SPS Science F3 02

14

2C h a p t e r

Blood Circulationand TransportSistem Peredaran dan Pengankutan

WORD

Artery – ArteriHeart – JantungPhloem – FloemTranspiration – Transpirasi

Vein – VenaXylem – Xilem

UP!

Year Paper 1Paper 2

PMR Past-year Questions

Sec. A Sec. B

Q27, Q30

Q29

Q25, Q28

Q28

Q28

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Daigram F 3_Chp 2

Circulatory andtransport system

Humans Plants

Water andmineral salts

Deoxygenatedblood

Oxygenatedblood

Arteriesand veins

Blood

Veins

ArteriesBlood

capillaries

Xylem

Phloem

Food

• Red blood cells• White blood cells• Platelets• Plasma

take place in take place in

through

transport

transport

have

flows in

flowsin

flows in

transport

consists of

transport

connect

SPS_Science_F3_02.indd 14 6/8/11 11:05:13 PM

15

CHA

PTER2

1 State the function of the heart./Nyatakan fungsi jantung.

To pump blood to all parts of the body.Mengepam darah ke seluruh badan.

2 What is the function of the valve?/Apakah fungsi injap?

To ensure that blood flows in only one direction.

Memastikan darah mengalir dalam satu arah sahaja.

3 Name the largest artery and vein in the body.Namakan arteri dan vena yang terbesar dalam badan.

(a) Artery/Arteri: Aorta/Aorta (b) Vein/Vena: Vena cava/Vena kava

• State the function of the heart Identify the structure of the human heart

2.1 LO

To study the structure of the heartMengkaji struktur jantung

Charts, models or transparencies about the human heart, blue and red coloured pencilsCarta, model atau transparensi tentang jantung manusia, pensel berwarna biru dan merah

1 Study the diagram of the heart from the charts, models or transparencies.Kaji rajah tentang struktur jantung daripada carta, model atau transparensi.

2 Identify the parts of the heart and label them on the diagram given.Kenal pasti bahagian-bahagian jantung serta labelkannya pada rajah yang diberikan.

3 Colour the parts of the heart that contains oxygenated blood with red and deoxygenated blood with blue.Warnakan bahagian jantung yang membawa darah beroksigen dengan warna merah dan darah terdeoksigen dengan warna biru.

pulmonary artery/arteri pulmonari

vena cava/vena kava

right atrium/atrium kanan

tricuspid valve/injap trikuspid

right ventricle/ventrikel kanan

aorta/aorta

pulmonary vein/vena pulmonari

left atrium/atrium kiri

semilunar valve/injap sabit

bicuspid valve/injap bikuspid

left ventricle/ventrikel kiri

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

• Compare and contrast oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood

2.1 LO

2.1 INQUIRYExperiment

Learning Objective2.1 The transport system in humans

Inquiry-discoveryThe structure of the heartStruktur jantung

AIM

MATERIALS

ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION

PROCEDURE

Aorta Semilunar valve Vena cava Bicuspid valveAorta Injap sabit Vena kava Injap bikuspidRight atrium Pulmonary vein Left ventricle Tricuspid valveAtrium kanan Vena pulmonari Ventrikel kiri Injap trikuspidLeft atrium Pulmonary artery Right ventricleAtrium kiri Arteri pulmonari Ventrikel kanan


16

CHA

PTER2

• Illustrate the path of blood flow in the circulatory system• Compare and contrast the structure of the arteries, veins and

capillaries

2.2 LO

(A) Based on the guides given in the diagram, complete the flow chart below to show how blood circulates from the vena cava through the heart, until to all parts of the body. Then, colour the parts of the blood circulatory system which contain oxygenated blood with red and deoxygenated blood with blue.Berdasarkan panduan yang diberi dalam rajah, lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan peredaran darah bermula dari vena kava, melalui jantung sehingga ke seluruh badan. Kemudian, warnakan bahagian sistem peredaran darah yang mengandungi darah beroksigen dengan warna merah dan darah terdeoksigen dengan warna biru.

Key/Petunjuk:

Blood vesselSalur darah

ValveInjap

Heart chamberRuang jantung

4 Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?Mengapakah dinding ventrikel kiri lebih tebal daripada dinding ventrikel kanan?

In the left ventricle, blood is pumped under high pressure to all parts of the body.

Dalam ventrikel kiri, tekanan yang lebih kuat diperlukan untuk mengepam darah ke seluruh badan.

5 Why is the wall of the ventricle thicker and stronger than the atrium?Mengapakah dinding ventrikel adalah lebih tebal dan lebih kuat berbanding dengan dinding atrium?

The ventricles need to pump blood out of the heart .

Ventrikel perlu mengepam darah keluar dari jantung .

The function of the heart is to pump blood to all parts of the body.Jantung berfungsi untuk mengepam darah ke seluruh badan.

TSTS•Generating ideas

Menjanakan idea


Menjanakan idea

CONCLUSION

2.2 DISCUSSIONActivity Mastery

Blood circulatory system and types of blood vesselsSistem peredaran darah dan jenis salur darah

1 Vena cava Vena kava

6 Pulmonary vein Vena pulmonari

5 Pulmonary artery Arteri pulmonari

10 Aorta Aorta

LungsPeparu

2 Right atrium Atrium kanan

9 Left atrium Ventrikel kiri

4 Right ventricle Ventrikel kanan

7 Left ventricle Atrium kiri

3 Tricuspid valve Injap trikuspid

Semilunar valveInjap sabit

Semilunar valveInjap sabit

8 Bicuspid valve Injap bikuspid

8

9

7

semilunar valveinjap sabit

semilunar valveinjap sabit

4

3

1

2

510

6

lungspeparu

blood capillarykapilari darah


17

CHA

PTER2

(B) Compare arteries, veins and blood capillaries in the diagrams below./Bandingkan arteri, vena dan kapilari darah dalam rajah di bawah. 2004 Sec. A, Q4

One-cell Thin Thick Elastic Less elasticSatu sel Nipis Tebal Kenyal Kurang kenyalValves High Muscular One Less muscularInjap Tinggi Berotot Satu Kurang

small lumenlumen kecil

muscle layerlapisan berotot very narrow lumen

lumen sangat kecil

big lumenlumen besar

Artery/Arteri Blood capillary/Kapilari darah Vein/Vena

The wall is thick , elastic and

muscular to withstand

the high pressure of blood passing through it.

Dinding tebal ,

kenyal dan

berotot untuk menahan darah yang mengalir deras di bawah tekanan

tinggi .

The wall is one-cell

thick to facilitate the

absorption of substances.

Dinding setebal satu sel untuk memudahkan peresapan bahan melaluinya.

•Thewallis thin , less elastic and less muscular .

•Has valves to aid the flow of blood in

one direction.

•Dinding nipis ,

kurang kenyal dan

kurang berotot .

•Mempunyai injap untuk membolehkan darah mengalir dalam

satu arah.

To observe and study the diagram of the human blood circulatory systemMemerhati rajah sistem peredaran darah manusia untuk mengkaji proses peredaran darah

Charts, models or transparencies about the human blood circulatory systemCarta, model atau transparensi tentang sistem peredaran darah manusia

1 Study the human blood circulatory system from the charts, models or transparencies.Perhatikan carta, model, atau transparensi yang menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah manusia.

2 Label the blood circulatory system on the diagram given.Labelkan sistem peredaran darah pada rajah yang disediakan.

3 Mark on the diagram, using arrows, ( ) to show the flow of oxygenated blood and broken line arrows ( ), to show the flow of deoxygenated blood.Tandakan pada rajah dengan anak panah ( ) untuk menunjukkan pengaliran darah beroksigen dan anak panah bergaris putus ( ) untuk menunjukkan pengaliran darah terdeoksigen.

2.3 INQUIRYExperiment Inquiry-discovery

2004 Sec. A, Q4

The human blood circulatory systemSistem peredaran darah dalam manusia

AIM

MATERIALS

PROCEDURE

• Describe the circulatory system2.3 LO Refer to Essential Science Form 3, 2.1 Blood circulatory system, p.19; Essential Science PMR, 19.1 Blood circulatory system, p. 316


18

CHA

PTER2

(b) pulmonary vein vena pulmonari

(d) aorta/aorta

heart/jantung

Blood capillaryKapilari darah

Lung capillaryKapilari peparu

(a) pulmonary artery arteri pulmonari

(c) vena cava/vena kava

X Y

Human blood circulatory systemSistem peredaran darah manusia

1 Complete the spaces provided in the boxes above on pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

Lengkapkan ruang dalam petak-petak di atas tentang peredaran pulmonari dan peredaran sistemik.

2 Name a type of artery which carries deoxygenated blood. Pulmonary artery

Namakan sejenis arteri yang mengangkut darah terdeoksigen. Arteri pulmonari

3 Name a type of vein which carries oxygenated blood. Pulmonary vein

Namakan sejenis vena yang mengangkut darah beroksigen. Vena pulmonari

4 Based on the above human blood circulatory system, determine the parts of the following cross-section of two types of blood vessels (either X or Y).Berdasarkan sistem peredaran darah di atas, tentukan bahagian keratan rentas dua jenis salur darah yang berikut (sama ada X atau Y).

Pulmonary circulation/Peredaran pulmonari

Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated,

and flows the oxygenated blood back to the heart . Heart → Lung → Heart

Membawa darah terdeoksigen dari jantung ke peparu untuk menjadikannya beroksigen,

dan mengembalikan darah beroksigen ke jantung . Jantung → Peparu → Jantung

Systemic circulation/Peredaran sistemik

Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to all tissues of the body and

flows the deoxygenated blood back to the heart . Heart → Body tissues → Heart

Membawa darah beroksigen dari jantung ke semua tisu badan dan

mengembalikan darah terdeoksigen ke jantung . Jantung → Tisu badan → Jantung

Explain why the cross-section of blood vessels X and Y differ in structure.Terangkan mengapa keratan rentas salur darah X dan Y berbeza dari segi struktur.

Blood vessel Y has to withstand higher blood pressure .

Salur darah Y perlu menahan tekanan darah yang lebih tinggi .

thick walldinding tebal

Y

thin walldinding nipis

X

Two fluids flow through the circulatory system, i.e. blood and lymph. The cardiovascular system consists of blood, the heart and blood vessels.

BLOG!

ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION


19

CHA

PTER2

• State the constituents of blood and their functions2.4 LO

To study the human blood cells/Mengkaji sel-sel darah manusia

Charts, transparencies or slides of human blood showing red blood cells, white blood cells and plateletsCarta, transparensi atau slaid darah manusia yang menunjukkan sel darah merah, sel darah putih, dan platlet

Microscope/Mikroskop

The human blood circulatory system consists of pulmonary circulation

and systemic circulation .

Sistem peredaran darah dalam manusia terdiri daripada peredaran pulmonari

dan peredaran sistemik .

Refer to Essential Science Form 3, 2.2 Human blood, p. 24; Essential Science PMR, 19.2 Human blood, p. 317

CONCLUSION


Learning Objective2.2 Human blood

Inquiry-discoveryBlood cellsSel-sel darah

AIM

MATERIALS

APPARATUS

PROCEDURE

A single drop (1 mm3) of blood contains 5 million red blood cells, 10 000 white blood cells and 50 000 platelets. The average life span of a red blood cell is 120 days.

BLOG!

1 Study the given charts, transparencies or slides showing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.Kaji carta, transparensi atau slaid darah yang menunjukkan sel darah merah, sel darah putih dan platlet.

2 Draw your observations about human blood cells in the chart provided. Then, state the shape of the blood cells.Lukis pemerhatian anda tentang sel-sel darah manusia dalam carta yang diberi. Kemudian, nyatakan bentuk bagi sel-sel darah.

5 Why is it said that humans have a double blood circulatory system?Mengapakah manusia dikatakan mempunyai sistem peredaran darah ganda dua?

Blood passes through the heart twice in a complete circulation.Darah mengalir melalui jantung dua kali dalam satu peredaran lengkap.

Type of blood cells/Jenis sel darah

Red blood cellSel darah merah

Structure/Struktur:

Shape/Bentuk:Biconcave disc/Ceper

dwicekung

White blood cellSel darah putih

Structure/Struktur:

Shape/Bentuk:Not fixed/Tidak tetap

PlateletPlatlet

Structure/Struktur:

Shape/Bentuk:Small bits/Serpihan kecil

nucleusnukleus

OBSERVATION


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CHA

PTER2

1 Mark '3' at the people with the blood group which are suitable to be donated to the patients.Tandakan '3' pada orang dengan kumpulan darah yang sesuai didermakan kepada pesakit.

(a) (b)

1 State the function of the blood cells in the table below:

Blood cell/Sel darah Function/Fungsi

Red blood cell/Sel darah merah To transport oxygen/Mengangkut oksigen

White blood cell/Sel darah putih To kill bacteria/Membunuh bakteria

Platelet/Platlet To clot blood/Membekukan darah

2 Which of the blood cells contain a nucleus?/Sel darah yang manakah mengandungi nukleus?

White blood cell/Sel darah putih

3 State the place where blood cells are formed./Nyatakan tempat terhasilnya sel-sel darah.

Bone marrow/Sumsum tulang

4 Name one organ in the body where old red blood cells are destroyed.Nyatakan satu organ di mana sel darah merah yang tua dimusnahkan dalam badan.

The liver/Hati

5 State two other functions of blood./Nyatakan dua fungsi lain darah.

(a) Maintains the body temperature at 37 °C. Mengekalkan suhu badan pada 37 °C.

(b) Transports digested substances such as food in the body.

Mengangkut bahan tercerna seperti makanan dalam badan.

Human blood consists of red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets .

Sel darah manusia terdiri daripada sel darah merah , sel darah putih dan platlet .

Donors/Penderma Donors/Penderma

Recipient (patient)/Penerima (pesakit)A

Recipient (patient)/Penerima (pesakit)AB

A B AB O3 3 A B AB O3 3 3 3

ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

2.5 DISCUSSIONActivity Constructivism

Human blood groupsKumpulan darah manusia

• Match the blood group of the donor to that of the recipient2.5 LO


21

CHA

PTER2

3 People with blood group O are called universal donors/penderma universal .Orang dengan kumpulan darah O disebut

4 People with blood group AB are called universal recipients/penerima universal .Orang dengan kumpulan darah AB disebut

5 Blood donation is important because there is no substitute for blood.

Menderma darah adalah penting kerana tiada gantian untuk darah.

2 Mark '3' at the patients who are able to receive blood from the donors.Tandakan '3' pada pesakit yang dapat menerima darah daripada penderma tertentu.

(a) (b)Donor O/Penderma O

Recipients (patients)/Penerima (pesakit) Recipients (patients)/Penerima (pesakit)

A

3

AB

3

B

3

O

3

Donor B/Penderma B

A AB

3

B

3

O

To observe a leaf stoma using a light microscopeMemerhatikan stoma daun di bawah mikroskop cahaya

Leaf (example: Aloe vera), light microscope, forceps, slides, cover glass, small knifeDaun (contoh: lidah buaya), mikroskop cahaya, forsep, sisip kaca, kaca penutup, pisau kecil

1

Use a small knife to cut a thin piece of the bottom surface of a leaf.Potong satu bahagian nipis pada permukaan bawah daun dengan pisau kecil.

2

Bend the leaf and remove the cut piece with forceps.Bengkokkan daun dan tanggalkan bahagian nipis yang dipotong dengan forseps.

3

Place the piece on a glass slide. Add a drop of water. Then, cover with a cover glass.Letakkan lapisan daun tersebut di atas sisip kaca dan titiskan setitik air. Kemudian, tutup dengan kaca penutup.

4

Use the low power lens of a light microscope to look at the stoma. Then, use a high-powered lens.Perhatikan stoma daun di bawah mikroskop cahaya dengan kuasa rendah diikuti oleh kuasa tinggi.


Learning Objective2.3 The transport system in plants

Inquiry-discoveryPreparation of leaf stoma slidePenyediaan slaid stoma daun

AIM

MATERIALS

PROCEDURE

• Describe the function of the stomata2.6 LO


22

CHA

PTER2

5 Draw and label the stoma that is observed. Lukis dan labelkan pemerhatian bagi stoma.

Refer to Essential Science Form 3, Laboratory Activity 2.2, p. 29; Essential Science PMR, Transpiration, p. 320

To study the factors that affect the rate of transpirationMengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi

Balsam plant (with clean roots), water, oil, cotton wool, anhydrous calcium chloridePokok keembung (dengan akar yang bersih), air, minyak, kapas, kalsium klorida kontang

Conical flask 250 ml, measuring cylinder, electronic balanceKelalang kon 250 ml, silinder penyukat, penimbang elektronik

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration? Bagaimanakah faktor suhu mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?

The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of transpiration.Semakin tinggi suhu, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.

stomastoma

guard cellsel pengawal

epidermis cellsel epidermis

Plants are able to conserve water by having thick waxy cuticles or resins on their leaves or stems.

BLOG!

1 What is a stoma?/Apakah itu stoma?

A pore/An opening on the surface of the leaf.Liang/Bukaan pada permukaan daun.

2 State two functions of the stoma./Nyatakan dua fungsi stoma daun.

(a) Allows air to enter and leave the leaf.

Membenarkan udara masuk dan keluar dari daun.

(b) Enables water vapour to be released from the leaf during transpiration .

Membenarkan wap air keluar dari daun semasa transpirasi .

3 Name the structure which controls the opening and closing of the stoma. Namakan struktur yang mengawal pembukaan dan penutupan stoma.

Guard cells/Sel pengawal

4 (a) Predict the size of the stoma on a hot day./Ramalkan saiz stoma pada hari yang panas.

Small/Kecil

(b) Give an inference for your answer./Berikan inferens kepada ramalan anda.

To reduce the loss of water from the leaf.

Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan air daripada daun.

The stomata are openings on the surface of the leaf.Stoma adalah bukaan yang terdapat di permukaan daun.

ANALYSIS

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

TSTS•Predicting

Meramal

TSTS•Making inferences

Membuat inferens

2.7 GUIDEDExperiment Inquiry-discovery

2008 Sec. B, Q8

Factors that affect the rate of transpirationFaktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi

AIM

MATERIALS

APPARATUS

PROBLEMSTATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS

A

• Identify the factors affecting the rate of transpiration• Describe how the factors affect the rate of transpiration

2.7 LO


23

CHA

PTER2

Refer to Essential Science Form 3, Experiment 2.3, p. 30; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 19.2, p. 321

VARIABLES (a) that is kept constant: The intensity of light/air movement/air humidity yang dimalarkan: Keamatan cahaya/pergerakan udara/kelembapan udara

(b) that is manipulated: Temperature yang dimanipulasikan: Suhu

(c) that responds/yang bergerak balas: The rate of transpiration/Kadar transpirasi

1 Fill a conical flask with 200 ml of water./Isikan kelalang kon dengan 200 ml air.

2 Put a balsam plant inside the conical flask./Masukkan pokok keembung ke dalam kelalang kon.

3 Pour a layer of oil over the water surface in the conical flask.Tuangkan satu lapisan minyak di permukaan air dalam kelalang.

4 Weigh the conical flask and its contents as shown in the diagram above.Timbang kelalang kon dan kandungannya seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas.

5 Record the initial reading of the electronic balance in a table.Rekod bacaan awal penimbang elektronik dalam jadual.

6 Leave the apparatus which act as a control in the science laboratory.Biarkan radas kawalan dalam makmal sains.

7 Repeat steps 1 to 5 and place the apparatus in a hot place (for example, a car park or a bicycle shed).Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 5 dan letakkan radas di tempat yang panas (seperti di tempat meletak kereta atau pondok basikal).

8 Record the final readings of the electronic balance after 2 hours.Rekod bacaan akhir penimbang elektronik selepas 2 jam.

balsam plantpokok keembung

cotton woolkapas

water/air

oilminyak

conical flaskkelalang kon

electronic balancepenimbang elektronik

PROCEDURE

Transpiration process is useful to plants. This process cools plants down and allows mass flow of minerals to the plants.

BLOG!

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?Bagaimanakah keamatan cahaya mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?

The higher the intensity of light, the higher the rate of transpiration.Semakin tinggi keamatan cahaya, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.

(a) that is kept constant: The temperature/air movement/air humidityyang dimalarkan: Suhu/pergerakan udara/kelembapan udara

(b) that is manipulated/yang dimanipulasikan: The intensity of light/Keamatan cahaya


1 Repeat the experiment in Section A (procedures 1 to 5).Ulangi eksperimen pada Bahagian A (langkah 1 hingga 5).

2 Leave the apparatus in a dark cupboard./Biarkan radas dalam almari yang gelap.3 Record the results in the same table./Rekod keputusan dalam jadual yang sama.

PROBLEMSTATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS

VARIABLES

PROCEDURE

B

How does air movement affect the rate of transpiration? Bagaimanakah pergerakan udara mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?

The faster the air movement, the higher the rate of transpiration.Semakin laju pergerakan udara, semakin tinggi kadar transpirasi.

PROBLEMSTATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS

C


24

CHA

PTER2

How does air humidity affect the rate of transpiration? Bagaimanakah kelembapan udara mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?

The higher the air humidity, the lower the rate of transpiration.Semakin lembap udara, semakin rendah kadar transpirasi.

(a) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan: Temperature/light intensity/air movement

Suhu/keamatan cahaya/pergerakan udara

(b) that is manipulated/yang dimanipulasikan: Air humidity/Kelembapan udara


1 Repeat the experiment in Section A by wrapping the shoot of the plant with a plastic bag containing anhydrous calcium chloride.Ulangi eksperimen pada Bahagian A dengan membalut pucuk tumbuhan dengan beg plastik yang mengandungi kalsium klorida kontang.

2 Record the results in the same table./Rekod keputusan dalam jadual yang sama.

ExperimentEksperimen

Initialreading, x

(g)Bacaan

awal, x (g)

Final reading, y

(g)Bacaan

akhir, y (g)

Loss of mass (g)

Jisim yang hilang (g)

Rate of transpirationKadar transpirasi

x – y= ––––––

2(g hour–1/g jam–1)

Control set/Set kawalan

Hot place/Tempat panas

Dark place/Tempat gelap

Moving air/Udara bergerak

Dry air/Udara kering

PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE

RESULTS

PROBLEMSTATEMENT

HYPOTHESIS

VARIABLES

VARIABLES

(a) that is kept constant/yang dimalarkan: Temperature/light intensity/air humidity

Suhu/keamatan cahaya/kelembapan udara

(b) that is manipulated/yang dimanipulasikan: Air movement/Pergerakan udara


1 Repeat the experiment in Section A (procedures 1 to 5).Ulangi eksperimen dalam Bahagian A (langkah 1 hingga 5).

2 Place the apparatus in the science laboratory under a fast-moving fan.Letakkan radas di dalam makmal sains di bawah kipas yang bergerak laju.

3 Record the results in the same table./Rekod keputusan dalam jadual yang sama.

1 What causes the decrease of mass of the plant in each experiment?Apakah yang menyebabkan pengurangan jisim tumbuhan dalam setiap eksperimen?

The loss of water from the shoots .Kehilangan air daripada pucuk tumbuhan.

2 Name the process that causes the change in mass in each experiment.Namakan proses yang berlaku yang menyebabkan perubahan pada jisim dalam setiap eksperimen.

Transpiration/Transpirasi

ANALYSIS

D


25

CHA

PTER2

The rate of transpiration is affected by temperature , light intensity , air movement and air humidity .

Kadar transpirasi dipengaruhi oleh suhu , keamatan cahaya ,

pergerakan udara dan kelembapan udara .

Plants lose water faster in higher light intensity because light stimulates the opening of stomata .

Tumbuhan kehilangan air lebih cepat dalam keamatan cahaya yang tinggi kerana cahaya merangsang

pembukaan stoma .

Flower cuttings, branches, fruit or vegetables can be prevented from wilting if kept in a plastic

bag that has some water and air . The bag must be airtight .

Keratan bunga, ranting, buah-buahan, atau sayur-sayuran dapat dicegah daripada menjadi layu

dengan menyimpannya dalam beg plastik yang mengandungi sedikit air dan

udara . Beg tersebut haruslah kedap udara .

air bubblegelembung udara

watervapourwap air

waterair

rubber tubetiub getah

screw clipklip skru

scaleskala

12345678

capillary tubetiub kapilari

The apparatus set-up on the left can be used to study the factors that affect the rate of transpiration. The rate of the movement of the air bubble shows the rate of transpiration.Susunan radas di sebelah kiri boleh digunakan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi. Kadar pergerakan gelembung udara menunjukkan kadar transpirasi.

3 If the water level is marked on the conical flask at the beginning of the experiment, predict what can be seen at the end of the experiment.Jika paras air ditandakan pada kelalang kon pada awal eksperimen, ramalkan apa yang akan diperhatikan pada akhir eksperimen.

The water level/Paras air drops/turun .

4 What are the environmental factors that affect the rate of transpiration?Apakah faktor persekitaran yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi?

Temperature, light intensity, the movement of air and air humidity

Suhu, keamatan cahaya, pergerakan udara, dan kelembapan udara

5 The transpiration rate increases when the/Kadar transpirasi bertambah apabila

(a) temperature is/suhu higher/meningkat

(b) light intensity is/keamatan cahaya higher/bertambah

(c) air movement is/udara bergerak lebih faster/laju

(d) air is/udara lebih drier/kering

CONCLUSION

REfLECTION

APPLYINgIDEAS


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• Identify the locations of xylem and phloem2.8 LO

2.8 researchActivity STS

The positions of the xylem and the phloem in plantsKedudukan xilem dan floem dalam tumbuhan

The diagram below shows the position of vessels involved in the transport system of a dicotyledonous plant. Study the diagram carefully and answer the following questions.Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kedudukan salur-salur yang terlibat dalam sistem pengangkutan suatu tumbuhan dikotiledon. Teliti rajah di bawah dan jawab soalan-soalan berikutnya.

Y: Xylem/Xilem

StemBatang

X: Phloem/Floem

To study the transportation of water from the root to the leaf through the xylemMengkaji pengangkutan air dari akar ke daun melalui xilem

Microscope, slides, cover glass, balsam plant, eosin solution (colouring), red-coloured pencilMikroskop, sisip kaca, kaca penutup, pokok keembung, larutan eosin (pewarna), pensel berwarna merah

500 ml beaker, knife/Bikar 500 ml, pisau

conical flaskkelalang kon

balsam plantpokok keembung

red-coloured waterair berwarna merah


Inquiry-discovery

The transportation of water from the root to the leaf through the xylemPengangkutan air dari akar ke daun melalui xilem

AIM

MATERIALS

APPARATUS

PROCEDURE 1 Fill a conical flask three-quarters full with water.Isikan satu kelalang kon tiga per empat penuh dengan air.

2 Add a few drops of eosin solution to the water.Titiskan beberapa titik larutan eosin ke dalam air.

3 Clean the roots of a balsam plant.Bersihkan akar sepohon pokok keembung.

4 Place the balsam plant in the conical flask and leave it for one day.Dirikan pokok keembung di dalam kelalang kon dan biarkan radas selama satu hari.

5 After one day, cut very thin slices of the root, stem and leaf of the balsam plant and observe them under a microscope.Selepas satu hari, potong senipis yang boleh keratan rentas bagi akar, batang dan daun pokok keembung dan perhatikan di bawah mikroskop.

6 Draw what you observe and colour the red parts with a red-coloured pencil.Lukis pemerhatian anda dan warnakan bahagian merah dengan pensel berwarna merah.

Science BLOG!

Aquatic plants absorb water and minerals from their surroundings. They also get support from the water.

• Investigate the pathway of water in a cut stem using a suitable stain

• Describe the functions of xylem and phloem

2.9 LORefer to Essential Science Form 3, Laboratory Activity 2.4, p. 33; Essential Science PMR, The importance of transpiration to a plant, p. 323

(a) Label the vessels X and Y in the diagram.Label salur-salur X dan Y dalam rajah itu.

(b) In a stem, where are the positions of vessels X and Y? Di manakah terletaknya salur-salur X dan Y pada batang tumbuhan?

X: In the bark/Di bahagian kulit tumbuhan

Y: In the centre/Di bahagian tengah

(c) What is the function of vessel X?/Apakah fungsi salur X?

To transport food (glucose)/Mengangkut makanan (glukosa)

(d) What is the function of vessel Y?/Apakah fungsi salur Y?

To transport water and mineral salts/Mengangkut air dan garam mineral


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xylem/xilem

xylem/xilem

xylem/xilem

Cross-section of rootKeratan rentas akar

Cross-section of leafKeratan rentas daun

Cross-section of stemKeratan rentas batang

OBSERVATION

ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

1 Name the red parts of the plant./Namakan bahagian tumbuhan yang diwarnakan merah.

The xylem/Xilem

2 What is the function of the xylem?/Apakah fungsi xilem?

Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves .

Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun .

3 Why was red-coloured water used?/Mengapakah air berwarna digunakan?

To show that water is carried from the roots to the leaves .

Untuk menunjukkan air dibawa dari akar ke daun .

4 Why is it important for water to be transported to the leaf from the root?Apakah kepentingan air diangkut ke atas daun dari akar?

To enable green leaves to carry out photosynthesis .

Untuk membolehkan daun hijau menjalankan fotosintesis .

5 Why does a plant that is snapped from its base, die after a while?Mengapakah bahagian batang pokok yang patah di pangkalnya akan mati selepas beberapa lama?

Water cannot be carried from the roots to the leaves

through the xylem .Air tidak dapat diangkut dari akar ke bahagian daun melalui xilem .

Water and mineral salts are carried to the leaves through the/Air dan garam mineral diangkut

ke daun melalui xylem/xilem .

To study the transportation of the products of photosynthesis through the phloemMengkaji pengangkutan hasil fotosintesis melalui floem

A hibiscus plant/Pokok bunga raya

A knife/Pisau

• Describe the functions of the xylem and phloem2.10 LO Refer to Essential Science Form 3, Laboratory Activity 2.5, p. 34; Essential Science PMR, Laboratory Activity 19.3, p. 324

TSTS•Making inferences

Membuat inferens


Inquiry-discovery

The transportation of the products of photosynthesis through the phloemPengangkutan hasil fotosintesis melalui floem

AIM

MATERIALS

2010 Sec. A, Q6(a), (b) & (d)

APPARATUS


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1 Cut and remove a ring of bark stem from the branch of a hibiscus plant.Potong dan buangkan sebahagian kulit kayu daripada dahan sepohon pokok bunga raya.

2 Rub paraffin oil on the exposed part.Sapu minyak parafin pada bahagian batang pokok yang terdedah.

3 Water the plant daily and leave the plant for two to three weeks.Siram pokok itu setiap hari dan biarkan pokok itu selama dua hingga tiga minggu.

4 Draw what you observe about the stem of the plant at the end of the activity in the space provided above.Lukis pemerhatian anda tentang keadaan batang pokok pada akhir aktiviti dalam ruang yang disediakan di atas.

bark that has been ringedbahagian kulit kayu dibuang

hibiscus plantpokok bunga raya

ANALYSIS

swollen partbahagian bengkak

1 Explain why the exposed ringed part is wiped with paraffin.Terangkan mengapa bahagian gelang yang terdedah disapu dengan parafin.

To prevent the loss of water from the stem tissues of the plant.

Untuk mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada tisu batang tumbuhan.

2 What happens to the part above the ring? Explain your answer.Apakah yang berlaku kepada bahagian atas gelang? Terangkan jawapan anda.

It becomes swollen . Food accumulates at the part above the ring.

Menjadi bengkak . Makanan terkumpul di bahagian atas gelang.

3 What was in the part of the woody stem that was removed? Phloem

Apakah kandungan kulit kayu yang telah dibuang? Floem

4 What is the function of the phloem?/Apakah fungsi floem?

To transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plant.Mengangkut makanan dari daun ke bahagian tumbuhan yang lain.

5 (a) What happens to the part below the ring? It contracts and wilts.

Apakah yang berlaku kepada bahagian bawah gelang? Mengecut dan menjadi layu. (b) Explain your answer./Terangkan jawapan anda.

Plant tissues do not receive their food supply . Tisu tumbuhan tidak mendapat bekalan makanan .

6 If the plant is left for a longer period, the lower part of the stem will die more quickly than the upper part of the ring. Give your reasons.Sekiranya tumbuhan tersebut dibiarkan, batang di bahagian bawah gelang mati lebih awal daripada bahagian batang di atas gelang. Berikan alasan anda.

Water can travel up but food , as a product of photosynthesis, cannot travel down.

Air dapat naik tetapi makanan hasil daripada fotosintesis tidak dapat menuruni batang.

The food produced by photosynthesis are transported through the phloem .Makanan yang terhasil daripada fotosintesis diangkut melalui floem .


Menjanakan idea

CONCLUSION

PROCEDUREAND

OBSERVATION

Observation


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Diagram 3/Rajah 3

2 Fill in the blanks./Isikan tempat kosong.

(a) All the veins carry deoxygenated blood except Semua vena membawa darah terdeoksigen kecuali

pulmonary vein/vena pulmonari

(b) All the arteries carry oxygenated blood except Semua arteri membawa darah beroksigen kecuali

pulmonary artery/arteri pulmonari

4 Determine these types of blood vessels and fill in the blanks with suitable words.Tentukan jenis salur-salur darah dan isikan tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai.

(a) Vein/Vena (c) Artery/Arteri

3 State the types of blood circulation systems.Nyatakan jenis-jenis sistem peredaran darah.

deoxygenated blooddarah terdeoksigen

oxygenated blooddarah beroksigen

(b) Blood capillary

Kapilari darah

1 Label the structures of the heart shown below.Labelkan struktur jantung yang berikut.

Diagram 1/Rajah 1

Diagram 2/Rajah 2

Pulmonary circulationPeredaran pulmonari

Systemic circulationPeredaran sistemik

lungspeparu

heartjantung

blood capillarieskapilari darah

Function/Fungsi:

Carries oxygenated blood

Membawa darah beroksigen

Function/Fungsi:

Carries deoxygenated blood

Membawa darah terdeoksigen

(a) Pulmonary artery/Arteri pulmonari

(b) Vena cava/Vena kava

(c) Right atrium/Atrium kanan

(d) Tricuspid valve/Injap trikuspid

(e) Right ventricle/Ventrikel kanan

(j) Aorta/Aorta

(i) Pulmonary vein/Vena pulmonari

(h) Semilunar valve/Injap sabit

(g) Bicuspid valve/Injap bikuspid

(f) Left ventricle/Ventrikel kiri

PMR Key To SuccessQuestions in this section contain concepts and facts that arefrequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you cananswer all the questions correctly.


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6 (a) Fill in the blanks./Isikan tempat-tempat kosong.

(i) People with blood group O are called universal donors/penderma universal . Orang yang mempunyai kumpulan darah O disebut

(ii) People with blood group AB are called universal recipients/penerima universal . Orang yang mempunyai kumpulan darah AB disebut

(b) Complete the table with the correct blood group./Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan kumpulan darah yang betul.

7 Label the stoma and guard cell in Diagram 4. Then, state the functions of stoma and guard cell.Labelkan stoma dan sel pengawal dalam Rajah 4. Kemudian, nyatakan fungsi stoma dan sel pengawal.

(a) Guard cell/Sel pengawal

(b) Stoma/Stoma

8 Factors affecting the rate of transpiration are:/Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi adalah:

(a) The temperature/Suhu (c) Air movement/Pergerakan udara

(b) The intensity of light/Keamatan cahaya (d) Air humidity/Kelembapan udara

(d) White blood cells/Sel darah putih contain nucleus/mengandungi nukleus.

(e) All types of blood cells are produced in the bone marrow/sumsum tulang .Semua jenis sel darah dihasilkan dalam

(f) Red blood cells contain haemoglobin/hemoglobin . Sel darah merah mengandungi

Diagram 4/Rajah 4

Function/Fungsi: Controls the size of the stoma/Mengawal

saiz stoma

Function/Fungsi: Allows air to enter and release from the

leaf/Membenarkan udara masuk dan keluar

dari daun

Blood group of recipientKumpulan darah penerima

A, B, AB, O

AB

A, AB

B, AB

Blood group of donorKumpulan darah penderma

O

AB

A

B

Blood group of donorKumpulan darah penderma

A, B, AB, O

O

A, O

B, O

Blood group of recipientKumpulan darah penerima

AB

O

A

B

5 Fill in the blanks with suitable words about human blood cells.Isikan tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang sel darah menusia.

Function: Clots blood

Fungsi: Membekukan darah

(c)

Platelet

Platlet

Function: Carries oxygen

Fungsi: Membawa oksigen

(a)

Red blood cell

Sel darah merah

Function: Kills bacteria

Fungsi: Membunuh bakteria

(b)

White blood cell

Sel darah putih

nucleusnukleus


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9 Label the structures and state their functions./Labelkan struktur dan nyatakan fungsinya.

(c) State the function of transpiration./Nyatakan satu fungsi transpirasi.

Helps to transport water and mineral salts from the roots to all parts of the plant.

Membantu mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan.

10(a) What is gathered at X after two weeks?

Apakah yang terkumpul di X selepas dua minggu?

Food/Makanan

(b) Give an inference of the situation in Diagram 6.Berikan inferens tentang keadaan dalam Rajah 6.

Phloem has been removed./Floem telah dibuang.

Diagram 6/Rajah 6

ringed partbahagian digelang

X

(a) Phloem/Floem

Function/Fungsi: To transport food/Mengangkut makanan

Diagram 5/Rajah 5 Function/Fungsi: To transport water and mineral salts/Mengangkut air dan

garam mineral

(b) Xylem/Xilem

Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.Tiap-tiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

Enhancement CornerPMR 2PAPER 1

1 Which blood vessel transports deoxygenated blood?Salur darah yang manakah membawa darah terdeoksigen?A Pulmonary vein

Vena pulmonariB Aorta

AortaC Pulmonary artery

Arteri pulmonariD Renal artery

Arteri ginjalC

2 The function of the heart is toJantung berfungsi untukA exchange gases

pertukaran gasB excrete carbon dioxide

perkumuhan karbon dioksidaC digest food

mencernakan makananD pump blood throughout the

bodymengepam darah ke seluruh badan

D

3 The aorta is different from the pulmonary artery because itAorta berbeza daripada arteri pulmonari kerana aortaA has a valve/mempunyai injapB has a one-cell thick wall

mempunyai dinding setebal satu selC carries oxygenated blood

membawa darah beroksigenD carries blood under high

pressuremembawa darah di bawah tekanan tinggi C


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32

4 Diagram 1 shows a longitudinal section of a human heart.Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan membujur jantung manusia.

X Y

Diagram 1/Rajah 1

What types of blood are carried in blood vessels X and Y ?Apakah jenis darah yang dibawa dalam salur darah X dan Y ? X YA Oxygenated Deoxygenated blood blood

Darah Darahberoksigen terdeoksigen

B Deoxygenated Oxygenated blood blood

Darah Darahterdeoksigen beroksigen

C Deoxygenated Deoxygenated blood blood

Darah Darahterdeoksigen terdeoksigen

D Oxygenated Oxygenated blood blood

Darah Darahberoksigen beroksigen

B

5 Diagram 2.1 shows three types of blood vessels.Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan tiga jenis salur darah.

blood capillarykapilari darah

arteryarteri

veinvenaB

C DA

Diagram 2.1/Rajah 2.1


Which part, A, B, C or D has the cross-section shown in Diagram 2.2? Antara bahagian A, B, C dan D, yang manakah menunjukkan keratan rentas seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Rajah 2.2?

B

6 Which of the following statements is true about the human blood circulatory system?Antara pernyataan berikut, yang mana-kah benar tentang sistem peredaran darah manusia?A Oxygenated blood is carried in

the pulmonary arteryDarah beroksigen diangkut dalam arteri pulmonari

B Pulmonary circulation trans-ports only deoxygenated bloodPeredaran pulmonari hanya mengangkut darah terdeoksigen sahaja

C Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the whole body through the systemic circulationDarah terdeoksigen dipamkan ke seluruh badan melalui peredaran sistemik

D Vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heartVena kava mengangkut darah terdeoksigen dari semua bahagian badan ke jantung

2007CLONE

D

7 Diagram 3 shows the human blood circulatory system.Rajah 3 menunjukkan sistem peredaran darah manusia.

PQ

RS

Diagram 3/Rajah 3

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the blood flow?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan urutan peredarah darah yang betul?A P → Q → S → RB P → R → S → QC Q → P → R → SD S → R → Q → P B

8 Diagram 4 shows a blood cell.Rajah 4 menunjukkan satu sel darah.

Diagram 4/Rajah 4

The function of this blood cell is toSel darah ini berfungsi untukA transport oxygen

mengangkut oksigenB kill bacteria

membunuh bakteriaC clot blood

membekukan darahD transport carbon dioxide

mengangkut karbon dioksida

B

9 Which of the following blood groups is the universal donor?Antara kumpulan darah yang berikut yang manakah penderma universal?A Blood group A

Kumpulan darah AB Blood group B

Kumpulan darah BC Blood group AB

Kumpulan darah ABD Blood group O

Kumpulan darah O

D

10 A person who has blood type O can only receive blood from a donor withSeorang yang mempunyai kumpulan darah O boleh menerima darah daripada seorang penderma yang mempunyai kumpulan darahA blood type O only

O sahajaB blood type AB only

AB sahajaC blood types O and AB only

O dan AB sahajaD blood types O, A, B and AB

O, A, B dan AB

A

11 A type of blood cell destroys bacteria in the blood. This blood cellSejenis sel darah berfungsi untuk memusnahkan bakteria dalam darah. Sel darah ini

I has a nucleus mempunyai nukleus II is formed in the bone marrow dihasilkan dalam sumsum tulang III has a fixed shape mempunyai bentuk yang tetap

A I and II only I dan II sahajaB I and III only I dan III sahajaC II and III only II dan III sahajaD I, II and III I, II dan III

A

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2004CLONE

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2006CLONE


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Questions 12 and 13 are based on Diagram 5.Soalan 12 dan 13 adalah berdasarkan Rajah 5.Diagram 5 shows the cross-section of the stem of a balsam plant.Rajah 5 menunjukkan keratan rentas batang suatu pokok keembung.

X

Y

Diagram 5/Rajah 5

12 What are structures X and Y ?Apakah struktur X dan Y? X YA Phloem Cambium

Floem KambiumB Xylem Phloem

Xilem FloemC Phloem Xylem

Floem XilemD Cambium Xylem

Kambium XilemC

13 What is the function of X ?Apakah fungsi X?A Transports food

Mengangkut makananB Transports water

Mengangkut airC Make food in the stem

Membuat makanan pada batangD Removes excretory substances

Menyingkirkan bahan perkumuhan

A

14 What is transported by the xylem?Apakah yang diangkut oleh xilem?

I Glucose Glukosa II Water Air III Mineral salts Garam mineral

A I and II onlyI dan II sahaja

B I and III onlyI dan III sahaja

C II and III onlyII dan III sahaja

D I, II and IIII, II dan III

C

2003CLONE

2008CLONE

15 Diagram 6 shows a plant with a ring of bark removed.Rajah 6 menunjukkan batang suatu tumbuhan yang kulitnya telah dibuang.

bark that has been ringedbahagian kulit yang digelang

stembatang X

Diagram 6/Rajah 6

What makes part X swell after one week?Apakah yang menyebabkan bahagian X bengkak selepas seminggu?A Food accumulates at part X

Makanan terkumpul di bahagian XB Water accumulates at part X

Air terkumpul di bahagian XC Water and minerals cannot be

transported upAir dan garam mineral tidak dapat diangkut ke atas

D The bark at part X loses waterBahagian kulit di X kehilangan air

A

Section A/Bahagian AAnswer all the questions./Jawab semua soalan.

1 Diagram 1 shows two types of blood cells, X and Y.Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua jenis sel darah X dan Y.

(a) Name cells X and Y./Namakan sel X dan Y.

X: Red blood cells/Sel darah merah

Y: White blood cells/Sel darah putih

(b) What is the function of blood cell X?Apakah fungsi sel darah X?

To transport oxygen/Mengangkut oksigen

(c) What is the function of blood cell Y? Apakah fungsi sel darah Y?

To kill bacteria/Membunuh bakteria

(d) Name the red pigment in red blood cells./Namakan pigmen merah dalam sel darah merah.

Haemoglobin/Hemoglobin

(e) How is cell X different from cell Y?/Apakah yang membezakan sel darah X dan Y?

Cell X does not have a nucleus. Cell Y has a nucleus.

Sel darah X tidak mempunyai nukleus manakala sel darah Y mempunyai nukleus.

PAPER 2

X Y

Diagram 1/Rajah 1


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34

Section B/Bahagian BAnswer all the questions./Jawab semua soalan.

3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows two plants, X and Y.

(d) (i) Draw the cross-section of the structure of blood vessels X and Y in the space below.

Lukis struktur keratan rentas salur darah X dan Y dalam ruang di bawah.

(ii) State two differences between blood vessels X and Y. Nyatakan dua perbezaan struktur salur darah X dan Y.

Lumen of X is big whereas lumen of Y is small.

Muscular layers of X is thin whereas muscular layers of Y is thick.

Lumen X adalah besar manakala lumen Y adalah kecil.

Lapisan otot X adalah nipis manakala lapisan otot Y adalah tebal.


X Y

herbaceousplanttumbuhanherba

Plant X is put under the shade while plant Y is exposed to sunlight. State one inference about plants X and Y.Tumbuhan X diletakkan di bawah tempat teduh manakala tumbuhan X diletakkan di bawah cahaya Matahari. Nyatakan satu inferens tentang pokok X dan Y.

Plant Y wilted under the hot sun.

Pokok Y layu di bawah cahaya matahari yang terik.

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Sec. B, Q8

2 Diagram 2 shows the human blood circulatory system.Rajah 2 menunjukkan sistem peredaran manusia.(a) Label Diagram 2 using the following information:

Labelkan Rajah 2 dengan maklumat berikut:

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Peredaran pulmonari Peredaran sistemik

(b) Label the pulmonary artery in Diagram 2.Labelkan arteri pulmonari dalam Rajah 2.

(c) Mark using arrows (→) to show the flow of deoxygenated blood.Tandakan dengan anak panah (→) untuk menunjukkan arah pengaliran darah terdeoksigen.

pulmonary arteryarteri pulmonari

pulmonary circulationperedaran pulmonari

systemic circulationperedaran sistemik

X Y

Diagram 2/Rajah 2

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Sec. A, Q4

Y

X

(b) Diagram 3.2 shows three sets of apparatus used to study the factors that affect the rate of transpiration. The apparatus was left for two hours. The positions of the air bubbles are recorded in Table 3.3.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan tiga set radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar transpirasi. Radas dibiarkan selama dua jam. Kedudukan gelembung udara dicatat dalam Jadual 3.3.

Condition P/Keadaan P Condition Q/Keadaan Q Condition R/Keadaan Q


6 5


electric fankipas elektrik

4 3


7


6.57.5


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(iii) State the variables involved in this experiment.Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.

Manipulated variablePemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan

Condition of experimentKeadaan eksperimen

Responding variablePemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas

Position of the air bubbleKedudukan gelembung udara

(iv) What will happen to the position of the air bubble if the apparatus in Q is left for more than two hours?Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada kedudukan gelembung udara jika radas dalam Q dibiarkan melebihi dua jam?

Increases (moves to the left)

Bertambah (bergerak ke kiri)

Position of air bubble/cm/Kedudukan gelembung udara/cm

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0P Q R

ConditionKeadaan

(i) Record the position of the air bubble in Q in Table 3.3.Catatkan kedudukan gelembung udara di Q dalam Jadual 3.3.

(ii) Based on the readings in Table 3.3, draw a bar chart to show the positions of the air bubble with the different conditions.Berdasarkan bacaan dalam Jadual 3.3, lukis satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan kedudukan gelembung udara dalam keadaan yang berlainan.

ConditionKeadaan

Position of the air bubble/cmKedudukan gelembung udara/cm

P 6.9

Q 5.5

R 3.5

Table 3.3/Jadual 3.3

(c) Table 3.4 shows the positions of the air bubble of apparatus in P that was left for more than two hours.Jadual 3.4 menunjukkan kedudukan gelembung udara bagi radas dalam P yang dibiarkan melebihi dua jam.

Time taken/hourMasa yang diambil/jam

Position of the air bubble/cmKedudukan gelembung udara/cm

2 6.9

3 7.3

4 7.7

5 8.1

Table 3.4/Jadual 3.4

(i) Predict the position of the air bubble if the apparatus in P was left for 5 hours. Write your answer in Table 3.4.

Ramalkan kedudukan gelembung udara jika radas dalam P dibiarkan selama 5 jam.Tulis jawapan anda dalam Jadual 3.4.

(ii) State one hypothesis relating the time taken for the plant that exposed under the sunlight and the position of the air bubble.Nyatakan satu hipotesis yang menghubungkaitkan masa yang diambil oleh tumbuhan yang terdedah kepada cahaya matahari dengan kedudukan gelembung udara.

When the time taken increases, the position of the air bubble also increases.

Apabila masa yang diambil bertambah, kedudukan gelembung udara juga bertambah.

(iii) What is the operational definition of ‘the rate of transpiration’?Apakah definisi secara operasi untuk ‘kadar transpirasi’?

The rate of transpiration is the rate of movement of the air bubble.

Kadar transpirasi adalah kadar pergerakan gelembung udara.


SPS Science F3 02

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