Squeezing the Most Out of - Arm Community the Most Out of ... Freescale Kinetis-L Freedom Board...
Transcript of Squeezing the Most Out of - Arm Community the Most Out of ... Freescale Kinetis-L Freedom Board...
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Squeezing the Most Out of Battery Life using ARM®
Cortex®-M Series Processors Jacob Beningo, CSDP
Beningo Engineering
Place company logo here.
Recommend a white
transparent GIF logo which
cannot be larger than the
ARM TechCon logo at right.
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Lecturer
Contact Info
Jacob Beningo Principal Consultant
P.O. Box 400
Linden, Michigan 48451
: 248-719-6850
: Jacob_Beningo
: Beningo Engineering
: JacobBeningo
: Embedded Basics
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Session Overview
Introduction to Low Power Systems
Understanding Energy, Current and Power
Fundamentals of Low Power Systems
Example Application w/ Baseline
Minimizing Energy
– Low Power Modes
– Software Architecture Design
– Tips for Energy Conservation
– Practical Considerations
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Introduction
Proliferation of Low-Power Devices
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ARM® Cortex®-M Series – Upwards Upgradeable
– M0, M0+, M3, M4
– 32 bit Architecture
– Low Cost
– Connectivity
– Code Reuse
– Energy Efficient
Introduction
http://www.arm.com/products/processors/cortex-m/index.php
STM Family of Microcontrollers
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Introduction
So what is the problem?
• Demand for longer battery lives
• Devices are used more often for longer periods of time
• Sensors are being deployed with no end in sight
• Batteries cost $$$
• Requires time and effort to swap them out
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Understanding Energy and Current
3.7 V
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Understanding Energy and Current
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Understanding Energy and Current
Energy Profile Key Points
• Power profile can be calculated from A x V
• Energy Profile can be approximated by current only!
• Integrating the energy profile will provide mAh used
• Derivative of the energy profile provides instantaneous
power
• Can be used to identify heavy energy usage periods
• Can be used to estimate battery discharge time
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Energy Profiling Technique
Using External Tools and Software
– IAR I-Scope probe (Real-time profiling)
– 200 uA Resolution
– 200 KHz sample rate
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Calculating System Average Power Consumption
Fundamentals of Low Power Systems
Operating Time
Curr
ent
Dynamic Power
Power Down Wake-Up
Static Power Avg Current
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Introduction
Function MCU
Mode
Execute
Period
Execute
Time
Current
Duty
Cycle
Average
Current
Send Data Run,
48 MHz
1 s 0.005 s 15.2 mA 0.5 % 0.076 mA
Receive
Data
Run,
32 MHz
1 s 0.005 s 10.5 mA 0.5 % 0.0525 mA
Drive LED Run,
1 MHz
1 s 0.009 s 5 mA 0.9 % 0.045 mA
Battery
Monitor
Run,
1 MHz
1 s 0.001 s 2.1 mA 0.1% 0.0021 mA
Sleep Standby 1 s 0.98 s 0.5 mA 98 % 0.49 mA
Total 0.6656 mA
Expected Battery Life = Battery mAh Rating / Avg Current
1000 Hours = 680 mAh / 0.6656 mA
Computing Average Current
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ST Microelectronics STM32CubeMx MCU Battery Calculator
Fundamentals of Low Power Systems
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Example Application Problem
– Mobile Medical Sensor Device
– Read Sensor Data
– Analog Sensors
– Blink System Status
– Blink blue when reading data
– Blink red when battery low
– Send data over UART once per second
– Simulates radio connectivity
Example Application Problem
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Freescale Kinetis-L Freedom Board Overview
Example Application Problem
Expansion Header
Expansion Header
Kinetis-L
Capacitive
Touch
Tri-Color
LED
Accelerome
ter
Reset
Open
SDA
USB
SWD
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Baseline Energy Profile
– No sleeping
– Peripherals on
Example Application Problem
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System Duty Cycle
– MCU awake for short period of time
– Maximize MCU sleep time
Design Goals to Minimize Energy Profile
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Power Modes
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Run Mode
– CPU clocks enabled
– All peripherals enabled
– Code executing out of flash
– Internal references on
– Voltage Throttling STM32L (3 modes)
– Typical datasheet current at 3 volts is 6.4 mA
Power Modes
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Wait Mode
– CPU clocks disabled
– All peripherals clocks disabled
– Code executing out of flash
– Flash doze mode enabled
– Typical datasheet current at 3 volts is 3.7 to 5.0 mA
Power Modes
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Entering Wait Power Mode
Power Modes Example
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Entering Deep Sleep Power Mode
Power Modes Example
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Stop Mode
– CPU clocks disabled
– All peripherals clocks disabled
– Code executing out of flash
– Core and system disabled
– Typical datasheet current at 3 volts is 2.5 to 3.7 mA
Power Modes
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Entering Stop Power Mode
Power Modes Example
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VLPW Mode
– CPU clocks disabled
– All peripherals clocks disabled
– Low power wait mode for flash
– Flash doze enabled
– Typical datasheet current at 3 volts is 135 to 496 uA
Power Modes
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Entering VLLS1 Power Mode
Power Modes Example
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Don’t forget to initialize!
Power Modes Example
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Power Modes Example
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Power Modes Example
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Power Modes Example
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What can be saved by using Power Modes?
Power Modes Example
Power Mode Current Draw (mA) % Savings Runtime (hrs)*
Run 18.0 - 37.8
Wait Mode 15.9 11.6% 42.8
Deep Sleep 14.8 17.8% 46
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Software Architecture Effects
Energy Savings Start with your Architecture!
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Software Architecture RTOS
OSTick Suppression
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Software Architecture Effects (ISR’s)
Wait for Interrupt (WFI) instruction
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Software Architecture Effects (ISR’s)
Sleep on Exit
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Software Architecture Results
Sleep on Exit
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tip #1 – Turn Off Unused Module and Clocks
– If it is not being used then don’t let it consume energy!
– Clock gating stops the peripheral from causing logic to switch which uses energy
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Power = Energy / Time = A x V / t
A x V / t = C x F x V2 + IL * V
A / t = C x F x V + IL
Dynamic Current ~ C x F x V
Tip #2 – Lower the MCU Voltage
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tip #3 – Configure Unused I/O
– Put them in their lowest energy state
– Unused pins as inputs and pulled high or low?
– Drive unused pins high or low?
– The Cortex M0+ recommends
– Float the physical pin
– Drive low
– Or pull low with 10k pull-down
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tips # 4 – Throttle the System Clock (48 -> 24 MHz)
– Do you really need to execute all those cycles?
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Stop
Peripherals
Clocks
Updated
CPU +
Peripherals
Resume
Considerations for Selecting an Optimal Frequency
– Communication Device Requirements
– Processing Performance
– Maximum peak current allow by the system
Steps for frequency throttling
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tip #5 – Use Autonomous Intelligent Peripherals
– ATMEL sleepwalking
– Setup a peripheral to monitor an event
– Periodic ISR not necessary
– Energy Micro Reflex System
– Peripherals monitor event
– Peripherals directly communicate with each other
– Can trigger other peripherals
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Tips For Energy Conservation
Tip #6 – Execute the Program from RAM
– Copy Flash -> RAM on start-up
– Functions should be small
– Computationally intensive
– Beware of bus contention!
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Tip #7 – Beware of Communication Channels
– Can be power hungry peripherals
– May require periodic waking
– Use DMA to lighten the Load
– Can keep the CPU asleep
– Transfer data from peripheral to memory
– Uart Serial Wake-Up
– Peripheral Sleeps until data is received
– Wakes up and then performs functions
Tips for Energy Conservation
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tip #8 – Use a Low Power Timer or RTCC
– Lower Energy Usage due to slower OSC
– Used to interrupt system and wake up from extremely
low power state
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Tip #9 – Use Compiler Optimizations
Tips for Energy Conservation
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Tips for Energy Conservation
Tip #10 – Use Energy Profiling Tools
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Conclusions
Power Mode Current Draw (mA) % Savings Runtime (hrs)*
Run 18.0 - 37.8
Wait Mode 15.9 11.6% 42.8
Deep Sleep 14.8 17.8% 46
Deep Sleep + Peripherals Off 14.15 21.4% 48
Deep Sleep + Peripherals off +
24 MHz
13 27.8% 52.3
Deep Sleep + Peripherals off +
24 MHz + Speed Optimized
12.8 28.9% 53.2
Deep Sleep + Peripherals off +
24 MHz + Speed Optimized +
Sleep on Exit
12.8 28.9% 53.2
Optimization Table Results
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Conclusions
Power Mode Current Draw (mA) % Savings Runtime (hrs)*
Run 18.0 - 37.8
Wait Mode 15.9 11.6% 42.8
Deep Sleep 14.8 17.8% 46
Deep Sleep + Sleep on Exit 13.45 25.3% 50.5
Deep Sleep + Sleep on Exit +
Peripherals off
13.40 25.5% 50.7
Deep Sleep + Sleep on Exit +
Peripherals off + 24 MHz
12.8 28.9% 53.2
Deep Sleep + Sleep on Exit +
Peripherals off + 24 MHz +
Speed Optimized
12.8 28.9% 53.2
Optimization Results Take 2
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Conclusions
How much energy was able to be saved by using these techniques?
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Going Further
Free 52 Low Power Design Techniques Newsletter – Weekly Session
– Tips and Tricks
– Hands-on Experiments
– Audio and Video Commentary
– Sign-up at http://eepurl.com/2xJFr
Do It Yourself
– Duplicate the Results
– Perform Experiments
– Self-Paced Workshops
– Webinars
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Contact Information
Contact Info
Jacob Beningo Principal Consultant
P.O. Box 400
Linden, Michigan 48451
: 248-719-6850
: Jacob_Beningo
: Beningo Engineering
: JacobBeningo
: Embedded Basics