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Transcript of SPSS in a nutshell - digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk · SPSS in a nutshell: what do my numbers tell?...
SPSS in a nutshell: what do my numbers tell?
Timothy Yeung DMSS, Library 14 Nov 2018
1. SPSS & Terminology
SPSS
Statistical Package for the Social SciencesThe latest version is SPSS 25Alternatives: SAS, Stata, R, MATLAB…Easy to learn, user- friendly, less programing
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Levels of Measurement GenderMarital status
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Nominal
Scale*
Ordinal
Undisputable order?
Equal intervals?
No
No
Yes
Yes
SES
Level of study
Height
Salaries
* Including both interval and ratio
p-value
GGiven that the null hypothesis is true, how is the probability of observing your sample results?
Rejecting the null hypothesis ifp < 0.05 *p < 0.01 **p < 0.001 ***
Chi-SquareH0: two variables are independent
T-test and ANOVAH0: no difference in means
CorrelationH0: zero population correlation coefficient
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WWhy effect size?p is sensitive to sample size p reveals only an existence of effect
Effect SizeChi-Square: Cramer’s VT-test: Cohen's dANOVA: ²
Correlation: r
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2. SPSS in Practice
The dataset https:/ /goo.gl/2qWS1R
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IDGender 0 Male 1 Female
Major 1 EC Edu 2 Primary Edu 3 History 4 Physics 5 Chemistry
Salary (k)Happiness((6 point Likert scale)
HP1: You wake up energetic.HP2: You feel relaxed at home.HP3: ……HP4: ……
CCentral TendencyMeanMedianMode
Descriptive StatisticsSpread
QuartilesVarianceStandard deviation
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Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies / Descriptives
GraphBar chart
Pie chart
Histogram
Create new Variables
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Re-Categorization and CalculationMajor: 5 groups into 3 groups
Education, History, ScienceHappiness: total score of 4 questions
SUM.4(HP1,HP2,HP3, …)Transform Compute Variable / Recode into Different Variables
Choose the correct statistical test
https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/other/mult-pkg/whatstat/
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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi- Square Independence Test
1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent- Samples T- test
1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA
1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation
“ RResearch Question 1
Is there any relationship between gender and field of study?
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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation
Which test?
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Gender and Major_G3
l 1
_
Chi-Square Independence Test
14 Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs
Chi-Square (cont.)
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A significant association is noted between gender and field of study ( (2) = 54.627, p < .001, V = .354). While male preferred to study Science, their female counterpart chose to study Education.
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>0.1 = small>0.3 = medium>0.5 = large
“ RResearch Question 2
Is there gender difference regarding happiness?
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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation
Which test?
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Gender and Happiness
l1 Scale
DVDVVDDV1 Nom
ppp
Independent-Samples T test
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Analyze Compare Means Independent-Samples T test
T test (cont.)
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Assumption of equal variances holdsCohen’s d = 0.553 (Mean difference/ ((SD1
2 + SD22)/2))
The result suggests that male participants (M = 14.15, SD = 3.282) reported a significantly higher level of happiness than the female participants (M = 12.25, SD = 3.569), t(429) = 5.632, p < .001, d = .553
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(S(S(S(S(SS(S(S(S(S(SD12 + SD
ts ((((((((((MMMMMMMMMMM = 14ppinesesssssssssssssssssssss t
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AssummptC h ’
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>0.2 = small>0.5 = medium>0.8 = large
anc
“ RResearch Question 3
Do respondents with different field of study report different level of happiness?
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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation
IV
OrdinOrdin
Which test?
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Major_G3 and Happiness DVDVVDDV
NomScaleScale
ANOVA
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Analyze Compare Means One- Way ANOVA
ANOVA (cont.)
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Assumption of equal variances holds² = 0.042 (SSbetween groups / SStotal)
ANOVA shows a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2, 430) = 9.376, p < .001, ² = .042. Post- hoc analyses suggest respondents majoring in Science indicate a highest level of HP than the History major and Education major counterpart.
NOVA (cont.)
mption of equaalllll vavavvavavavavavavvavariances holds.042 (SSSSSS(( betwbetbetbebebebebebebebe eenSSSSSSSS groups / SSSS totalSS )
VAA shshshshshshshshshshshoooowo s a main effect of field of study on level of happiness, F(2FF , 43001 ² 042 P t h l t d t j i i S i
aaaaaaaaarrrrirr ances ho
0) 9 30i F 2FF 430i 0F 2FF 430F 2FF
Assuuummmmmm² 0
m ttttttion044444442222 (S(
tsummAsAsAsAsAsAsAssusususususususususususuummmmmmptitititittittittitttiooononononononononnono
>0.01 = small>0.06 = medium>0.14 = large
“ RResearch Question 4
Is there relationship between happiness and level of income?
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IV DV Analysis1 Nominal 1 Nominal Chi-Square Independence Test1 Nominal/Ordinal (2 levels) 1 Scale Independent-Samples T- test1 Nominal/Ordinal (>= 2 levels) 1 Scale ANOVA1 Scale 1 Scale Pearson Correlation
minalminal/Orminal/Orle
Which test?
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Salary and Happiness
1 N1 Sc
s) 1 Sc1 Sc
p
Pearson Correlation
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Analyze Correlate Bivariate
Correlation (cont.)
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Pearson correlation was run to determine the relationship between level of income and level of happiness. A significantly strong and positive correlation was noted, r(417) = .525, p < .001
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> 0.1 = small> 0.3 = medium> 0.5 = large
Important!!!
Always check if your data fulfill all assumptions of analyses
Don’t get caught up in statistics
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3. Resources
Library
SPSS 25 are installed in L2 Academic Commons and L4 MLCData Analysis Room: http:/ / library.hkbu.edu.hk/ forms/dar.html
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Useful Websites
https:/ /www.spss- tutorials.com/basics/https:/ /statistics.laerd.com/https:/ /stats.idre.ucla.edu/http:/ /www.statisticshowto.com/
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THANKS! Any questions?
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