SQL Server Lab 2

8/8/2019 SQL Server Lab 2

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Adavnced Database Programming 1

MS SQL Server 2005MS SQL Server 2005

Lab # 2 : SQL: Guide to the Language

(Components, Data types, Functions) Installing Practicing Example


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SQL Basic Objects

1.1. Constants or Literal Values:Constants or Literal Values:

AlphanumericalAlphanumerical

Numeric constant:Numeric constant: Integer, Fixed-Point, Float-Point Values

Hexadecimal:Hexadecimal: Used to represent nonprintable characters

Each Starts with 0x followed by even number ofcharacters or numbers. EX. 0x53514C0D


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SQL Basic Objects

1.1. Constants or Literal Values:Constants or Literal Values: Characters string:Characters string:

enclosed in single (preferred) OR double quotation

To print single quotation in a statement add a singlequotation to form Consecutive single quotations .EX. You Cant agree

Double quotation allows :Double quotation allows : Delimited Identifiers: reserved keywords used as

identifiers by using double quotation (helps to protect youfrom using names that could be introduced as reservedkeywords in the SQL future), their name can begin with OrContain any character

Spaces in the names of database objects


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Setting Delimited Identifier Usage Option

SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER {ON, OFF}

IF :

ON: Quotations can be used for delimiting Identifiers

Quotations cant be used for delimiting Strings

OFF:

Quotations cant be used for delimiting Identifiers Quotations can be used for delimiting Strings


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SQL Basic Objects

2.2. Delimiters:Delimiters: [ ] & .

3.3. Comments:Comments:

/*/*

Several Comment Liens Here*/*/

---- the Reminder of the Current Line is Comment

4.4. Reserved KeywordsReserved Keywords

Cant be used as object names


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SQL Basic Objects

5.5. Identifiers:Identifiers:

Used to identify DB Objects such as: tables &Indices

Names can be created with: up to 128 characters: containing letters, numerals, _,

@, #, $

Each name must start with a letter or one of the

following characters (_, @, #, $) ## at the beginning of table or stored procedure name

denotes a temporary object

@@ at the beginning of name denotes a Variable


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Transact- SQL

ReservedKeywords

Delimiters

Identifiers

Constants

A

lphanumericalHexadecimalNumericStrings



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Data Types

NumericNumeric Data Types Numbers

StringString Data Types set of characters

Date and/or TimeDate and/or Time Data Types Derived DataDerived Data Types Derived from simple

data types

MiscellaneousMiscellaneous Data Types Data Types thatdoesnt belong to other Data Types

UserUser--DefinedDefined Data Types


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Numeric Data Types (10 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation

INTINT integer(4 Bytes)

SMALLINTSMALLINT integer(2 Bytes)

TINYINTTINYINT Non-Negative Integer (0255)(1 Byte)

BIGINTBIGINT integer(8 Bytes)DECIMAL(p,[s])DECIMAL(p,[s]) P=precison(Total no of digits with S)

S=Scale(No. of Decimal Point Digits)

REALREAL Floating-Point Values

MONEYMONEY--

SMALLMONEYSMALLMONEY

Decimal(8 Bytes), Rounded to 4 digitsafter the decimal point - (4 Bytes)

Float[(p)]Float[(p)] P=25(8 Bytes)


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String Data Types (6 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation

CHAR[(n)]CHAR[(n)] ORCHARACTER [(n)]CHARACTER [(n)]

String of n Characters, n Maximumvalue=800, if n is omitted n=1

VARCHAR [(n)]VARCHAR [(n)] String of (0


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Binary Data Types (4 Types)Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanation

BINARY [(n)]BINARY [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with exactlyn bytes (0


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Maximizing Data Types with MAX

Where MAX=Where MAX=223030

VARCHAR(MAX)

NVA

RCHA

R(MA

X) VARBINARY(MAX)


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Date & Time Data Types (2 Types)

Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanationDATETIMEDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (4 Bytes)

SMALLDATETIMESMALLDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (2 Bytes)

Date ( MM DD YYYY )EX. January 1 2007 OR January 1 2007

1959 MAY 28

Using SET DATEFORMAT dmyTime ( hh:mm AM or PM)

EX. 8:45 AM, 4 pm


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Derived Data Types (2 Types)

Data TypeData Type ExplanationExplanationTIMESTAMPTIMESTAMP Maintains a current value for each

DB which increments whenever anyrow with a timestamp column is

inserted or updatedUsed to determine the relative timewhen rows where last changed

SYSNAMESYSNAME Name of DB objects in the system

catalog


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Miscellaneous Data Types

Cursor:Cursor: Used in stored procedure

UNIQUEIDENTIFIER:UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: for Data Replication

SQL_VARIANT:SQL_VARIANT: Store Values of Different DataTypes TABLE:TABLE:

Store Rows with several & different values

SQL Server Restrict its usage in: Local Variable &User-Defined Functions

XML:XML: Store XML Document in a DB


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Predicates

A logical condition being applied to rows in atable with Values of : True, False, unknownor Not applicable All Relational Operators BETWEENBETWEEN Operator ININ Operator LIKELIKE Operator NULLNULL Operator ALLALL and ANYANY Operator EXISTSEXISTS function


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Aggregate Functions

Applied to a group of data values fromdifferent rows, and returns a SINGLE value AVG:AVG: Applied on numeric values Only MAX,MIN:MAX,MIN: Applied on numeric, String, Date/Time

values SUM:SUM: Applied on numeric values COUNTCOUNT: Counts number of non-null data values

in a column (only Function not applied to aColumn, its applied to rows) COUNT_BIG:COUNT_BIG: Returns same as COUNT but in

BIGINT data type


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Scalar Functions

Used to construct Scalar expressions(operates on a single or list of values) Numeric Functions

Date Functions

String Functions

Text/Image Functions

System Functions


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Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions

FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation

LOG (n)LOG (n) Logarithm of n EXP(n)EXP(n) =en

ACOS(n)ACOS(n) Arccosine,Float

COS(n)COS(n) Cosine,Float

ASIN(n)ASIN(n) Arc sine,Float SIN(n)SIN(n) sine,Float

ATAN(n)ATAN(n) Arctangent,Float

Tan(n)Tan(n) tangent,Float

CEILING(n)CEILING(n) Smallestinteger valuegreater orequal to n

Floor(n)Floor(n) Largest integervalue less orequal to n

DEGREES(n)DEGREES(n) Converts Radians(Radians( Converts


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Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions

FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation FunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation

Power (x,n)Power (x,n) =x n Sign(n)Sign(n) Return -1 fornegative & +1for positive

PI()PI() Return (3.14) ABS(n)ABS(n) Absolute Value

RANDRAND Returnsrandom

between 0 - 1(float)

SQUARESQUARE

(n)(n)

SQRT(n)SQRT(n)

=n2

=n


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Scalar Functions: Date FunctionsFunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation

GETDATE()GETDATE() Returns system Date & Time

DATEPART(iDATEPART(i

tem,date)tem,date)

Returns specified item of a dateEx. Select datepart(weekday,01.01.2005)=1

DATENAME(DATENAME(item,date)item,date) Returns specified item of a date as acharacter string, Ex. Select

datename(weekday,01.01.2005)=Saturday

DATEDIFFDATEDIFF

(item,dat1,(item,dat1,dat2)dat2)

Returns the difference between dat1 & dat2 in

integer Num of itemEx. Select datediff(year,birthday,getdate())

DATEADD(itDATEADD(it

em,number,em,number,

date)date)

Adds the number of units itemto date

Ex. Select dateadd(day,3,birthdate) AS Agefrom Employee


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Scalar Functions: String FunctionsFunctionFunction ExplanationExplanation

ASCII (ch)ASCII (ch) Equivalent ASCII code of ch

CHAR(integer)CHAR(integer) Equivalent Character ofASCII integer

LOWER(z)LOWER(z) Convert all uppercase to lowercase

Ex. Select lower(BIG)=bigUPPER(Z)UPPER(Z) Convert all lowercase to uppercase

Ex. Select upper(big)=BIG

RIGHT(z,length

)RIGHT(z,length

) Returns length characters from zEx. Select right(notebook,4)=book


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Scalar Functions: Text/Image Functions

PATINDEX (%pattern%,expr) Returns an integer value specifying the position of

the string pattern in expr

Ex. Select patindex(%gs%,longstring)=4


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Scalar Operators

~ NOT

& AND

|

OR ^ XOR


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Installing SQL Server 2005 . . .

Installing Default Server

Installing Multi other Instances(NamedInstances)

SQL Server Lab 2

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