SPSS Base 12.0 Users Guide

For more information about SPSS software products, please visit our Web site athttp://www.spss.com or contact

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The SOFTWARE and documentation are provided with RESTRICTED RIGHTS.Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forthin subdivision (c) (1) (ii) of The Rights in Technical Data and Computer Softwareclause at 52.227-7013. Contractor/manufacturer is SPSS Inc., 233 South WackerDrive, 11th Floor, Chicago, IL 60606-6412.

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SPSS Base 12.0 Users GuideCopyright 2003 by SPSS Inc.All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Preface

SPSS 12.0

SPSS 12.0 is a comprehensive system for analyzing data. SPSS can take data fromalmost any type of file and use them to generate tabulated reports, charts and plots ofdistributions and trends, descriptive statistics, and complex statistical analyses.

This manual, the SPSS Base 12.0 User's Guide, documents the graphical userinterface of SPSS for Windows. Complete information about using interactivegraphics can be found in SPSS Interactive Graphics 10.0, which is compatible withrelease 12.0 of SPSS. Examples using the statistical procedures found in SPSSBase12.0 are provided in the Help system, installed with the software. Algorithmsused in the statistical procedures are available on the product CD-ROM.

In addition, beneath the menus and dialog boxes, SPSS uses a command language.Some extended features of the system can be accessed only via command syntax.(Those features are not available in the Student Version.) Complete commandsyntax is documented in the SPSS 12.0 Command Syntax Reference, provided onthe product CD-ROM.

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SPSS Options

The following options are available as add-on enhancements to the full (not StudentVersion) SPSS Base system:

SPSS Regression Models provides techniques for analyzing data that do not fittraditional linear statistical models. It includes procedures for probit analysis, logisticregression, weight estimation, two-stage least-squares regression, and generalnonlinear regression.

SPSS Advanced Models focuses on techniques often used in sophisticatedexperimental and biomedical research. It includes procedures for general linearmodels (GLM), linear mixed models, variance components analysis, loglinearanalysis, ordinal regression, actuarial life tables, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis,and basic and extended Cox regression.

SPSS Tables creates a variety of presentation-quality tabular reports, includingcomplex stub-and-banner tables and displays of multiple response data.

SPSS Trends performs comprehensive forecasting and time series analyses withmultiple curve-fitting models, smoothing models, and methods for estimatingautoregressive functions.

SPSS Categories performs optimal scaling procedures, including correspondenceanalysis.

SPSS Conjoint performs conjoint analysis.

SPSS CHAID simplifies tabular analysis of categorical data, develops predictivemodels, screens out extraneous predictor variables, and produces easy-to-read treediagrams that segment a population into subgroups that share similar characteristics.

SPSS Exact Tests calculates exact p values for statistical tests when small or veryunevenly distributed samples could make the usual tests inaccurate.

SPSS Missing Value Analysis describes patterns of missing data, estimates meansand other statistics, and imputes values for missing observations.

SPSS Maps turns your geographically distributed data into high-quality maps withsymbols, colors, bar charts, pie charts, and combinations of themes to present notonly what is happening but where it is happening.

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SPSS Complex Samples allows survey, market, health and public opinionresearchers, as well as social scientists who use sample survey methodology, toincorporate their complex sample designs into data analysis.

The SPSS family of products also includes applications for data entry, text analysis,classification, neural networks, and flowcharting.

Compatibility

SPSS is designed to run on many computer systems. See the materials that came withyour system for specific information on minimum and recommended requirements.

Serial Numbers

Your serial number is your identification number with SPSS Inc. You will needthis serial number when you contact SPSS Inc. for information regarding support,payment, or an upgraded system. The serial number was provided with your Basesystem.

Customer Service

If you have any questions concerning your shipment or account, contact your localoffice, listed on the SPSS Web site at http://www.spss.com/worldwide/. Please haveyour serial number ready for identification.

Training Seminars

SPSS Inc. provides both public and onsite training seminars. All seminars featurehands-on workshops. Seminars will be offered in major cities on a regular basis. Formore information on these seminars, contact your local office, listed on the SPSSWeb site at http://www.spss.com/worldwide/.

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Technical Support

The services of SPSS Technical Support are available to registered customers.Customers may contact Technical Support for assistance in using SPSS productsor for installation help for one of the supported hardware environments. To reachTechnical Support, see the SPSS Web site at http://www.spss.com, or contact yourlocal office, listed on the SPSS Web site at http://www.spss.com/worldwide/. Beprepared to identify yourself, your organization, and the serial number of your system.

Additional Publications

Individuals worldwide can order additional product manuals directly from SPSSInc. For telephone orders in the United States and Canada, call SPSS Inc. at800-543-2185. For telephone orders outside of North America, contact your localoffice, listed on the SPSS Web site at http://www.spss.com/worldwide.

The SPSS 12.0 Statistical Procedures Companion, by Marija Norusis, is beingprepared for publication by Prentice Hall. It contains overviews of the proceduresin the SPSS Base, plus Logistic Regression, General Linear Models, and LinearMixed Models. Further information will be available on the SPSS Web site athttp://www.spss.com (click Store, select your country, click Books).

Tell Us Your Thoughts

Your comments are important. Please let us know about your experiences with SPSSproducts. We especially like to hear about new and interesting applications usingthe SPSS system. Please send e-mail to suggest@spss.com, or write to SPSS Inc.,Attn: Director of Product Planning, 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th Floor, Chicago IL60606-6412.

Contacting SPSS

If you would like to be on our mailing list, contact one of our offices, listed onour Web site at http://www.spss.com/worldwide/. We will send you a copy of ournewsletter and let you know about SPSS Inc. activities in your area.

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Contents

1 Overview 1

What's New in SPSS 12.0? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Status Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Variable Names and Variable Labels in Dialog Box Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Dialog Box Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Subdialog Boxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Selecting Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Getting Information about Variables in Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Getting Information about Dialog Box Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Basic Steps in Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Statistics Coach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Finding Out More about SPSS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Getting Help 13

Using the Help Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Using the Help Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Getting Help on Dialog Box Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Getting Help on Output Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Using Case Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Copying Help Text from a Pop-Up Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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3 Data Files 19

Opening a Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19To Open Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Data File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Opening File Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Reading Excel Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21How the Data Editor Reads Older Excel Files and Other Spreadsheets . . . . 22How the Data Editor Reads dBASE Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Reading Database Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Selecting a Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Database Login. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Selecting Data Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Creating a Parameter Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Defining Variables (Database Wizard). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Text Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37File Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Saving Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48To Save Modified Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Saving Data Files in Excel Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Saving Data Files in SAS Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Saving Data Files in Other Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Saving Data: Data File Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Saving Subsets of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Saving File Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Protecting Original Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

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Virtual Active File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4 Distributed Analysis Mode 61

Distributed versus Local Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5 Data Editor 73

Data View. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Variable View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Entering Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Editing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Go to Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Case Selection Status in the Data Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Editor Display Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Data Editor Printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

6 Data Preparation 95

Defining Variable Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Copying Data Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Identifying Duplicate Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Visual Bander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Banding Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Automatically Generating Banded Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Copying Banded Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124User-Missing Values in the Visual Bander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

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7 Data Transformations 127

Computing Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Missing Values in Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Random Number Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Count Occurrences of Values within Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Recoding Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Recode into Same Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Recode into Different Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Rank Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Automatic Recode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Time Series Data Transformations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

8 File Handling and File Transformations 153

Sort Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Transpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Merging Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

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Add Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Add Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Aggregate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Split File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Select Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166Weight Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Restructuring Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9 Working with Output 197

Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Using Output in Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Pasting Objects into the Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Paste Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Pasting Objects from Other Applications into the Viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Export Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Viewer Printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220Saving Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

10 Draft Viewer 229

To Create Draft Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

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Controlling Draft Output Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231Fonts in Draft Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236To Print Draft Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236To Save Draft Viewer Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

11 Pivot Tables 239

Manipulating a Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Working with Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248Showing and Hiding Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Editing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Changing the Appearance of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254To Change Pivot Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254Table Properties: General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255To Change General Table Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Table Properties: Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256To Change Footnote Marker Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Table Properties: Cell Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257To Change Cell Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Table Properties: Borders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258To Change Borders in a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259To Display Hidden Borders in a Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Table Properties: Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260To Control Pivot Table Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Data Cell Widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262Cell Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

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To Change Cell Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Cell Properties: Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264To Change Value Formats in a Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264To Change Value Formats for a Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Cell Properties: Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265To Change Alignment in Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Cell Properties: Margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266To Change Margins in Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Cell Properties: Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267To Change Shading in Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Footnote Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Selecting Rows and Columns in Pivot Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268To Select a Row or Column in a Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Modifying Pivot Table Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Printing Pivot Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270To Print Hidden Layers of a Pivot Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Controlling Table Breaks for Wide and Long Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

12 Working with Command Syntax 273

Syntax Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274Pasting Syntax from Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Copying Syntax from the Output Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Editing Syntax in a Journal File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278To Run Command Syntax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Multiple Execute Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

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13 Frequencies 283

Frequencies Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284To Obtain Frequency Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

14 Descriptives 291

Descriptives Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292To Obtain Descriptive Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

15 Explore 297

Explore Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298To Explore Your Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

16 Crosstabs 305

Crosstabs Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

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To Obtain Crosstabulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

17 Summarize 315

Summarize Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316To Obtain Case Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

18 Means 323

Means Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324To Obtain Subgroup Means. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

19 OLAP Cubes 329

OLAP Cubes Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330To Obtain OLAP Cubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

20 T Tests 337

Independent-Samples T Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Independent-Samples T Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338To Obtain an Independent-Samples T Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Paired-Samples T Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

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Paired-Samples T Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342To Obtain a Paired-Samples T Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343One-Sample T Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344One-Sample T Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345To Obtain a One-Sample T Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

21 One-Way ANOVA 349

One-Way ANOVA Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350To Obtain a One-Way Analysis of Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

22 GLM Univariate Analysis 359

GLM Univariate Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361To Obtain GLM Univariate Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362GLM Contrasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365GLM Profile Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367GLM Post Hoc Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

23 Bivariate Correlations 377

Bivariate Correlations Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

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To Obtain Bivariate Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379

24 Partial Correlations 383

Partial Correlations Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384To Obtain Partial Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

25 Distances 387

To Obtain Distance Matrices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Distances Dissimilarity Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389Distances Similarity Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

26 Linear Regression 391

Linear Regression Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392To Obtain a Linear Regression Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Linear Regression Variable Selection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396Linear Regression Set Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Linear Regression Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Linear Regression: Saving New Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Linear Regression Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402Linear Regression Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

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27 Curve Estimation 407

Curve Estimation Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408To Obtain a Curve Estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

28 Discriminant Analysis 413

Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414To Obtain a Discriminant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

29 Factor Analysis 423

Factor Analysis Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425To Obtain a Factor Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Factor Analysis Descriptives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430To Specify Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . 431To Specify Extraction Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433To Specify Rotation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434To Specify Factor Score Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436To Specify Factor Analysis Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

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30 Choosing a Procedure for Clustering 437

31 TwoStep Cluster Analysis 439

TwoStep Cluster Analysis Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441To Obtain a TwoStep Cluster Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442TwoStep Cluster Analysis Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443TwoStep Cluster Analysis Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446TwoStep Cluster Analysis Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447

32 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 449

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450To Obtain a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Save New Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

33 K-Means Cluster Analysis 457

K-Means Cluster Analysis Data Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458To Obtain a K-Means Cluster Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460K-Means Cluster Analysis Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462K-Means Cluster Analysis Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

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34 Nonparametric Tests 465

Chi-Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Chi-Square Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467To Obtain a Chi-Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468Binomial Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Binomial Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472To Obtain a Binomial Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Runs Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Runs Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475To Obtain a Runs Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 478Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479To Obtain a One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Two-Independent-Samples Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481Two-Independent-Samples Tests Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482To Obtain Two-Independent-Samples Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Two-Related-Samples Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Two-Related-Samples Tests Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487To Obtain Two-Related-Samples Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Tests for Several Independent Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Tests for Several Independent Samples Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 491Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

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To Obtain Tests for Several Independent Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492Tests for Several Related Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Tests for Several Related Samples Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495To Obtain Tests for Several Related Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

35 Multiple Response Analysis 499

Multiple Response Define Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500To Define Multiple Response Sets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Multiple Response Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Multiple Response Frequencies Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503To Obtain Multiple Response Frequencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Multiple Response Crosstabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Multiple Response Crosstabs Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506To Obtain Multiple Response Crosstabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506

36 Reporting Results 511

Report Summaries in Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Report Summaries in Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519

37 Reliability Analysis 527

Reliability Analysis Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

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Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528To Obtain a Reliability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529RELIABILITY Command Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532

38 Multidimensional Scaling 533

Multidimensional Scaling Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534To Obtain a Multidimensional Scaling Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534Multidimensional Scaling Create Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536Multidimensional Scaling Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537Multidimensional Scaling Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538Scaling Command Additional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

39 Ratio Statistics 541

Ratio Statistics Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541To Obtain Ratio Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542Ratio Statistics Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

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40 Overview of the Chart Facility 545

Creating and Modifying a Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545Chart Definition Global Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

41 ROC Curves 557

ROC Curve Data Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Sample Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558To Obtain an ROC Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

42 Utilities 561

Variable Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Data File Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562Variable Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563Define Variable Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563Use Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Reordering Target Variable Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

43 Options 567

General Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568Viewer Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570Draft Viewer Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

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Output Label Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573Chart Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575Interactive Chart Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579Pivot Table Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Data Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582Currency Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Script Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

44 Customizing Menus and Toolbars 587

Menu Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Customizing Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Show Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588To Customize Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

45 Production Facility 595

Using the Production Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596Syntax Rules for the Production Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596Export Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597User Prompts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600Production Macro Prompting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602Production Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602Format Control for Production Jobs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Running Production Jobs from a Command Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Publish to Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607SmartViewer Web Server Login . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

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46 SPSS Scripting Facility 609

To Run a Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609Scripts Included with SPSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610Autoscripts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Creating and Editing Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612To Edit a Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613Script Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614Starter Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617Creating Autoscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618How Scripts Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622Table of Object Classes and Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624New Procedure (Scripting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629Adding a Description to a Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

xxv

Scripting Custom Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632Debugging Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636Script Files and Syntax Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639

47 Output Management System 643

OMS Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Appendices

A Database Access Administrator 649

B Customizing HTML Documents 651

To Add Customized HTML Code to Exported Output Documents . . . . . . . . 651Content and Format of the Text File for Customized HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652To Use a Different File or Location for Custom HTML Code . . . . . . . . . . . . 652

Index 655

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Chapter

1Overview

SPSS for Windows provides a powerful statistical analysis and data managementsystem in a graphical environment, using descriptive menus and simple dialog boxesto do most of the work for you. Most tasks can be accomplished simply by pointingand clicking the mouse.

In addition to the simple point-and-click interface for statistical analysis, SPSS forWindows provides:

Data Editor. A versatile spreadsheet-like system for defining, entering, editing, anddisplaying data.

Viewer. The Viewer makes it easy to browse your results, selectively show and hideoutput, change the display order results, and move presentation-quality tables andcharts between SPSS and other applications.

Multidimensional pivot tables. Your results come alive with multidimensional pivottables. Explore your tables by rearranging rows, columns, and layers. Uncoverimportant findings that can get lost in standard reports. Compare groups easily bysplitting your table so that only one group is displayed at a time.

High-resolution graphics. High-resolution, full-color pie charts, bar charts, histograms,scatterplots, 3-D graphics, and more are included as standard features in SPSS.

Database access. Retrieve information from databases by using the Database Wizardinstead of complicated SQL queries.

Data transformations. Transformation features help get your data ready for analysis.You can easily subset data, combine categories, add, aggregate, merge, split, andtranspose files, and more.

Electronic distribution. Send e-mail reports to others with the click of a button, orexport tables and charts in HTML format for Internet and intranet distribution.

1

2

Chapter 1

Online Help. Detailed tutorials provide a comprehensive overview; context-sensitiveHelp topics in dialog boxes guide you through specific tasks; pop-up definitions inpivot table results explain statistical terms; the Statistics Coach helps you find theprocedures that you need; and Case Studies provide hands-on examples of how to usestatistical procedures and interpret the results.

Command language. Although most tasks can be accomplished with simplepoint-and-click gestures, SPSS also provides a powerful command language thatallows you to save and automate many common tasks. The command language alsoprovides some functionality not found in the menus and dialog boxes.

Complete command syntax documentation is automatically installed when youinstall SPSS. To access the syntax documentation:

E From the menus, chooseHelp

Command Syntax Reference

What's New in SPSS 12.0?

There are a number of new features in SPSS 12.0.

Improved Charting Features

Better default chart appearance

Support for long text strings and automatic text wrapping

Control of default scale ranges using chart templates

3-D effects for pie and bar charts

Improved color and pattern choices, and much more

New Data Management Features

Longer variable names. The maximum length for variable names is now 64 bytes,compared to 8 bytes for previous releases. For more information, see VariableNames in Chapter 5 on page 76.

Visual Bander. The Visual Bander is designed to help you band scale data intocategorical ranges (for example, age in 10-year ranges). For more information,see Visual Bander in Chapter 6 on page 116.

3

Overview

Duplicate record finder. Identify, flag, report, and filter duplicate records with thenew Identify Duplicate Cases feature. For more information, see IdentifyingDuplicate Cases in Chapter 6 on page 113.

Output management system. Turn output into input with the new OMS command.With OMS, you can automatically write selected categories of output to differentoutput files in different formats, including HTML, XML, text, and SPSS-formatdata files. For more information, see Output Management System in Chapter47 on page 643.

Command syntax to delete variables. The new DELETE VARIABLES commandmakes it easy to delete variables you do not need anymore, such as temporaryvariables used in transformations.

Statistical Enhancements

New options for handling weighted data in the Crosstabs procedure. For moreinformation, see Crosstabs Cell Display in Chapter 16 on page 313.

New stepwise function in Multinomial Logisitic Regression (NOMREG command,Regression Models option).

New Complex Samples Option

This new add-on module provides the specialized planning tools and statistics thatyou need when working with sample survey data. Most conventional statisticalsoftware assumes your data arise from simple random sampling. In most large-scalesurveys, however, simple random sampling generally is not feasible or cost effective.Using SPSS Complex Samples with sample survey data reduces the risk of reachingincorrect or misleading inferences. The new SPSS Complex Samples add-onmodule enables you to make more statistically valid inferences for a population byincorporating the sample design into survey analysis. It is an indispensable statisticaltool for survey and market researchers, public opinion researchers or social scientists,and it enables you to reach more accurate conclusions when working with samplesurvey methodology.

Windows

There are a number of different types of windows in SPSS:

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Chapter 1

Data Editor. This window displays the contents of the data file. You can create newdata files or modify existing ones with the Data Editor. The Data Editor windowopens automatically when you start an SPSS session. You can have only one datafile open at a time.

Viewer. All statistical results, tables, and charts are displayed in the Viewer. You canedit the output and save it for later use. A Viewer window opens automatically thefirst time you run a procedure that generates output.

Draft Viewer. You can display output as simple text (instead of interactive pivot tables)in the Draft Viewer.

Pivot Table Editor. Output displayed in pivot tables can be modified in many ways withthe Pivot Table Editor. You can edit text, swap data in rows and columns, add color,create multidimensional tables, and selectively hide and show results.

Chart Editor. You can modify high-resolution charts and plots in chart windows. Youcan change the colors, select different type fonts or sizes, switch the horizontal andvertical axes, rotate 3-D scatterplots, and even change the chart type.

Text Output Editor. Text output not displayed in pivot tables can be modified with theText Output Editor. You can edit the output and change font characteristics (type,style, color, size).

Syntax Editor. You can paste your dialog box choices into a syntax window, whereyour selections appear in the form of command syntax. You can then edit thecommand syntax to use special features of SPSS not available through dialog boxes.You can save these commands in a file for use in subsequent SPSS sessions.

Script Editor. Scripting and OLE automation allow you to customize and automatemany tasks in SPSS. Use the Script Editor to create and modify basic scripts.

5

Overview

Figure 1-1Data Editor and Viewer

Designated versus Active Window

If you have more than one open Viewer window, output is routed to the designatedViewer window. If you have more than one open Syntax Editor window, commandsyntax is pasted into the designated Syntax Editor window. The designated windowsare indicated by an exclamation point (!) in the status bar. You can change thedesignated windows at any time.

The designated window should not be confused with the active window, which isthe currently selected window. If you have overlapping windows, the active windowappears in the foreground. If you open a new Syntax Editor or Viewer window, thatwindow automatically becomes the active window and the designated window.

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Chapter 1

Changing the Designated Window

E Make the window that you want to designate the active window (click anywherein the window).

E Click the Designate Window tool on the toolbar (the one with the exclamation point).

or

E From the menus choose:Utilities

Designate Window

Figure 1-2Designate Window tool

Menus

Many of the tasks that you want to perform with SPSS start with menu selections.Each window in SPSS has its own menu bar with menu selections appropriate forthat window type.

The Analyze and Graphs menus are available on all windows, making it easy togenerate new output without having to switch windows.

Status Bar

The status bar at the bottom of each SPSS window provides the following information:

Command status. For each procedure or command that you run, a case counterindicates the number of cases processed so far. For statistical procedures that requireiterative processing, the number of iterations is displayed.

Filter status. If you have selected a random sample or a subset of cases for analysis,the message Filter on indicates that some type of case filtering is currently in effectand not all cases in the data file are included in the analysis.

7

Overview

Weight status. The message Weight on indicates that a weight variable is being usedto weight cases for analysis.

Split File status. The message Split File on indicates that the data file has been split intoseparate groups for analysis, based on the values of one or more grouping variables.

Showing and Hiding the Status Bar

E From the menus choose:View

Status Bar

Dialog Boxes

Most menu selections open dialog boxes. You use dialog boxes to select variablesand options for analysis.

Dialog boxes for statistical procedures and charts typically have two basiccomponents:

Source variable list. A list of variables in the working data file. Only variable typesallowed by the selected procedure are displayed in the source list. Use of short stringand long string variables is restricted in many procedures.

Target variable list(s). One or more lists indicating the variables that you have chosenfor the analysis, such as dependent and independent variable lists.

Variable Names and Variable Labels in Dialog Box Lists

You can display either variable names or variable labels in dialog box lists.

To control the display of variable names or labels, choose Options from the Editmenu in any window.

To define or modify variable labels, use Variable View in the Data Editor.

For data imported from database sources, field names are used as variable labels.

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Chapter 1

For long labels, position the mouse pointer over the label in the list to viewthe entire label.

If no variable label is defined, the variable name is displayed.

Figure 1-3Variable labels displayed in a dialog box

Dialog Box Controls

There are five standard controls in most dialog boxes:

OK. Runs the procedure. After you select your variables and choose any additionalspecifications, click OK to run the procedure. This also closes the dialog box.

Paste. Generates command syntax from the dialog box selections and pastes thesyntax into a syntax window. You can then customize the commands with additionalfeatures not available from dialog boxes.

Reset. Deselects any variables in the selected variable list(s) and resets allspecifications in the dialog box and any subdialog boxes to the default state.

Cancel. Cancels any changes in the dialog box settings since the last time it wasopened and closes the dialog box. Within a session, dialog box settings are persistent.A dialog box retains your last set of specifications until you override them.

Help. Context-sensitive Help. This takes you to a Help window that containsinformation about the current dialog box. You can also get help on individual dialogbox controls by clicking the control with the right mouse button.

9

Overview

Subdialog Boxes

Since most procedures provide a great deal of flexibility, not all of the possiblechoices can be contained in a single dialog box. The main dialog box usually containsthe minimum information required to run a procedure. Additional specificationsare made in subdialog boxes.

In the main dialog box, controls with an ellipsis (...) after the name indicate that asubdialog box will be displayed.

Selecting Variables

To select a single variable, you simply highlight it on the source variable list andclick the right arrow button next to the target variable list. If there is only one targetvariable list, you can double-click individual variables to move them from the sourcelist to the target list.

You can also select multiple variables:

To select multiple variables that are grouped together on the variable list, click thefirst one and then Shift-click the last one in the group.

To select multiple variables that are not grouped together on the variable list, usethe Ctrl-click method. Click the first variable, then Ctrl-click the next variable,and so on.

Getting Information about Variables in Dialog BoxesE Right-click on a variable in the source or target variable list.

E Select Variable Information in the pop-up context menu.

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Chapter 1

Figure 1-4Variable information with right mouse button

Getting Information about Dialog Box ControlsE Right-click the control you want to know about.

E Select What's This? on the pop-up context menu.

A pop-up window displays information about the control.

11

Overview

Figure 1-5Right mouse button What's This? pop-up Help for dialog box controls

Basic Steps in Data Analysis

Analyzing data with SPSS is easy. All you have to do is:

Get your data into SPSS. You can open a previously saved SPSS data file; read aspreadsheet, database, or text data file; or enter your data directly in the Data Editor.

Select a procedure. Select a procedure from the menus to calculate statistics or tocreate a chart.

Select the variables for the analysis. The variables in the data file are displayed in adialog box for the procedure.

Run the procedure and look at the results. Results are displayed in the Viewer.

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Chapter 1

Statistics Coach

If you are unfamiliar with SPSS or with the statistical procedures available in SPSS,the Statistics Coach can help you get started by prompting you with simple questions,nontechnical language, and visual examples that help you select the basic statisticaland charting features that are best suited for your data.

To use the Statistics Coach, from the menus in any SPSS window choose:Help

Statistics Coach

The Statistics Coach covers only a selected subset of procedures in the SPSS Basesystem. It is designed to provide general assistance for many of the basic, commonlyused statistical techniques.

Finding Out More about SPSS

For a comprehensive overview of SPSS basics, see the online tutorial. From anySPSS menu choose:Help

Tutorial

Chapter

2Getting Help

Online Help is provided in several ways:

Help menu. Every window has a Help menu on the menu bar. Topics provides accessto the Contents and Index tabs, which you can use to find specific Help topics. Tutorialprovides access to the introductory tutorial.

Dialog box context menu Help. Right-click on any control in a dialog box and selectWhat's This? from the context menu to display a description of the control anddirections for its use.

Dialog box Help buttons. Most dialog boxes have a Help button that takes you directlyto a Help topic for that dialog box. The Help topic provides general information andlinks to related topics.

Pivot table context menu Help. Right-click on terms in an activated pivot table inthe Viewer and select What's This? from the context menu to display definitionsof the terms.

Case Studies. The Case Studies item on the Help menu in the Viewer window provideshands-on examples of how to create various types of statistical analyses and how tointerpret the results. The sample data files used in the examples are also provided sothat you can work through the examples to see exactly how the results were produced.

Tutorial. Select Tutorial on the Help menu in any window to access the onlineintroductory tutorial.

Command Syntax Reference. Detailed command syntax reference information isavailable in PDF format. (It is not available with some versions.)

Note: The Help system requires Internet Explorer 5 or later, and the SPSS CommandSyntax Reference requires Adobe Acrobat. Installable versions of both are providedon the CD.

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Chapter 2

Using the Help Table of ContentsE In any window, from the menus choose:

HelpTopics

E Click the Contents tab.

E Double-click items with a book icon to expand or collapse the contents.

E Click an item to go to that Help topic.

Figure 2-1Help window with Contents tab displayed

Using the Help IndexE In any window, from the menus choose:

HelpTopics

E Click the Index tab.

E Enter a term to search for in the index.

15

Getting Help

E Double-click the topic that you want.

The Help index uses incremental search to find the text that you enter and selectsthe closest match in the index.

Figure 2-2Index tab and incremental search

Getting Help on Dialog Box ControlsE Right-click on the dialog box control that you want information about.

E Choose What's This? from the pop-up context menu.

A description of the control and how to use it is displayed in a pop-up window.General information about a dialog box is available from the Help button in thedialog box.

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Chapter 2

Figure 2-3Dialog box control Help with right mouse button

Getting Help on Output TermsE Double-click the pivot table to activate it.

E Right-click on the term that you want to be explained.

E Choose What's This? from the context menu.

A definition of the term is displayed in a pop-up window.

17

Getting Help

Figure 2-4Activated pivot table glossary Help with right mouse button

Using Case StudiesE Right-click on a pivot table in the Viewer window.

E Choose Case Studies from the pop-up context menu.

Copying Help Text from a Pop-Up WindowE Right-click anywhere in the pop-up window.

E Choose Copy from the context menu.

The entire text of the pop-up window is copied.

Chapter

3Data Files

Data files come in a wide variety of formats, and this software is designed to handlemany of them, including:

Spreadsheets created with Lotus 1-2-3 and Excel

Database files created with dBASE and various SQL formats

Tab-delimited and other types of ASCII text files

Data files in SPSS format created on other operating systems

SYSTAT data files

SAS data files

Opening a Data File

In addition to files saved in SPSS format, you can open Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE,and tab-delimited files without converting the files to an intermediate format orentering data definition information.

To Open Data FilesE From the menus choose:

FileOpen

Data...

E In the Open File dialog box, select the file that you want to open.

E Click Open.

19

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Chapter 3

Optionally, you can:

Read variable names from the first row for spreadsheet and tab-delimited files.

Specify a range of cells to read for spreadsheet files.

Specify a sheet within an Excel file to read (Excel 5 or later).

Data File Types

SPSS. Opens data files saved in SPSS format, including SPSS for Windows,Macintosh, UNIX, and also the DOS product SPSS/PC+.

SPSS/PC+. Opens SPSS/PC+ data files.

SYSTAT. Opens SYSTAT data files.

SPSS Portable. Opens data files saved in SPSS portable format. Saving a file inportable format takes considerably longer than saving the file in SPSS format.

Excel. Opens Excel files.

Lotus 1-2-3. Opens data files saved in 1-2-3 format for release 3.0, 2.0, or 1A of Lotus.

SYLK. Opens data files saved in SYLK (symbolic link) format, a format used bysome spreadsheet applications.

dBASE. Opens dBASE-format files for either dBASE IV, dBASE III or III PLUS,or dBASE II. Each case is a record. Variable and value labels and missing-valuespecifications are lost when you save a file in this format.

SAS Long File Name. SAS version 7-8 for Windows, long extension.

SAS Short File Name. SAS version 7-8 for Windows, short extension.

SAS v6 for Windows. SAS version 6.08 for Windows and OS2.

SAS v6 for UNIX. SAS version 6 for UNIX (Sun, HP, IBM).

SAS Transport. SAS transport file.

Text. ASCII text file.

21

Data Files

Opening File Options

Read variable names. For spreadsheets, you can read variable names from the first rowof the file or the first row of the defined range. The values are converted as necessaryto create valid variable names, including converting spaces to underscores.

Worksheet. Excel 5 or later files can contain multiple worksheets. By default, theData Editor reads the first worksheet. To read a different worksheet, select theworksheet from the drop-down list.

Range. For spreadsheet data files, you can also read a range of cells. Use the samemethod for specifying cell ranges as you would with the spreadsheet application.

Reading Excel Files

Read variable names. You can read variable names from the first row of the file or thefirst row of the defined range. Values that don't conform to variable naming rules areconverted to valid variable names, and the original names are used as variable labels.

Worksheet. Excel files can contain multiple worksheets. By default, the Data Editorreads the first worksheet. To read a different worksheet, select the worksheet fromthe drop-down list.

Range. You can also read a range of cells. Use the same method for specifying cellranges as you would in Excel.

How the Data Editor Reads Excel 5 or Later Files

The following rules apply to reading Excel 5 or later files:

Data type and width. Each column is a variable. The data type and width for eachvariable is determined by the data type and width in the Excel file. If the columncontains more than one data type (for example, date and numeric), the data type is setto string, and all values are read as valid string values.

Blank cells. For numeric variables, blank cells are converted to the system-missingvalue, indicated by a period. For string variables, a blank is a valid string value, andblank cells are treated as valid string values.

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Chapter 3

Variable names. If you read the first row of the Excel file (or the first row of thespecified range) as variable names, values that don't conform to variable naming rulesare converted to valid variable names, and the original names are used as variablelabels. If you do not read variable names from the Excel file, default variable namesare assigned.

How the Data Editor Reads Older Excel Files and OtherSpreadsheets

The following rules apply to reading Excel files prior to version 5 and otherspreadsheet data:

Data type and width. The data type and width for each variable are determined by thecolumn width and data type of the first data cell in the column. Values of other typesare converted to the system-missing value. If the first data cell in the column is blank,the global default data type for the spreadsheet (usually numeric) is used.

Blank cells. For numeric variables, blank cells are converted to the system-missingvalue, indicated by a period. For string variables, a blank is a valid string value, andblank cells are treated as valid string values.

Variable names. If you do not read variable names from the spreadsheet, the columnletters (A, B, C, ...) are used for variable names for Excel and Lotus files. For SYLKfiles and Excel files saved in R1C1 display format, the software uses the columnnumber preceded by the letter C for variable names (C1, C2, C3, ...).

How the Data Editor Reads dBASE Files

Database files are logically very similar to SPSS-format data files. The followinggeneral rules apply to dBASE files:

Field names are converted to valid variable names.

Colons used in dBASE field names are translated to underscores.

Records marked for deletion but not actually purged are included. The softwarecreates a new string variable, D_R, which contains an asterisk for cases markedfor deletion.

23

Data Files

Reading Database Files

You can read data from any database format for which you have a database driver. Inlocal analysis mode, the necessary drivers must be installed on your local computer.In distributed analysis mode (available with the server version), the drivers must beinstalled on the remote server. For more information, see Distributed AnalysisMode in Chapter 4 on page 61.

To Read Database Files

E From the menus choose:File

Open DatabaseNew Query...

E Select the data source.

E Depending on the data source, you may need to select the database file and/or enter alogin name, password, and other information.

E Select the table(s) and fields.

E Specify any relationships between your tables.

Optionally, you can:

Specify any selection criteria for your data.

Add a prompt for user input to create a parameter query.

Define any variable attributes.

Save the query you have constructed before running it.

To Edit Saved Database Queries

E From the menus choose:File

Open DatabaseEdit Query...

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Chapter 3

E Select the query file (*.spq) that you want to edit.

E Follow the instructions for creating a new query.

To Read Database Files with Saved Queries

E From the menus choose:File

Open DatabaseRun Query...

E Select the query file (*.spq) that you want to run.

E Depending on the database file, you may need to enter a login name and password.

E If the query has an embedded prompt, you may need to enter other information (forexample, the quarter for which you want to retrieve sales figures).

Selecting a Data Source

Use the first dialog box to select the type of data source to read into the software.After you have chosen the file type, the Database Wizard may prompt you for thepath to your data file.

If you do not have any data sources configured, or if you want to add a new datasource, click Add Data Source. In distributed analysis mode (available with the serverversion), this button is not available. To add data sources in distributed analysismode, see your system administrator.

25

Data Files

Data sources. A data source consists of two essential pieces of information: the driverthat will be used to access the data and the location of the database that you want toaccess. To specify data sources, you must have the appropriate drivers installed. Forlocal analysis mode, you can install drivers from the CD-ROM for this product:

SPSS Data Access Pack. Installs drivers for a variety of database formats.Available on the AutoPlay menu.

Microsoft Data Access Pack. Installs drivers for Microsoft products, includingMicrosoft Access. To install the Microsoft Data Access Pack, double-clickMicrosoft Data Access Pack in the Microsoft Data Access Pack folder on theCD-ROM.

Figure 3-1Database Wizard dialog box

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Chapter 3

Example. Let's say you have a Microsoft Access 7.0 database that contains data aboutyour employees and about the regions in which they work, and you want to importthat data. Select the MS Access 7.0 Database icon, and click Next to proceed. You willsee the Select Database dialog box. Specify the path to your database and click OK.

Database Login

If your database requires a password, the Database Wizard will prompt you forone before it can open the data source.

Figure 3-2Login dialog box

Selecting Data Fields

The Select Data dialog box controls which tables and fields are read into the software.Database fields (columns) are read as variables.

If a table has any field(s) selected, all of its fields will be visible in the followingDatabase Wizard windows, but only those fields selected in this dialog box will beimported as variables. This enables you to create table joins and to specify criteriausing fields that you are not importing.

27

Data Files

Figure 3-3Select Data dialog box

Displaying field names. To list the fields in a table, click the plus sign (+) to the left ofa table name. To hide the fields, click the minus sign () to the left of a table name.

To add a field. Double-click any field in the Available Tables list, or drag it to theRetrieve Fields in This Order list. Fields can be reordered by dragging and droppingthem within the selected fields list.

To remove a field. Double-click any field in the Retrieve Fields in This Order list,or drag it to the Available Tables list.

Sort field names. If selected, the Database Wizard will display your available fieldsin alphabetical order.

Example. Assume that you want to import from a database with two tables, Employeesand Regions. The Employees table contains information about your company'semployees, including the region they work in, their job category, and their annual

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Chapter 3

sales. Employees are each assigned a region code (REGION), while those who donot have a home region get the special code of 0. The Regions table holds a largeamount of data about the areas in which your company operates and prospectivemarkets. It uses a region code (REGION) to identify the area and provides the averageper capita income for the area, among other things. To relate each employee's salesto the average income in the region, you would select the following fields from theEmployees table: ID, REGION, and SALES. Then, select the following fields fromthe Regions table: REGION and AVGINC. Click Next to proceed.

Creating a Relationship between Tables

The Specify Relationships dialog box allows you to define the relationships betweenthe tables. If fields from more than one table are selected, you must define at leastone join.

Figure 3-4Specify Relationships dialog box

29

Data Files

Establishing relationships. To create a relationship, drag a field from any table onto thefield to which you want to join it. The Database Wizard will draw a join line betweenthe two fields, indicating their relationship. These fields must be of the same data type.

Auto Join Tables. Attempts to automatically join tables based on primary/foreign keysor matching field names and data type.

Specifying join types. If outer joins are supported by your driver, you can specifyeither inner joins, left outer joins, or right outer joins. To select the type of join,click the join line between the fields, and the software will display the RelationshipProperties dialog box.

You can also use the icons in the upper right corner of the dialog box to choosethe type of join.

Relationship Properties

This dialog box allows you to specify which type of relationship joins your tables.

Figure 3-5Relationship Properties dialog box

Inner joins. An inner join includes only rows where the related fields are equal.

Example. Continuing with our data, suppose that you want to import data only forthose employees who work in a fixed region and only for those regions in which yourcompany operates. In this case, you would use an inner join, which would excludetraveling employees and would filter out information about prospective regions inwhich you do not currently have a presence.

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Completing this would give you a data set that contains the variables ID, REGION,SALES95, and AVGINC for each employee who worked in a fixed region.

Figure 3-6Creating an inner join

Outer joins. A left outer join includes all records from the table on the left and onlythose records from the table on the right in which the related fields are equal. In aright outer join, this relationship is switched, so that the software imports all recordsfrom the table on the right and only those records from the table on the left in whichthe related fields are equal.

Example. If you wanted to import data only for those employees who worked in fixedregions (a subset of the Employees table) but needed information about all of theregions, a right outer join would be appropriate. This results in a data set that containsthe variables ID, REGION, SALES95, and AVGINC for each employee who workedin a fixed region, plus data on the remaining regions in which your company doesnot currently operate.

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Data Files

Figure 3-7Creating a right outer join

Limiting Retrieved Cases

The Limit Retrieved Cases dialog box allows you to specify the criteria to selectsubsets of cases (rows). Limiting cases generally consists of filling the criteria gridwith one or more criteria. Criteria consist of two expressions and some relationbetween them. They return a value of true, false, or missing for each case.

If the result is true, the case is selected.

If the result is false or missing, the case is not selected.

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Most criteria use one or more of the six relational operators (, =,=, and ).

Expressions can include field names, constants, arithmetic operators, numericand other functions, and logical variables. You can use fields that you do notplan to import as variables.

Figure 3-8Limit Retrieved Cases dialog box

To build your criteria, you need at least two expressions and a relation to connect them.

E To build an expression, put your cursor in an Expression cell. You can type fieldnames, constants, arithmetic operators, numeric and other functions, and logicalvariables. Other methods of putting a field into a criteria cell include double-clickingthe field in the Fields list, dragging the field from the Fields list, or selecting a fieldfrom the drop-down menu that is available in any active Expression cell.

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E The two expressions are usually connected by a relational operator, such as = or >. Tochoose the relation, put your cursor in the Relation cell and either type the operatoror select it from the drop-down menu.

To modify our earlier example to retrieve data only about employees who fit intojob categories 1 or 3, create two criteria in the criteria grid, and prefix the secondcriteria with the connector OR.

Criteria 1: 'EmployeeSales'.'JOBCAT' = 1

Criteria 2: 'EmployeeSales'.'JOBCAT' = 3

Functions. A selection of built-in arithmetic, logical, string, date, and time SQLfunctions are provided. You can select a function from the list and drag it intothe expression, or you can enter any valid SQL function. See your databasedocumentation for valid SQL functions.

Use Random Sampling. Selects a random sample of cases from the data source.For large data sources, you may want to limit the number of cases to a small,representative sample. This can significantly reduce the time that it takes to runprocedures. Native random sampling, if available for the data source, is faster thanSPSS random sampling, since SPSS random sampling must still read the entiredata source to extract a random sample.

Approximately. Generates a random sample of approximately the specifiedpercentage of cases. Since this routine makes an independent pseudo-randomdecision for each case, the percentage of cases selected can only approximatethe specified percentage. The more cases there are in the data file, the closer thepercentage of cases selected is to the specified percentage.

Exactly. Selects a random sample of the specified number of cases from thespecified total number of cases. If the total number of cases specified exceedsthe total number of cases in the data file, the sample will contain proportionallyfewer cases than the requested number.

Prompt for Value. You can embed a prompt in your query to create a parameter query.When users run the query, they will be asked to enter information specified here. Youmight want to do this if you need to see different views of the same data. For example,you may want to run the same query to see sales figures for different fiscal quarters.Place your cursor in any Expression cell, and click Prompt for Value to create a prompt.

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Creating a Parameter Query

Use the Prompt for Value dialog box to create a dialog box that solicits informationfrom users each time someone runs your query. It is useful if you want to query thesame data source using different criteria.

Figure 3-9Prompt for Value dialog box

To build a prompt, you need to enter a prompt string and a default value. The promptstring is displayed each time a user runs your query. It should specify the kind ofinformation to enter, and, if the user is not selecting from a list, it should give hintsabout how the input should be formatted. For example, Enter a Quarter (Q1, Q2,Q3, ...).

Allow user to select value from list. If this is selected, you can limit the user to thevalues you place here, which are separated by carriage returns.

Data type. Specify the data type here, either number, string, or date.

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The final result looks like this:

Figure 3-10User-defined prompt dialog box

Defining Variables (Database Wizard)

Variable names and labels. The complete database field (column) name is used as thevariable label. Unless you modify the variable name, the Database Wizard assignsvariable names to each column from the database in one of two ways:

If the name of the database field forms a valid, unique variable name, it is usedas the variable name.

If the name of the database field does not form a valid, unique variable name,the software creates a unique name.

Click any cell to edit the variable name.

Converting strings to numeric values. Check the Value Labels box for a string variable ifyou want to automatically convert it to a numeric variable. String values are convertedto consecutive integer values based on alphabetic order of the original values. Theoriginal values are retained as value labels for the new variables.

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Figure 3-11Define Variables dialog box

Results

The Results dialog box displays the SQL Select statement for your query.

You can edit the SQL Select statement before you run the query, but if youclick the Back button to make changes in previous steps, the changes to theSelect statement will be lost.

You can save the query for future use with Save query to a file.

Select Paste it into the syntax editor for further modification to paste complete GETDATA syntax into a syntax window. Copying and pasting the Select statementfrom the Results window will not paste the necessary command syntax.

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Cache data locally. A data cache is complete copy of the data file, stored in temporarydisk space. Caching the data file can improve performance.

Figure 3-12Results dialog box

Text Wizard

The Text Wizard can read text data files formatted in a variety of ways:

Tab-delimited files

Space-delimited files

Comma-delimited files

Fixed-field format files

For delimited files, you can also specify other characters as delimiters betweenvalues, and you can specify multiple delimiters.

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To Read Text Data Files

E From the menus choose:File

Read Text Data

E Select the text file in the Open dialog box.

E Follow the steps in the Text Wizard to define how to read the data file.

Text Wizard Step 1Figure 3-13Text Wizard Step 1

The text file is displayed in a preview window. You can apply a predefined format(previously saved from the Text Wizard) or follow the steps in the Text Wizardto specify how the data should be read.

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Text Wizard Step 2Figure 3-14Text Wizard Step 2

This step provides information about variables. A variable is similar to a field in adatabase. For example, each item in a questionnaire is a variable.

How are your variables arranged? To read your data properly, the Text Wizard needs toknow how to determine where the data value for one variable ends and the data valuefor the next variable begins. The arrangement of variables defines the method used todifferentiate one variable from the next.

Delimited. Spaces, commas, tabs, or other characters are used to separatevariables. The variables are recorded in the same order for each case but notnecessarily in the same column locations.

Fixed width. Each variable is recorded in the same column location on the samerecord (line) for each case in the data file. No delimiter is required betweenvariables. In fact, in many text data files generated by computer programs, data

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values may appear to run together without even spaces separating them. Thecolumn location determines which variable is being read.

Are variable names included at the top of your file? If the first row of the data filecontains descriptive labels for each variable, you can use these labels as variablenames. Values that don't conform to variable naming rules are converted to validvariable names.

Text Wizard Step 3: Delimited FilesFigure 3-15Text Wizard Step 3 for delimited files

This step provides information about cases. A case is similar to a record in a database.For example, each respondent to a questionnaire is a case.

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The first case of data begins on which line number? Indicates the first line of the datafile that contains data values. If the top line(s) of the data file contain descriptivelabels or other text that does not represent data values, this will not be line 1.

How are your cases represented? Controls how the Text Wizard determines whereeach case ends and the next one begins.

Each line represents a case. Each line contains only one case. It is fairly commonfor each case to be contained on a single line (row), even though this can be avery long line for data files with a large number of variables. If not all linescontain the same number of data values, the number of variables for each case isdetermined by the line with the greatest number of data values. Cases with fewerdata values are assigned missing values for the additional variables.

A specific number of variables represents a case. The specified number of variablesfor each case tells the Text Wizard where to stop reading one case and startreading the next. Multiple cases can be contained on the same line, and cases canstart in the middle of one line and be continued on the next line. The Text Wizarddetermines the end of each case based on the number of values read, regardlessof the number of lines. Each case must contain data values (or missing valuesindicated by delimiters) for all variables, or the data file will be read incorrectly.

How many cases do you want to import? You can import all cases in the data file, thefirst n cases (n is a number you specify), or a random sample of a specified percentage.Since the random sampling routine makes an independent pseudo-random decisionfor each case, the percentage of cases selected can only approximate the specifiedpercentage. The more cases there ar