Spyros Eust. TzamariasSpyros Eust. Tzamarias

Astroparticle PhysicsAstroparticle PhysicsHELYCON KM3NeT HELYCON KM3NeT

A Progress Report on theA Progress Report on the He Hellenic llenic LyLyceum ceum CCosmic osmic OObservatories bservatories

NNetwork Projectetwork Project

A Report on the Contribution to the Design A Report on the Contribution to the Design Study for a Very Large Volume Neutrino Study for a Very Large Volume Neutrino

Telescope – KM3NeTTelescope – KM3NeT

Researchers % HELYCON % KM3NeT %ATLAS (2008)

Outreach

S. Tzamarias 20 30 30 10A. Leisos 20 80N. Gizani 70 30A. Christopoulou 30 10A. Tsirigotis 20 80I. Gialas 30 30A. Papageorgiou 30 70N. Fragoulis (left 2007) 10 90PhD StudentsG. Zesimopoulos 20 20G. Bourlis 40 60New student 100Technical Staff G. Georgis 20 20 60 10G. Tsakogeorgas 40 40 10EducatorsV. Verganelakis 40E. Pierri 30E. Kotrotsou 30

Hellenic Open University – Aegean University Research Group

with a lot of help from Demokritos, Univ. of Patras, Univ. of Thessaloniki, NTUA, Univ. of Athens

http://physicslab.eap.gr http://helycon.eap.gr

HELYCONHELYCONHellenic Lyceum Cosmic Observatories Network

HV Generator:

EMCO CA20N

Temperature Sensor

LED

PH: XP1912

HELYCON: HELYCON: Detector Construction

Data

- Monte Carlo Prediction

Charge (in units of mean p.e. charge)

Light Collection Uniformity: better than 8%

Time Resolution: 1.3nsTime Delays Consistent with R.I. (η=1.3)

Response to M.I.P.s

Slewing

Resolution

HELYCON: HELYCON: Testing and Shower Reconstruction

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

B3

Zenith angle distribution of reconstructed atmospheric showers (data points) with Monte Carlo (CORSICA, solid line) predictions using: a) the detectors A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, b) the counters A1, A2, A3 and c) using the counters B1, B2, B3

Observations of Extensive Air Showers - ResolutionThe performance of HELYCON in detecting and reconstructing showers has been studied by operating a system of eight HELYCON detectors in the laboratory.

group A σAMC=4.5ο±0.5o , group B σB

MC=5.2ο±0.6o, all six detectors σ6MC=3.5ο±0.3o.

These resolutions can be evaluated solely from the real data, by comparing the results obtained by the two detector groups (A and B) on an event by event basis. The distribution of the difference (Δθ=θΑ-θΒ) of these two estimations of the zenith angle has a spread of σDATA =7.2ο±0.2ο. This spread is consistent with the above MC predictions of the detector resolution:

MC Estimated resolution

σ= 7.2ο±0.2ο

Detectors made in Protvino

Good Uniformity (<5%), Time Resolution (MIP) ~ 3ns, Linearity ?

KASCADE-Grande / LOPEZ

The First HELYCON Antenna in Chios

R&D for Radio-Detection of Atmospheric Showers

• Monte Carlo Simulation of Radio Emission • Reconstruction Studies

three more radio sets by December 2008

Patras Chios Nicosia Thessalonica

2007-2008 2008-2009 2007-2008 2008-2009 2007-2008 2008-2009 2007-2008 2008-2009

4 stations

4+6 stations

4 stations

1 station

1 station

3 radio sets

1 radio set

HELYCONHELYCON: Detector Deployment

μ track

km3KM3NeT:Conseptual Design for a Deep‐Sea Research Infrastructure Incorporating a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope

19m

19m

5m

three platforms, with 16 HELYCON detectors each, operating for 10 days, offer a 0.05o calibration resolution in zenith angle and less than 0.8m error in estimating the absolute position of the neutrino telescope

KM3 Neutrino TelescopeKM3 Neutrino Telescopeangular calibration and absolute position

σ1(na)Aeff(na)

[m2]

nana

Investigation for a systematic angular offset of the KM3NeT

Calibration resolution per single shower event (degrees)

na : minimum number of active detectors per shower event

Effective area of a floating detector station

The calibration resolution per single shower decreases when events with more active detectors are selected because the reconstruction accuracy of the shower’s direction improves. However, the requirement of more active detectors per event results to a reduction of the effective area of the floating detector array.

minimum number of active detectors per shower event.

Investigation for a systematic angular offset of the KM3NeT

The calibration resolution, σc(na), in identifying a possible angular offset in the neutrino telescope estimations using the three floating detector arrays, is:

For 3 EAS detector stations and 10 days of operation the calibration resolution has a minimum for na ≤5 .

The proposed calibration system will be able to measure a possible zenith angle offset with an accuracy of ~0.05o.

σ c(na)

[deg

rees

]

na

Determination of the KM3NeT Absolute PositionThe resolution in estimating the (X-Y) coordinates of the under-water detector, as a function of the number of active detectors, using:(a) single reconstructed EAS and (b) showers collected by three floating arrays during 10 days of operation.

The proposed technique can estimate the absolute position of the neutrino telescope with an accuracy ~0.6m.

1

[ ]m

na

(a)

[ ]c

m

na

(b)

RMS ANTARES: 1.5o

RMS Surface Array: 3o

RMS ANTARES: 4o

RMS Surface Array: 3o

5 Days Data Collectionmeasurement of a possible offset in the zenith angle estimation with an accuracy better than 0.4o

Digitization Electronics: Multiple Time over Threshold

HELYCON and Neutrino Telescopy

TimeVo

ltage

Comparison of the PMT wave-form with 6 voltage thresholds and time digitization of the crossing points

HPTDC

• 32 channels (LR) – 8 Channels (HR)

•25ps (HR) to 800 ps (LR) accuracy

•Self Calibrating

D. Loucas et all

Time Over Threshold Electronics for an Underwater Neutrino Telescope, G. Bourlis, A. Tsirigotis, S. Tzamarias, VLNT 2008, to be appear in NIM

charge resolution 4%

4 threshold crossings

KM3NeT:Conseptual Design for a Deep‐Sea Research Infrastructure Incorporating a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope

other HOU contributions to the KM3NeT Design Study

Detailed Monte Carlo simulation package for very large volume neutrino telescopes

pictorial representation of a ν charged current interaction inside the neutrino telescope

pictorial representation of the Cherenkov light production and detection with optical modules

Fast Filtering and Triggering algorithms signal hits

background hits

KM3NeT resolution ~ 0.1 deg

EAS Detector resolution ~ 1 deg

KM3NeT’s resolution measurement Impossible

using EAS array

Estimation of the angular resolution of the KM3NeT – (Inter-Calibration)

(Inter-Calibration)1. Divide the KM3NeT detector in 2 identical sub detectors2. Reconstruct the muon separately for each sub detector3. Compare the 2 reconstructed track directions

Working Example

IceCube Geometry9600 OMs looking up & down in a hexagonal grid.80 Strings, 60 storeys each. 17m between storeys

MultiPMT Optical Module

125m

Resolution Estimation (1 TeV Muons, isotropic flux, IceCube Geometry, 9600 OMs)

Zenith angle resolution of subdetectors (degrees) Zenith angle resolution of whole detector (degrees)

σ=0.095o ±0.005o σ=0.07o±0.003o

Resolution Estimation (1 TeV Muons, isotropic flux, IceCube Geometry, 9600 OMs)

Zenith angle difference between the 2 reconstructed directions (degrees)

Space angle difference between the 2 reconstructed directions (degrees)

σ=0.14o±0.01o

≈ 0.095o ±0.005o

KM3 CalibrationSummary

The operation of 3 stations (3x16 counters) for 10 days will provide:

• The determination of a possible angular offset of the KM3NeT with an accuracy ~ 0.05 deg

• The determination of the absolute position of the KM3NeT with an accuracy ~ 0.6 m

• Efficiency vs Energy and Zenith angle…

Resolution can be estimated without bias using the HOU inter-calibration technique

other HOU contributions to the KM3NeT Design Study

e.g. Kalman Filter applications

Novel event (direction, energy) reconstruction techniques

Simultaneous pattern recognition (i.e. noise filtering and event selection) and reconstruction (direction, enery)

Application of Kalman Filter methods to event filtering and reconstruction for neutrino telescopy,, A. Tsirigotis, S. Tzamarias, VLNT 2008, to be appear in NIM

Current Work: Energy Estimation

Towards a KM3 TDRHOU Future Contribution

• Contribute to all simulation studies• Finalize the KM3 Calibration Scheme• Finalize a ReadOut proposal based on the multi-time-over-threshold experience• Study deep water solutions for UHE (down coming) neutrinos

PhD Thesis“Functional characteristics and detector facility of a prototype detector for the undersea neutrino telescope NESTOR: Measurement of the atmospheric muon flux in the depth of 3800 m underwater” A. TsirigotisTechnical Notes“The Architecture of the Data Acquisition System at the Shore Laboratory of the NESTOR Experiment” HOU-NS-TR-2004-13-EN, Dec 2004, “Event Building in a 4-Floor NESTOR Detector” HOU-NS-TR-2004-12-EN, Dec 2004. 18pp,“Evaluation Tools for the Performance of a NESTOR Test Detector” HOU-NS-TR-2004-10-EN, Oct 2004. 19pp, , “Estimation Techniques of the Atmospheric Muon Flux at the NESTOR Site” HOU-NS-TR-2004-11-EN, Nov 2004. 23pp, “NESTOR Analysis Tools: Interactive Fit” HOU-NS-TR-2004-07-EN, “NESTOR Analysis Tools: Signal Processing” HOU-NS-TR-2004-08-EN, “NESTOR Analysis Tools: Track Fitting” HOU-NS-TR-2004-09-EN, “Simulation Tools and Methods for Underwater Neutrino Telescopy”, HOU-NS-TR-2004-01-EN, “Performance of the NESTOR Calibration System” HOU-NS-TR-2004-02-EN “NESTOR Data Analysis: Background Sources and Rejection Techniques” HOU-NS-TR-2004-04-EN/

Selected Contributions to Astroparticle Physics

Publications to Journals and Proceedings G. Bourlis, A. G. Tsirigotis, S. E. Tzamarias, "Time Over Threshold electronics for an Underwater Neutrino Telescope", to be published (accepted) in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A (NIMA) 2008 HELYCON: Towards a sea-top Infrastructure, S. Tzamar;ias IDM2006, HELYCON a Progress Report Proceedings of 20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Lisbon, Portugal Jean-Pierre Ernenwein, A. G. Tsirigotis, S. E. Tzamarias, "Study of the calibration potential of HELYCON detectors with ANTARES", to be published (accepted) in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics ResearchA (NIMA) 2008 A. G. Tsirigotis, S. E. Tzamarias, "Application of Kalman filter methods to event filtering and reconstruction for Neutrino Telescopy", to be published (accepted) in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A(NIMA) 2008NESTOR Collaboration, NESTOR DEEP SEA NEUTRINO TELESCOPE: DEPLOYMENT AND RESULTS, Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.151:279-286,2006 (Cited 2 times ) NESTOR Collaboration, OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE NESTOR TEST DETECTOR: A MEASUREMENT OF THE ATMOSPHERIC MUON FLUX, Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.143:355-358,2005. NESTOR Collaboration, RECENT RESULTS FROM NESTOR, Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A567:452-456,2006 (Cited 3 times ) NESTOR Collaboration, A MEASUREMENT OF THE COSMIC-RAY MUON FLUX WITH A MODULE OF THE NESTOR NEUTRINO TELESCOPE, Astropart.Phys.23:377-392,2005 (Cited 13 times ) NESTOR Collaboration, OPERATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE NESTOR TEST DETECTOR, Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A552:420-439,2005 (Cited 8 times ) NESTOR Collaboration,NESTOR EXPERIMENT IN 2003, Phys. At. Nucl. 67 (2004) 2054-2057 A.G. Tsirigotis, NESTOR FIRST RESULTS, Eur.Phys.J.C33:s956 s958,2004 (Cited 3 times )

Contributions to Conference/Workshops “IX International Workshop on Neutrino Telescopes”, Venice – Italy, 2001, http://axpd24.pd.infn.it/conference2001/venice01.html (one talk in plenary session) “Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe”, Les Arcs – France, 2001, http://moriond.in2p3.fr/J01/ (one talk in plenary session) “Current Developments in High Energy Physics”, Patras – Greece, 2002 (one invited talk and two talks in the parallel sessions) “Fourth International Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors”, Pylos – Greece, 2002, http://www.nestor.org.gr/rich2002/ (one talk in plenary session) “School and Workshop on Neutrino Particle Astrophysics”, Les Houches – France, 2002, http://leshouches.in2p3.fr/ (one talk in plenary session) “International Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics”, EPS, Aachen – Germany, 2003, http://eps2003.physik.rwth-aachen.de/ (one talk in parallel session) “Workshop on Technical Aspects of a Very Large Volume Neutrino Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea”, Amsterdam – Netherlands, 2003, http://www.vlvnt.nl/ (one plenary invited talk and three talks in parallel session) “High Energy Neutrino Astronomy Workshop”, College de France – France 2003, http://antares.in2p3.fr/antares/stolar/km3/ (one talk in plenary session) “Recent Advances in Particle and Astroparticle Physics”, HEP 2004, Chios – Greece, 2004, http://hep2004.chios.aegean.gr/ (one invited talk and four talks in plenary session) “XXIst International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics”, College de France – France, 2004, http://neutrino2004.in2p3.fr/ (one talk in plenary session) “Science Technology Education”, Kalamata – Greece, 2004, http://hercules.kee.gr/attachments/file/IOSTE/stegr.htm (one talk in plenary session) “XIII International Symposium on Very High Energy Cosmic Ray Interaction” in Pylos – Greece, 6-12 September 2004, http://www.nestor.org.gr/isvhecri/index.html, (one talk in plenary session) “Recent Developments in High Energy Physics and Cosmology”, Ioannina – Greece, 2006, http://hep2006.physics.uoi.gr, (one invited talk and three talks in plenary sessions) “20th European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS 2006)", Lisbon, Portugal, 5-8 September 2006, http://www.lip.pt/events/2006/ecrs/, (one talk in plenary session) “2nd Workshop on Cosmic Rays in Schools Projects", Lisbon, Portugal, 9 September 2006, http://www.lip.pt/events/2006/crsp/, (one talk in plenary session) “6th International Workshop on the Identification of Dark Matter (IDM 2006)", Rhodes, Greece, 11-16 September 2006, http://elea.inp.demokritos.gr/index.php?pid=idm2006, (one invited talk) “TeV Particle Astrophysics 2007", Venice, Italy, 27-31 August 2007, http://www.pd.infn.it/TeV/, (one talk in the parallel sessions) “10th ICATPP Conference on Astroparticle, Particle, Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications", Como, Italy, 8-12 October 2007, http://villaolmo.mib.infn.it/Conference2007.html, (one talk in plenary session) “6th International Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counters (RICH2007)", Trieste, Italy, 15-20 October 2007, http://rich2007.ts.infn.it/, (poster presentation) “ΧΧVI International Workshop on Recent Developments in High Energy Physics and Cosmology”, Anc. Olympia- Greece, 2008, http://hep10.physics.uoc.gr/HEP2008/ (one invited and two plenary talks) http://www.inp.demokritos.gr/conferences/HEP2008-Olympia

Problems• HELYCON – almost none for the moment but … “how big?” (my feeling) cannot continue alone• Neutrino Telescopy – lack of data, lack of information, lack of coherency, no role in PP … demanding LHC(my feeling) continue contributing to the TDR of KM3NeT