How to deal with plagiarism

Maria Kowalczuk

Biology Editor Research Integrity Group

13 May 2016

1

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

1

Research Integrity Group

Jigisha Patel Elizabeth Moylan Maria Kowalczuk Stephanie Harriman Magda Morawska Pauline StarleyAssociate Editorial Director Senior Editor Biology Editor Medical Editor Associate Editors

Provide advice to editors peer reviewers and authors

on all aspects of research and publication ethics including plagiarism

2

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

2

Overview of this session

bull What plagiarism is and why it is damaging

bull The difference between plagiarism and text recycling

bull The use and limitations of plagiarism detection software

bull How to handle plagiarism in line with COPE guidelines

3

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

To plagiarise

bull to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own

bull to use (anothers production) without crediting the source

bull to commit literary theft

bull to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

(httpwwwmerriam-webstercom)

Definition of plagiarism

Plagiarism in research

bull theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed

textual copying of anothers work

(The US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) httpwwworihhsgovpoliciesplagiarismshtml)

Source Flickr Adapted from Alan Cleaver

1

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

1

Research Integrity Group

Jigisha Patel Elizabeth Moylan Maria Kowalczuk Stephanie Harriman Magda Morawska Pauline StarleyAssociate Editorial Director Senior Editor Biology Editor Medical Editor Associate Editors

Provide advice to editors peer reviewers and authors

on all aspects of research and publication ethics including plagiarism

2

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

2

Overview of this session

bull What plagiarism is and why it is damaging

bull The difference between plagiarism and text recycling

bull The use and limitations of plagiarism detection software

bull How to handle plagiarism in line with COPE guidelines

3

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

To plagiarise

bull to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own

bull to use (anothers production) without crediting the source

bull to commit literary theft

bull to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

(httpwwwmerriam-webstercom)

Definition of plagiarism

Plagiarism in research

bull theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed

textual copying of anothers work

(The US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) httpwwworihhsgovpoliciesplagiarismshtml)

Source Flickr Adapted from Alan Cleaver

2

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

2

Overview of this session

bull What plagiarism is and why it is damaging

bull The difference between plagiarism and text recycling

bull The use and limitations of plagiarism detection software

bull How to handle plagiarism in line with COPE guidelines

3

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

To plagiarise

bull to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own

bull to use (anothers production) without crediting the source

bull to commit literary theft

bull to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

(httpwwwmerriam-webstercom)

Definition of plagiarism

Plagiarism in research

bull theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed

textual copying of anothers work

(The US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) httpwwworihhsgovpoliciesplagiarismshtml)

Source Flickr Adapted from Alan Cleaver

3

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

To plagiarise

bull to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own

bull to use (anothers production) without crediting the source

bull to commit literary theft

bull to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

(httpwwwmerriam-webstercom)

Definition of plagiarism

Plagiarism in research

bull theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed

textual copying of anothers work

(The US Office of Research Integrity (ORI) httpwwworihhsgovpoliciesplagiarismshtml)

Source Flickr Adapted from Alan Cleaver

4

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Terms related to plagiarism

bull If the authors reuse their own

words text recycling

figures figure duplication

ideas salami slicing

bull If the authors recycle the whole article

duplicate (redundant)

submission or publication

5

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Is plagiarism a widespread problem

bull Most frequent query type seen by our team

bull Often brought to COPE httppublicationethicsorgcases

5

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Is plagiarism a widespread problem

bull Most frequent query type seen by our team

bull Often brought to COPE httppublicationethicsorgcases

6

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull How much plagiarism of someone elsersquos work is acceptable

A A couple of paragraphs

B A couple of sentences

C None

Plagiarism

7

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull How much plagiarism of someone elsersquos work is acceptable

A A couple of paragraphs

B A couple of sentences

C None

Not just previously published articles - websites books etc

Plagiarism

8

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Why is plagiarism damaging

infringes

preventsdeprives undeserved

distorts

9

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

When is plagiarism detected

On submission

During review

After publication

10

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

There is no software able to detect plagiarism

bull Only detects text overlap

bull Needs human eye to interpret

bull Unhelpful with figures or translations

bull No software is perfect

bull Donrsquot depend on a score

Plagiarism detection software

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

7

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull How much plagiarism of someone elsersquos work is acceptable

A A couple of paragraphs

B A couple of sentences

C None

Not just previously published articles - websites books etc

Plagiarism

8

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Why is plagiarism damaging

infringes

preventsdeprives undeserved

distorts

9

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

When is plagiarism detected

On submission

During review

After publication

10

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

There is no software able to detect plagiarism

bull Only detects text overlap

bull Needs human eye to interpret

bull Unhelpful with figures or translations

bull No software is perfect

bull Donrsquot depend on a score

Plagiarism detection software

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

8

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Why is plagiarism damaging

infringes

preventsdeprives undeserved

distorts

9

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

When is plagiarism detected

On submission

During review

After publication

10

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

There is no software able to detect plagiarism

bull Only detects text overlap

bull Needs human eye to interpret

bull Unhelpful with figures or translations

bull No software is perfect

bull Donrsquot depend on a score

Plagiarism detection software

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

9

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

When is plagiarism detected

On submission

During review

After publication

10

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

There is no software able to detect plagiarism

bull Only detects text overlap

bull Needs human eye to interpret

bull Unhelpful with figures or translations

bull No software is perfect

bull Donrsquot depend on a score

Plagiarism detection software

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

10

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

There is no software able to detect plagiarism

bull Only detects text overlap

bull Needs human eye to interpret

bull Unhelpful with figures or translations

bull No software is perfect

bull Donrsquot depend on a score

Plagiarism detection software

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

11

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

If the article is already published it will find a match to itself

important to exclude

irrelevant sources

How to analyse results of a plagiarism check

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

12

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap of whole paragraphs

difficult to justify

usually serious

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

13

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Overlap in the Methods cause for concern

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

14

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Insignificant (chance) overlap

few words overlapping

many different sources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

15

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Paraphrased text

overlap may be small

but coming from one source

same pattern of references

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

16

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Published

bull sources published before or after

Main sources

bull same authors

bull copyright issues

bull sources cited

Large fragments

bull whole paragraphs

bull paraphrased text

bull any novelty

What to take into account

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

17

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Research or Methodology article

bull which sections have overlap

‒ Methods

‒ Results

‒ Discussion

‒ Conclusions

bull Review article

bull citations next to appropriate text

bull any text needs quotation marks

bull conclusions original

bull Expert advice on novelty

Interpretation depends on article type

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

18

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull No citation

bull Citation but no quotation marks

bull Citation in wrong place

bull Paraphrasing without citation

bull White quotation marks

How plagiarism can be disguised

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

19

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

bull Collect evidence and ask the authors neutrally for explanation

bull Minor plagiarism

bull Submitted ask the authors to rewrite

bull Published correction

bull Major plagiarism

bull Submitted reject

bull Published retract

bull Contact authorsrsquo institution

bull The aim is to correct the scientific record not punish the authors

COPE guidelines on plagiarism

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

20

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Guidelines on text recycling

bull Consider each case separately

bull novel

bull misleading

bull dataresults duplicated

bull copyright infringement

bull action depending on findings

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

21

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) httpwwwpublicationethicsorg

Flowcharts on how to deal with publication ethics problemshttpwwwpublicationethicsorgresourcesflowcharts

Suspected redundant publication in a submitted manuscripthttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201A_Redundant_Submittedpdf

Suspected redundant publication in a published articlehttppublicationethicsorgfilesu201B_Redundant_Publishedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a submitted manuscripthttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202A_Plagiarism_Submittedpdf

Suspected plagiarism in a published articlehttpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesu202B_Plagiarism_Publishedpdf

COPE discussion paper on plagiarism httpwwwpublicationethicsorgfilesCOPE_plagiarism_discussion_20doc_2620Apr2011pdf

Text recycling guidelines httppublicationethicsorgtext-recycling-guidelines

COPE cases involving plagiarism httppublicationethicsorgcasesf[0]=im_field_classifications3A813

COPE resources

22

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

22

Take-home messages

bull Software can only detect text overlap not plagiarism

bull A degree of common sense is needed in interpreting the results

bull Donrsquot depend on lsquoplagiarism scorersquo

bull Be guided by COPE flowcharts and guidelines

bull Correct literature not punish authors

23

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Thank you

Maria Kowalczuk

Biology Editor (Research Integrity Group)

BioMed Central

mariakowalczukbiomedcentralcom

Maria_Kowalczuk

23

How to deal with plagiarism 13 May 2016

Thank you

Maria Kowalczuk

Biology Editor (Research Integrity Group)

BioMed Central

mariakowalczukbiomedcentralcom

Maria_Kowalczuk