SRB Presentation

The

Student Resource Building!

Student Resource Building Comfort and Energy Study

Michael Georgescu Bryan Eisenhower

Igor Mezic

Spring 2011

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  Recommenda3ons

The

General Information!

General StaBsBcs

Name: LocaBon:

Size: FuncBon:

Levels: Project Delivery Method:

ConstrucBon Dates: Cost:

ConstrucBon Details

Architect, Interiors and Landscape: Structural + MEP Engineering:

Student Resource Building Santa Barbara 68,413 Square Feet University Administra3on and Mul3-‐func3onal Spaces 3 Design-‐Bid-‐Build Spring 2005 – November 2006 $18,986,000 Sasaki Associates, INC. ARUP

hYp://leadership.sa.ucsb.edu

The

General - Design Intent!

Departments in SRB

Resource Centers in SRB

Campus Learning Assistance Services

African and Diasporic Cultural Resource Center

Disabled Students Program

American Indian Resource Center

Educa3onal Opportunity Program

Asian Resource Center

Graduate Division – Diversity, Recruitment,

Reten3on

Chican@/La3n@ Resource Center

Office of Student Life Greek Student Resource Center

Office of Interna3onal Students and Scholars

Middle Eastern Resource Center

Office of Judicial Affairs Non-‐Tradi3onal and Re-‐entry Student Resource

Center

Orienta3on Programs Resource Center for Sexual and Gender

Diversity

Student Affairs Grants and Development

Women’s Center

q The SRB was designed to be a space where campus departments and organiza3ons could collec3vely assist students from a centralized loca3on

Images courtesy of Sasaki Associates, INC

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  Recommenda3ons

The

Sustainability!

q Reinforcing the University’s demand for sustainable buildings, the SRB incorporates innova3ons in energy efficient design through green measures including: v  Building construc3on with materials containing few vola3le organic

compounds v Mo3on operated ligh3ng controls to reduce energy usage v  Low flow water fixtures v  Passive ven3la3on/cooling in many building areas v  Real-‐3me energy use monitoring and metering

q As a result of these measures, the SRB has obtained LEED silver cer3fica3on from the United States Green Building Council

Images courtesy of Sasaki Associates, INC

The

Sustainability - Energy End Use!

The focus of this project is to decrease energy usage while maintaining comfort by opBmizing the operaBon of the building

Already Op3mized Through

Sustainability Measures

Room For Improvement

Through BeYer Building Opera3on

q  In addi3on to sustainable building design, reducing energy usage is important in minimizing a building’s nega3ve environmental impact

q  In most buildings, the largest form of energy consump3on is from ligh3ng, space hea3ng and cooling (blue and green above)

hYp://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/ChartView.aspx?chartID=0

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  HeaBng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  Recommenda3ons

Heating and Cooling!

q  To gauge the efficiency of the building’s thermal performance, analysis was performed on the components responsible for controlling the building’s temperature

q  The Student Resources Building has three different mechanisms to keep occupants comfortable 1.  Radiant floor and baseboard panel hea3ng 2.  Natural ven3la3on (through windows and Atrium) 3.  Mechanical ven3la3on (through vents in non-‐perimeter

rooms)

hYp://www.hgtvpro.com/hpro/photo_template/ar3cle/0,3140,HPRO_28216_5930262_06,00.html

Baseboard

Heating and Cooling - Radiant!

q  In certain rooms, heat is introduced through hot water pipes: •  Radiant hea3ng occurs through the floor of the atrium and

daycare center •  Convec3ve hea3ng takes place in baseboard heaters along

the walls of offices in the building’s perimeter

hYp://www.radianthea3ngsystem.net/2010/06/04/hydronic-‐radiant-‐floor-‐hea3ng/hydronic-‐radiant-‐floor-‐hea3ng/

Convec3ve Heater Radiant Floor Hea3ng

The

Heating and Cooling - Natural!

q The building perimeter and atria is cooled through natural ven3la3on

q The atrium’s height promotes natural airflow by lemng hot air escape from the ceiling while cool air stays at ground floor

q This airflow is enhanced by open windows and vents around the perimeter of the building

Diagram of the stack effect

Atrium

Windows

Wind

Out

Heating and Cooling - Mechanical!

q  An air handling unit (AHU) is part of a building’s mechanical hea3ng and ven3la3on (HVAC) system and provides -‐  Fresh outdoor air to improve air quality -‐  Hea3ng/cooling for comfort

q  The air is ini3ally cooled on the roonop AHU and reheated as necessary just before entering each room

Air Handling Unit Room Vents Outdoors Building HeaBng and cooling equipment

Supply Air

Cooling Coil

Recirculated Air

Hea3ng Coil

Outdoor Air

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  Recommenda3ons

Energy Usage - Facility!

q  The amount of site energy usage is heavily influenced by seasonal weather condi3ons

Metasys data

q  The SRB consumes three forms of source energy: Electricity (red), Gas (Green), and Chilled Water (blue) Site Energy Usage

S

Electricity Consumption Intensity!

q The SRB uses approximately 600,000 kWH of electricity each year q For comparison, an average office building of similar size uses 950,000 kWH*

*Based on CBECS average

SRB

q Electricity consump3on intensity is a performance metric that measures energy usage rela3ve to building area

q It allows buildings of different size to be compared to each other

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy VisualizaBon Tools q  Recommenda3ons

Tools – Current State of Affairs!

q  Building opera3on is currently subop3mal (in general) Ø En3re building is not analyzed at once Ø Too much data, takes too long to obtain & process

For the SRB project, we have developed a toolkit that aggregates building-‐wide data with one push of the buYon

Tradi3onal Analysis

Finer Scale Analysis

Tradi3onal analysis looks at energy at the facility level In our approach, we look at opera3on at a finer scale

Tools – Spatial Analysis!

Tools – Spatial Analysis!!

Floor 1

Floor 2

Floor 3

Floor by floor layout

North view

South view

SRB – Architectural Schema3c

q To analyze sensor data at a finer scale, a visualiza3on tool was developed to spa3ally display informa3on

q With a floor by floor display of informa3on, area specific subop3mal performance is more easily iden3fied

Tools – Previous Building Software!

q Previous building management sonware is menu driven and text based

q Much naviga3on & 3me necessary just to plot measured data

Tools – SRB Toolkit!

q  In contrast to current sonware building diagnos3c tools, the visualiza3on GUI developed is graphically based and can quickly display informa3on and iden3fy possible abnormali3es in building behavior

S

Tools – Wireless Sensors!

SRB Floor Plan (3rd Floor)

Receiver: Wireless Sensor:

q  For detailed analysis, data was analyzed from room-‐level sensors

q  All non-‐yellow regions in the building previously had sensors installed.

q  To gain more informa3on, wireless sensors were installed in these yellow regions

Tools – Temperature Sensors!

1st Floor 2nd Floor 3rd Floor

Shading Color DescripBon Yellow No current sensing

Non-‐yellow Instrumented with sensors

(temperature) Black Wireless Sensor

q The maps above illustrates the loca3on of these sensors

q Addi3onal sensors (wireless) are being added in areas that have no sensing

Legend

Tools - Thermostat Settings!

q  Highlighted rooms are currently regulated to the temperature of the thermostat semng shown here

q  Throughout the building there is a 10 degree varia3on in thermostat semng temperature

°F

°F *These thermostat plots represent semngs for early January

E

Tools - Local air reheating!

q  Rooms requiring air warmer than what the air handling unit provides have in-‐vent heaters to reheat air before it’s delivered

q  In “reheat” figures as shown below, the magnitude of the air temperature difference over the reheat coil is ploYed

Reheat Plot

Large amount of in-‐vent rehea3ng

LiYle or no in-‐vent rehea3ng applied

°F

Tools – Energy Modeling!

q The sensor data from the building provides a limited picture of its behavior

q An energy model can be used to obtain informa3on about the physics of the building Ø Unmeasured comfort & energy usage Ø  Inves3ga3ng opera3on alterna3ves Ø  Detailed analysis of current design Ø  Retrofit designs considera3ons

Tools - Energy Modeling!

q  Energy models capture both the architectural components of the building as well as its thermal physics q  Typical sonware contains front-‐end for drawing purposes, with mathema3cal engine for computa3on

Equa3ons / Physics / etc.

Building design

Ryan Casey Erika

Student Interns

Tools - SRB Model!

The SRB Energy Model captures weather, building design and opera3on to predict thermal performance

VAVCAVFan Coil UnitRadiant Floor HeatingAir TemperatureNoneOutside Air

North

Tools - Model vs. Data Comparison!

q Comparison is during working hours of the month of July q Model results is on similar order with data q Model does not include baseboard hea3ng since it is occupant controlled

and usage is difficult to predict, but if it were included, electricity and gas usage would increase

q Chilled water (cooling) consump3on is en3rely modeled and model results closely match building data

Model Vs. Data Energy Usage

Building Data Model

These are only iniBal results!

Tools - Overview!

q  SoWware Tools u  Building Energy Model

§  Predicts characteris3cs of building opera3on

§  Helpful in studying building behavior for different opera3ng condi3ons

u  Visualiza3on GUI §  Allows quick display of informa3on

from sensors or model data q  Measurement Tools

u  Metasys Sensors §  Senses environment in areas

containing HVAC equipment u  Wireless Sensors

•  Allows measurement of temperature in naturally ven3lated areas

q  Analysis Tools u  Spa3al Temperature Distribu3ons

•  Temperatures from Metasys and wireless sensors

•  Highlights areas of discomfort or subop3mal HVAC opera3on

u  Spa3al Reheat Plot •  Visualizes fine detail energy usage of

HVAC system •  Illustrates inter-‐room interac3ons of

mechanically ven3lated areas and instantaneous hea3ng / cooling demand

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  RecommendaBons

Aner crea3ng the comfort and energy visualiza3on tools, the SRB data was studied in great detail and recommenda3ons were created to improve comfort and energy efficiency

Data Tools RecommendaBons

Case Studies & Recommended Improvements

Case Number ObservaBon ResulBng behavior SuggesBon

1 (mul3-‐purpose room)

Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms

Excessive hea3ng and cooling

Remove or reset one thermostat

2 (DSP center) Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms


Remove or reset one thermostat

3 (CLAS office)

Unresponsive hea3ng Excessive hea3ng Relocate thermostat

4 (Comp. lab) Inadequate cooling Uncomfortable temperatures

Change cooling schedule and capacity

5 (AHU) Improper HVAC scheduling Uncomfortable condi3ons at night

Match schedules to occupancy

6 (Boiler) Excessive boiler opera3on Excessive energy use Reset boiler schedule


HVAC prematurely shut down Uncomfortable condi3ons

Match schedules to occupancy

Summer

q  The local climate is such that most rooms in the SRB should only require hea3ng in the winter months

q  A room displaying reheat in the summer and no reheat in winter is abnormal and can indicate improper HVAC opera3on for that room’s thermostat

Summer Winter

Case 1: Excessive heating / cooling!

Reheat Plot

q  In the building design Rooms A and B appear to be separated and use two different thermostats

q  In reality, these rooms are not separate, yet due to different thermostat semngs, a conflict is made

q  The rooms use extra hea3ng and cooling to compensate for the interference each room has on the other

Hea3ng

Cooling Thermostat SeYngs Reheat Plot

72 F

67 F

°F

Room A

Room B

Sugges3on: Change sonware to use only one thermostat (large room)

°F


August

q Due to the mixing of air in a building, many factors influence a room’s temperature including the temperature of adjacent rooms

q If a room’s temperature is more effected by an adjacent room rather than it’s own ven3la3on, the adjacent room may impede a thermostat’s opera3on

q This interference is exhibited when a room uses more reheat in the summer rather than the winter

Case 2: Excessive heating / cooling!Reheat Plot

q Aner construc3on, Rooms A and B were originally separated by a wall q  From remodeling, the two areas are now a single room with two thermostats q  If the room’s two thermostat set points are dissimilar, they will interfere with

each other by introducing air at dissimilar temperatures q  In the worst case: half the room is being heated and the other half is being

cooled

Thermostat SeYng

75.7 F 67 F

Sugges3on: Change sonware to use only one thermostat (large room)

°F °F

Room A

Room B

Reheat Plot


August

q Under normal circumstances, a room that is con3nuously being heated indicates that a thermostats set point is not being reached and that the heat supplied is not sufficiently effec3ng the temperature of the room

Summer Winter

Case 3: Unresponsive heating!

Reheat Plot

q  Rooms near the atrium can have their thermostat skewed if placed too close to atrium opening

q  If thermostat semng is too high, room will con3nually be heated

q  This hea3ng is wasted as hot air flows into atrium and escapes the building

Thermostat Loca3on Thermostat SeYng of Room

Mean Atrium Temperature

75.7 deg. F 69.6 deg. F

Atrium

December Mean Temperature

Sugges3on: Move thermostat away from Atrium

°F

Case 3: Unresponsive heating!

August

July August September

q Mechanically ven3lated rooms which overheat are not being supplied enough cool air to condi3on the space

q The circled room above contains many computers which generate a lot of heat

q This is the hoYest ven3lated room in the building because there is insufficient cool air being supplied

Case 4: Inadequate cooling!

Sugges3on: Increase airflow provided to the computer lab by adjus3ng the air damper.

AHU1

The AHUs should be scheduled to operate only when needed to save energy and keep occupants comfortable

q  Yellow por3ons illustrate when the AHU is opera3ng and not needed

q  Maroon por3ons illustrate when the AHU is not opera3ng but needed (i.e. in the overhea3ng computer room)

Sugges3on: Reduce energy waste by turning off AHUs during yellow regions. Increase comfort by con3nuing to operate AHUs during maroon por3ons.

Case 5: Improper HVAC scheduling!

q The SRB’s boiler operates needlessly during the late night

q Hot water consump3on for building hea3ng accounts for 20% of the total building energy usage

Sugges3on: Turn boiler off during unoccupied hours for 15-‐20% reduc3on in building HVAC hea3ng water usage

Metasys data

Case 6: Excessive boiler operation!

AHU1

Many occupants of the SRB mul3purpose (oval) room have experienced discomfort during evening hours

q  Maroon por3ons illustrate when the mul3purpose room’s AHU is not opera3ng but needed

u Hypothesis: Occupants are uncomfortable because there is no temperature regula3on during nights and weekends

Sugges3on: Increase comfort by con3nuing to operate AHUs during 3mes highlighted in maroon

Case 7: HVAC prematurely turned off!

Conclusions and Ac3ons

Case Number ObservaBon ResulBng behavior ResoluBon


Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms


Will be addressed during Facili3es’ reprogramming project of SRB thermostats

2 (DSP center) Unusual hea3ng paYern in adjacent rooms


Will be addressed during Facili3es’ reprogramming project of SRB thermostats

3 (CLAS office) Unresponsive hea3ng Excessive hea3ng Under observa3on by Facili3es

4 (Computer lab)

Inadequate cooling Uncomfortable temperatures

Under observa3on by Facili3es

5 (AHU) Improper HVAC scheduling Uncomfortable condi3ons at night

Schedule adjusted

6 (Boiler) Excessive boiler opera3on Excessive energy use Schedule adjusted


HVAC prematurely shut down Uncomfortable condi3ons Schedule adjusted

Outline q  Building Design q  Sustainability Features q  Hea3ng and Cooling Systems q  Facility Energy Usage q  Comfort and Energy Visualiza3on Tools q  Recommenda3ons q  Future Research

Future Work!

q  The work we have done and recommenda3ons we have provided primarily focus on iden3fying energy waste and solu3ons based on the opera3on of the building

q  Occupants in por3ons of the SRB are s3ll uncomfortable which drives down morale and produc3vity

Ø A more detailed study of air-‐flows (natural cooling) within the building will help to op3mize the free cooling

Ø Integra3on of the comfort / energy visualiza3on at the desktop level will provide users with beYer understanding of how they influence their own comfort

Tools - Overview!




u  Calibrate Energy Model u  Visualiza3on GUI

§  Allows quick display of informa3on from sensors or model data

u  Desktop ImplementaBon of InteracBve VisualizaBon & Comfort Tool

q  Measurement Tools u  Metasys Sensors

§  Senses environment in areas containing HVAC equipment

u  Wireless Sensors •  Allows measurement of temperature

in naturally ven3lated areas







u  Expand visualizaBon tool to be interacBve with user feedback

u  Perform analysis of interacBon of natural & mechanical flows in the building

* Future opportunity

The

q Many factors contribute to air flow in the SRB including: u  Flow due to HVAC opera3on u  Natural Ven3la3on u  Air flow from occupant travel

q These modes of air transport operate independently

q LiYle is understood of how these factors can impede or enhance a building’s opera3on

q Coopera3vely controlling these system has the poten3al to both improve comfort and reduce consump3on

Improving Airflow!

Atrium

Windows

Wind

q Develop no3fica3on system that instructs occupants when it’s beneficial to open windows in addi3on to other building sta3s3cs

q Include feedback so occupants can also communicate level of comfort produced by control algorithm

Interactive Visualization Tool!

Open Windows

Possible SoluBon: Web Based Dashboard

Picture: William Wordsworth, Nature As the Teacher, 2010

NoBficaBon system in place in an elementary school in Virginia

Tools - Overview!




u  Calibrate Energy Model u  Visualiza3on GUI

§  Allows quick display of informa3on from sensors or model data

u  Desktop ImplementaBon of InteracBve VisualizaBon & Comfort Tool

q  Measurement Tools u  Metasys Sensors

§  Senses environment in areas containing HVAC equipment

u  Wireless Sensors •  Allows measurement of temperature

in naturally ven3lated areas







u  Expand visualizaBon tool to be interacBve with user feedback

u  Perform analysis of interacBon of natural & mechanical flows in the building

* Future opportunity

PresentaBon Appendix

q Daily HVAC hot water consump3on shown

q During this month, the boiler was con3nuously opera3ng

q Predicted energy savings calculated by summing hot water consump3on during unoccupied building hours (12:00am to 5:00am)

q Consump3on during night hours was measured to be 20% of December’s HVAC hot water consump3on

Metasys data

Case 6 Savings Calculation Method!

Day of Month En

ergy Con

sumpB

on (k

Btu) December HVAC Hot Water ConsumpBon

Boiler OperaBng Schedule

SRB Presentation

Documents

Transcript of SRB Presentation