Fisheries/Aquaculture

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksProject Siting (Is the Project area)


E. Potential Environmental ImpactsWill the Project cause

Overexploitation of fish stocks and long term degradationof resource baseCapture non-target species and habitat damage throughloss of destructive fishing methods and gearsAccidental damage to coral reefs by fishing vesselanchorsConversion of coastal wetlands for construction of fishpondsSocial problems resulting from conflicts with other siteusersDownstream water pollution from discharge of pondeffluents with drain waterReduction of water supplies for competing usesRestriction of water circulation, obstruction to navigationby fish cages and reduction of stream capacity fromsiltation .

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of peopleSocial problems due to land tenure and use conflictsSoil erosion and siltation during construction =Noise and dust from constructionReduction of water table to downstream users duringpeak seasonsPollution of nearby aquatic environments by ponddrainage water and inadequate farm managementDepletion of local fish populations by stocking of wildfingerlings in pondsSpread of disease and parasites from exotic culturedspecies or escape of pond fish to the wildIncreased public health risks due to the increasedincidence or introduction of waterbome or water relateddiseases

28


Forestry

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksF. Project SitingIs the Project area

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas* Cultural heritage site* Protected area* Wetland* Mangrove* Estuarine* Buffer zone of protected area* Special area for protecting biodiversity _

* BayG. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project causeIncrease in soil erosion and siltationIncrease in peak flood flowsImpairment of ecological and recreational opportunitiesImpairment of beneficial uses of traditional forestsAny loss of precious ecologyDislocation or involuntary resettlement of people _

Loss of downstream ecological and economic functionsdue to any construction of social infrastructure (road,building etc.)Displacement of people or reduce their access to forestresourcesUncontrolled immigration with opening of roads to forestarea and overloading of social infrastructureUnnecessary loss of ecological value and decreasedbiodiversity by replacement of natural forest withplantation with limited number of speciesTechnology or land use modification that may changepresent social land economic activitiesEcological problems due to land clearance prior toreforestation (eg. soil erosion, disruption of hydrologicalcycle, loss of nutrients, decline in soil fertility)Social problems and conflicts related to land tenure andresource use rights

29


Agro industrial

Screening Questions Yes No RemarksH. Project SitingIs the Project area


I. Potential Environmental ImpactsWill the Project cause

Ecological disturbances arising from the establishment ofa plant or facility complex in or near sensitive habitatsEventual degradation of water bodies due to discharge ofwastes and other effluents from plant or facility complexSerious contamination of soil and groundwater =Aggravation of solid waste problems in the areaPublic health risks from discharge of waste and poor airquality, noise and foul odour from plant emissionsShort term construction impacts (eg. soil erosion,deterioration of water and air quality, noise and vibrationfrom construction equipment)Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of peopleEnvironmental degradation (eg. erosion, soil and watercontamination, loss of soil fertility, disruption of wildlifehabitat) from intensification of agricultural land use tosupply raw materials for plant operation and modificationof natural species diversity as a result of thetransformation to monoculture practicesWater pollution from discharge of liquid effluentsAir pollution from all plant operationsGaseous and odour emissions to the atmosphere fromprocessing operationsAccidental release of potentially hazardous solvents,acidic and alkaline materialsUncontrolled in migration with opening roads to forestarea and overloading of social infrastructureOccupational health hazards due to fugitive dust,materials handling noise and other process operationsDisease transmission from inadequate waste disposal

30


POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND MITIGATION MEASURES

RURAL ROADS

Actions affecting Damages to the Recommended feasibleenvironmental resources environment protection measuresand valuesLand clearing Loss of vegetation, fauna Proper site selection and

and flora site preparation. AvoidSoil erosion & silt runoff- sensitive areas. Make sureimpairment of downstream that minimum damageswater quality caused to the existing

vegetation.Reclamation of wetlands Alteration of stream flow Avoidance of wetlands as

Loss of fauna and flora much as possible. If this isChanges in water quality inevitable, replacement ofand availability wetlands at suitableSedimentation and flooding locations

Encroachment into Loss of these values Careful site selection tohistorical/cultural values avoid these lossesFilling of land Alteration of stream flow Follow the instruction for

Loss of fauna and flora land excavation land fillingChanges in water quality given previously. Use cleanand availability fill material. Replanting toSedimentation and flooding compensate for the loss of

land.Replanting can be done inthe reservations of the roadusing suitable species.

Excavation Soil erosion Follow the instruction forland excavation land fillinggiven previously.

Drilling and Blasting Construction noise and Keep the noise low asvibration much as possible. Where

possible, those with lownoise type should be used.Proper maintenance on theequipment. Use noisebarriers if appropriate.Position the equipment asfar as practical from noisesensitive areas.

Dredging Changes in water quality

31


RURAL ROADS - ContinuedActions affecting Damages to the Recommended feasibleenvironmental resources environment protection measuresand valuesUse and Transport of Depletion of construction Use construction materialconstruction material (eg. material (eg. gravel) from permitted quarriesgravel) Air pollution only; use of non polluting

Waste accumulation materialBring the material incovered vehicles to avoidair pollutionProper waste disposal

Compaction Noise, vibration and dust Have time restrictions; nonight work

Culverts and bridges & Impediment to the natural Use culverts with adequateEmbankments water movement if capacity diameter to allow free flow

is small of water thus allowing freemovement for local aquaticconditions, flow regimesand fish movement andhuman use. Embankmentsto accommodate swaleswith traps for spillage,erosion control.

Minimise the no. of watercrossings affected.

At the construction stage in Dust, pollution of water Damping the material togeneral bodies .. reduce dust

Washing dusty vegetation atfrequent intervalsTo protect the appearanceof bodies, damping down offill material beforeplacement, maintenance ofconstruction machinery ingood conditions not topermit oil leaks, use ofearth-retaining nets nearwater/land fill interfaces.

32


SMALL DAMS AND RESERVOIR PROJECTS INCLUDINGREHABILITATION OF EXISTING TANKS.

Actions affecting Damages to the Recommended feasibleenvironmental resources environment protection measuresand valuesBetter access to the Increased sedimentation, Better watershed protectionupstream catchment loss of habitats, water

pollution due to landclearance and settlements

Higher water levels in the Increased water table,river due to the backwater water logging, salinisation,from the reservoir problems with the latrines

Disconnection from thedownstream riverInundation of land due to Resettlement of oustees, Careful planningreservoir construction, loss of biodiversity and Finding suitable areas forcreation of a large water habitat loss & resettlementbody fragmentation, effect onReduced outflow to the the water quality Leave adequate area for thedownstream river buffer zone

Downstream habitatsaffected Establish adequate reserves

to offset loss land

Planning foroptimal/multipurposereservoir use

Downstream community Downstream water uses Maintain adequate water inwater supply affected the downstream river

Downstream aquaculture, Downstream habitatsforestry/wildlife reserves affected leading to loss ofRecreation habitats and biodiversityAdditional considerationsfor hydropower projects

33


SMALL DAMS AND RESERVOIR PROJECTS INCLUDINGREHABILITATION OF EXISTING TANKS - ContinuedActions affecting Damages to the Recommended feasibleenvironmental resources environment protection measuresand valuesMultipurpose management Opportunity to optimize Integrated multipurposeneed overall project benefits reservoir management

Rural electrification Improving quality of life Carefulfor rural poor planning/design/monitoring

Transmission lines to minimize and offsetloss of forest resources problems

a. encroachment onprecious ecology Impairment of wildlife

b. Impairment of valueswildlife movement

c. Impairment of Loss of scenic beautyenvironmentalaesthetics Depreciation of water

d. Soil erosion from quality and land valuesconstruction andareas left exposed

34


AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOUSING AGROCHEMICALS:

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesHeavy use of synthetic Vanishing of valuable * Identify pests andpesticides for control of creatures including birds natural enemies, culturalpests and crops and reptiles practices, resistant

varieties etc. necessaryfor IPM.

* Build institutionalsupport for sustainablepest managementsystems based on 1PMapproach.

* Training of officers andfarmers as farmertrainers of IPM.

* Training of farmers inFarmer Field Schools(FFS) on 1PM.

Health and environmental Damages to people on their * Legal framework onhazards pathways pesticides

Damages to food chain of * Cost reduction bypeople and animals minimum use of

pesticides* Educating children

through school curriculaon handling ofpesticides, toxicitythrough food chain andother path ways

* Introduction ofenvironment friendlycommunity basedIntegrated CropManagement (ICM)

* Use of safepesticides(Botanical)

35


INTENSIVELY MANAGED FLORICULTURE / FOLIAGE HORTICULTUREPROJECTS

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesSite selection Loss of valuable prime land

Loss of resources with Relocateunique scientific valueLoss of unique scenery RelocateConflict with adjacent land Relocateuse

Site development Change in topography Cannot be mitigatedLoss of vegetation Cannot be mitigated;

consider alternative locationor site

Loss of species Select an alternative site,arrange to conserve samespecies elsewhere

Land leveling & land Soil erosion Provide terraceDevelopment embankments with non slip

gradients; project terraceswith suitable vegetativehedges: Establish grasshedge rows

Siltation of streams Same as above; maintaineffective streamreservations

Exposure of subsoil Design terraces accordingto land slope to minimizethe soil cut; Save the cutsurface soil and spread overafter leveling

Embankment slips Design terraces with non-slip gradients & minimizethe difference in levelbetween adjacent terraces

36


DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS INVOLVING LAND CLEARING FOR SPECIALCROPS (MONOCULTURE) OR RAIN FED ARABLE CROPS

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesSite selection Project viability Land use planning; Assess

the suitability of the site forthe project

Land clearing Accelerated soil erosion Clear across the slope;Retain ground surface cover

Siltation of down stream Retain ground surface coverwater bodies to reduce soil erosion & soil

transportBlocking of normal Disposal of plant materialsdrainage away from the natural

drainage way

Lay the scraped earth on thecontour

Increased flood hazards in Retain good surface coverthe down stream to reduce runoff:Reduced recharging of Create recharging fieldsground water supplies where possibleLoss of source of potable Include plans to providewater for local population potable water to the localDrinking water wells run population in thedry neighborhoodLoss of Bio-diversity Conserve endangered

species elsewhere

37


PROJECTS ON FLOOD CONTROL, DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT AND LANDRECLAMATION PROJECT

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand Values

Reduction in wildlife Plan to establish suitableconservation areas

Loss of forest lands Assess reserve and conservenecessary the minimumforest area for long termbenefits to the region

Encroachments & loss of Assist Conservator of Forestsadjacent forest land to protect adjoining forest

reservesLoss of forest fauna and Plan to conserve elsewherefloraLoss of wildlife habitat Cannot be mitigated; Expand

reserves elsewhere; Developbuffer zones planconservation of species

Loss of forest products Selective extraction oftimber

Distorted stream flow Adopt water conservationmeasures on cleared lands;Develop adequate drainagecapacity to dispose flashfloods during rains

Loss of water supply to Plan to include waterdown stream users demands of the down stream

usersloss or damage to cultural Identify Archaeological sitesites & conserveLoss or damage to cultural Identify Archaeological siteremains and conserve themVoluntary settlements Develop access roads

avoiding the reserves

38


DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS INVOLVING CONVERSION OFAGRICULTURAL LANDS TO NONAGRICULTURAL USES

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesConstruction of flood Delayed discharge of local Retain wide open passages forprotection bunds to control rainfall / run off causing & rapid draining out local rainfallriver overflow inundation - runoff

Requiring heavy runoff Mechanical evaluationWeed infestation of drainage Plan to maintain weed freechannels drainageEnrichment of flood plain Difficult to mitigate, designsoils is prevented flood protection bunds to allow

occasional floodingReduced productivity o of Enrich soils using agronomicflood plain soils practicesMinimizing flood damage No action necessary.down stream Beneficial Impact

Construction of concrete Excessive lowering of the Ensure controlled drainage andstructures to improve drainage water table maintain ponding to an

allowable depthSoil subsidence - Same as above -Acidification Control the water table to

prevent oxidation of ironpyrites

Salt water intrusions Construct salt water exclusionbunds and regulators

Rapid drying of soils Control the drainage tomaintain the ground waterlevel above the acidificationzone

Loss of land productivity Select suitable crops andvarieties; adopt suitablecultivation practices; Limingand fertilization: Provideirrigation and adopt asophisticated watermanagement system

39


PROJECTS ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Protection MeasuresResources and ValuesLand clearing and Loss of crop lands and Difficult to mitigate: Enhanceestablishment of pastures traditional grazing grounds production in adjacent areas

Loss of land used for Cannot be mitigated: may betraditional agriculture strengthen traditional

agriculture in other areasDecline in food crop supplies Enhance production inin the area adjoining areasIntroduction of new (exotic) No action possible quarantine?plant speciesLand use conflicts. e.g Plan the project taking all otherbetween animal husbandry demands and interests intoand other interests such as accountcrop production and forestryand wildlife conservation

Use of paddocks, shelters Emission of foul smells Difficult to mitigate; Site such& enclosures etc. structures away from human

settlementsEmission of green house None availablegasesConcentration of animal dung Collect in impermeable (non-in a limited area leaching) site and dispose as

organic fertilizer to neighboringfarms

Discharge of animal wastes to Construct animal shelters/shedsthe natural drainage in such way that animal waste is

not discharged directly to waterbodies. Arrange to use waste incomposting

Water related issues Eutrophication of water Same as abovebodiesGround water pollution Collect waste in impervious

sites and use for compostingChange in landscape Plan a construction to in sites

so as to maintain the existingvisual effects

40


PROJECTS ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - Continued

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Protection MeasuresResources and ValuesWater related issues Increase demands for water Develop independent source of

water: include other demandsin assessing total water needs

Limiting water to other uses Assess the other demands andin the area include total water requirement

at planning stage and developadequate water supplies

Emission of the foul smells Use animal wastes forextracting by products and forother profitable activities suchas bio gas production

Surface water pollution with Collect the effluent and use fornutrient with effluent making by products like

composeGround water pollution Same as aboveIncreased risk of the spread Improve veterinary servicesof infectious diseases amonganimalsIncreased health hazards to Improve hygiene and healththe humans facilities in the area monitor

health hazardsEutrophication of down Minimize release of animalstream water bodies waste into water bodiesDevelopment of resistant Monitor and take controlstrains of microbial organisms measures early to limit thethat can infect both humans spread of resistant microbialand animals in the area pathogenic strainsWater pollution from Difficult to mitigate: limit theinsecticides use of insecticideAlterations in social & Implement programmeseconomic structure in the area involving local people that

provide social benefits. Supportthe small scale animalhusbandry activities in the area

Possible spread of Infections Improve veterinary services &from wildlife species take preventive actions early.domesticated ones and viceversa

Grazing animals Animal migration into Fence the pastures;neighboring crop fields

Over grazing Soil erosion Improve pasture management;A4opt conservation measures;

41


PROJECTS ON ANIMAL HUSBANDRY - ContinuedActions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Protection MeasuresResources and ValuesOver grazing Desertification Reduce stock numbers to

carrying capacity limits theland transfer to other pastures

Loss of carrying capacity Reduce stock numbersIncreased surface runoff Reduce over grazing: control

grazing; pasture improvementwith good species andfertilization

Reduction in ground water Same as aboverechargeSiltation of down stream Control soil erosion bywater bodies conservation measures

recommended aboveDestruction of plant species Take steps to conserve

threatened species elsewhereDamage to crops in adjacent Fencing of the grazing area;areas controlling the herdsLoss of grazing areas for Cannot be easily mitigated takelocal livestock such demands into account at

planning stageIntroduction of exotic Threat to local species Plan to conserve elsewhere;breeds Improve the local herds

Spread off infectious local Monitor continuously improvebreeds to wildlife and vice veterinary health servicesversaIncrease use of insecticides Control the use of insecticidesand drugs/antibiotics by using other controlIncrease competition to the Support the local industry bysale of locally produced through fiscal and otheranimal products measures.

Make the local producers andsuppliers partners in theenterprise

42


AQUACULTURE PROJECTS

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesSite selection Conversion of coastal Sites should be selected to

wetlands into construction minimize the damage toof aquaculture ponds mangroves and other

wildlife areas. Further thesiting of the ponds shouldnot impair the existingwater flow in the area. Anycleared mangroves shouldbe compensated for byplanting in other adjacentareas.

Pond design & operations Soil erosion and siltation Land clearing should benoise and dust during done with great care not toconstruction disturb the entire area

unnecessarily. All measuresshould be taken to preventsoil erosion and pollution ofwaters with sediments andother debris. Regularmonitoring should be donefor salinity, nitrate,phosphate levels andmicrobiological tests on thedischarge water.

Downstream or coastal A buffer zone not less thanwater pollution from 10 m should be maintaineddischarge of pond effluents from the boundary of thewith drain water project to the bund of the

pond. Pond effluents shouldbe treated prior todischarge. Discharge shouldbe carried out during hightides.

Only recommendedfertilizers and artificialfoods should be used inprescribed quantities.

Reduction of water supplies Only water that is necessaryfor competing uses for the functions of the

pond should be used.

43


AQUACULTURE PROJECTS - Continued

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesPond design and operations Social problems resulting Consensus should be

from conflicts with other reached with other site userssite users so that any problem can be

sorted out without conflict.Depletion of local Juveniles should not befish/prawn populations by collected from the wildstocking the wild stocks.fingerlings in pondsSpread of disease and Diseases should be spottedparasites from exotic at the initial stages andcultured species or escape suitable treatment applied.of pond fish to the wild The exits should be guarded

well so that the pondfish/prawns would notescape to the wild.

Increased public health All measures should berisks due to the increased taken to avoid waterincidence or introduction of pollution from the pondwaterbome or water related activitiesdiseasesFoul smells from The solid wastes should notinappropriate disposal of be standing in bins for asolid wastes long time, but arrangements

should be made for constantremoval by the localauthority. They should notbe dumped on land creatingsmell and fly nuisance intheneighborhood.

44


RICE MILLS

Actions affecting Damages to Environment Recommended FeasibleEnvironmental Resources Protection Measuresand ValuesWaste water effluents Low DO and bad odors due Waste water and other

to anaerobic degradation of waste products should beorganic substances recovered and reused

whenever appropriate.Loss of aesthetic value insurrounding area Waste water should be

treated by biologicalwastewater treatmentmethods such as pondsystems, activated sludgesystems and rotatingbiological contactors.

Emanating of particulate Pollution of air by Use filters wherevermatter in rice processing particulate matter possible to trap the

particulate matter which isbeing released.

Creation of a unhygienicand hazardous workenvironment Adhere to the CEA

Standards for particulatematter

45


PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN

Introduction

Pest Management is one of the most important aspects of agricultural crop production.Improper management of pest could result in severe economic losses to farmers. Thepredominant system of pest control in Sri Lanka is the use of synthetic pesticides. Butimproper handling, inappropriate and indiscriminate use of pesticides could lead toenvironmental and public health impacts. All World Bank funded projects that haveactivities that may result in the use of pesticides are expected to prepare PestManagement Plans. The World Bank recommended strategy on management of peststhat affect either agriculture or public health, promotes the use of biological orenvironmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.

In the activities likely to be undertaken by village communities in the CommunityDevelopment and Livelihood Improvement Project (the Project), the main objectivewould be to educate the stakeholders in techniques of integrated pest management suchas biological control, cultural practices and development and use of crop varieties that areresistant or tolerant of the pest. The use of pesticides may be possible, in the context ofan integrated pest management plan. Another major objective of developing a pestmanagement plan is to ensure that health and environmental risks associated withpesticides are minimized. In this context, the use of pesticides in a World Bank financedproject is contingent on the assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, takinginto account the proposed use and the associated user. This means that the user must beable to adequately manage risks associated with the use of the product.

Agricultural Pest Management in the Project

The general EIA conducted for this Project, contains a detailed Pest Management Plan.This annex attempts to highlight some salient features of the Plan that is directly relevantto developing a Pest Management Plan for specific activities in Village DevelopmentPlans. The Project proposes to build upon an on going IPM program initiated by theGovernment of Sri Lanka in the project areas. But this IPM program focuses on pestmanagement pertaining to rice cultivation. The Project proposes to utilize theinstitutional mechanism (Department of Agriculture, Provincial Department ofAgriculture, and Divisional Secretariats ) that currently exists for dissemination of IPMpractices for rice cultivation, to expand awareness and training in IPM techniques forother crops typically grown in the project areas.

In order to achieve this, it is a pre-requisite to develop training capability among therelevant government agencies and Non Government Organizations (NGOs) so that theyin turn will be able to train farmers in the project areas. Since the current curriculafocuses on IPM techniques for rice cultivation, there is a need to strengthen the contentsof training curricula in IPM techniques by carrying out a series of participatory fieldstudies in the project areas. The project will also support the establishment of farmernetworks, farmer to farmer training and farmer group follow up activities to ensure thatthere is wide dissemination of IPM techniques in the project areas. Details of

46


implementing these approaches are available in the detailed Pest Management Plan whichis contained in the EA.

Although the Project may not directly finance the procurement of pesticides in the projectareas, it is very likely that with increased water resources that may be provided under theProject, would result in intensive agricultural production. This in turn may result in thepossibility of increased pesticide use in the project areas. Regardless to whether theproject procured pesticides or not, if project supported activities such as provision ofirrigation water resulted in the use of pesticides, the project has an obligation to ensurethat the pesticides procured conform to the criteria in the Bank's safeguard policy on PestManagement. Awareness in the form of training will be provided to farmers to ensurethat any pesticides procured will be according to the following criteria:

(i) They must have negligible adverse human health effects;(ii) They must be shown to be effective against the target species;(iii) They must have minimal effects on non-target species and the natural

environment. The methods timing and frequency of pesticide application areaimed to minimize damage to natural enemies; and

(iv) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development ofresistance in pests.

The Pesticide Management Plan for specific villages will contain training for farmers onproper storage and disposal methods for pesticides.

47


DAM SAFETY PLAN

Introduction

Sri Lanka is essentially an agricultural society that relies on the cultivation andconsumption of rice as the staple food. Water is one of the important resources requiredto produce agricultural crops which is most often stored in tanks and reservoirs. The useof these tanks and reservoirs in an unsustainable manner by the communities are likely tocause some negative impacts on the irrigation systems in the villages. Therefore it isimportant to educate the Communities on the use of the water in a sustainable mannerand safeguarding the irrigation system in the long term.

The activities likely to be undertaken by the village communities in the CommunityDevelopment and Livelihood Improvement Project (the Project) can cause some damageto village tanks, such as erosion and weakening of the bunds and leaks due to borrowingas well as the Project may finance the rehabilitation of existing tanks. The general EIAconducted for the Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project (theProject) has provided a detailed list of damages likely to be caused to tanks and themitigatory measures to be adopted by the Communities to minimize the negative impactscaused on the tanks and reservoirs.

The structural integrity and safety of dam is of utmost importance due to the seriousconsequences that may arise if a dam does not function properly or fails. The WorldBank safeguard policies pertaining to dam safety is designed to ensure that any new damconstructed under a Bank funded project or any rehabilitation of an existing dam or anyadverse impacts on an existing dam due to any other activity funded by the Bank, isstructurally stable and safe.

A Dam Safety Plan for Relevant Activities Financed Under the Project

The Project may include rehabilitation of existing tanks which may contain small dams(less than 15 meters high) as well small scale activities that will have an impact onexisting dams. The project will not finance the construction or rehabilitation of a largedam (greater than 15 meters high). According to the World Bank's Dam Safetyguidelines, for a small dam, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineersis adequate.

A detailed evaluation of dam safety issues have been undertaken in the EA prepared forthis project. This annex highlights critical aspects that need to be addressed in a damsafety plan for activities financed under the project.

With regard to activities likely to be undertaken during implementation of the project, themost critical aspect with regard to dam safety will be during any reconstruction orrehabilitation of existing small dams in the project area. There will be a qualifiedengineer involved in the design and supervision of any work related to a tank with a dam.This would enable the communities to be technically guided in their reconstruction orrehabilitation work that may be undertaken as part of their village development plans.

48


In addition, the farmer community needs to educated and made aware of the dam safetyissues that may arise as a consequence of their work. In order to do that, communitiesneed to be educated on the use of the water in a sustainable manner and safeguarding theirrigation system in the long term. Training should be provided to farmers not to engagein activities that may cause damage to the village tanks, such as erosion and weakening ofthe bunds and leaks due to borrowing. In addition, proper water management systemsshould be introduced so that people will not resort to illegal tapping of water. It is veryimportant to introduce a proper maintenance program to be followed on a regular basis,to remove ant hills, roots of dead trees, clear over growth, filling up scours and erodedareas and lubricating and painting steel & iron work. Steps need to be provided forbathing at suitable locations in consultation with the members of the community.

A program as identified above should be introduced as a part of the Village developmentPlan if there are any project activities that would directly or indirectly have an impact ondam safety.

49

SRI LANKA: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND · PDF fileEnvironment Assessment and Management...

Documents

Transcript of SRI LANKA: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND · PDF fileEnvironment Assessment and Management...