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Across 4. the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims

8. Kingdom in west Africa during the 5th through 13th century whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; its power

and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade

9. a religious journey

10. series of military adventures initially launched by western Christianity to free Holy Land from Muslims

11. successor to Muhammed

15. site of the Ka’aba and original home to Muhammad

16. Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate

19. a Bantu-based language, blending Arabic words and written in Arabic script

21. Muslim house of worship

23. professional story teller in early West Africa

24. Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset

26. nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian Peninsula, early converts to Islam

27. the solving for an unknown using known quantities

28. famous Islamic Doctor who wrote Canon on Medicine

31. The Islamic holy law, drawn up by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad’s life

32. famous Islamic Doctor who felt it was equally important to the mind as well as the body

33. medieval West African kingdom located in present day Mali, Niger, and Nigeria

34. period of great cultural achievement

35. to submit to the will of Allah

36. located in Mecca, the most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia

37. famous Islamic Historian

40. permanent division in a church

41. famous Islamic Philosopher who wanted to find the truth.

Down 1. slender tower of a mosque from which Muslims are called to prayer

2. Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the 15th century known for its Stone Enclosure

3. leader of Mali, his Hajj would result in the economy of Cairo being greatly impacted

5. Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus had lives and preached

6. struggle

7. West African kingdom founded in the 13th century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa

12. Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina

13. having to do with wordly matter, rather than religious

14. present day nations of Europe and the Western Hemisphere

17. central Asian nomadic peoples who captured Baghdad in 1258

18. founder of Mali Empire, also the inspiration for the Sundiata, an African literary and mythological work.

19. political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali

20. famous Islamic traveler

22. Muslim center of learning in sub-Saharan Africa

25. one who has submitted

26. prior to their centuries long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa they lived in present day

Nigeria, they were very influential in sub-Saharan African history, especially linguistically

29. an astronomical instrument for taking the altitude of the sun or stars and for the solution of other problems in

astronomy and navigation

30. triangular sails attached to the masts of dhows by long booms or yard arms

31. political and theological division within Islam; supported the Umayyads

33. Islamic leader in India

38. capital city of Abbasid dynasty and present day Iraq; capital of the Muslim

empire during Islam’s golden age and location of the House of Wisdom

39. famous Islamic Mathematician who worked to solve unknown quantities

using known quantities

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B F E I M X S A I S H U P G V A Y U P G O P O W A W D H I J R A G J G F J T W E

I T Z G V D X Q I O P Z T R U Y N D F A X Y I I I N Z O Z H X X Z P J O A E M U

E M O S Q U E W B N I B A N W U U I Q Y G P Y L A B W W W L S W O H O M S Q R T

X J Z N E A K A W G L H N K A I T W S I X B X L G Q B M C X X H Z Q S T E U J S

Z D Y I C I G S O H A E H Q M B P N S N T F Y P K R O N S F Y A F Y E M M W Y S

L G O B R H Z B S A C I O K G B H S U H B L M Q A Q I Z C E V N E R W W B S C Y

R A M A D A N A Y I E T K S K L I F C R O I W V Q S Y M D H J Q N N D C S Q A C

Z D T A K R W S R M T K Z B T K B L S H V W E A P G Z U A X U C H L K Z W T T A

P P D B P S L H Y L X D L H K I E N A S T E C R Z L J Q W G I K W I O J D L I W

S O A W C O E S K R A P A U J J N C M E W H H O X T L R C V E I B N R U S H D V

M Z B M G Y G C R L Z X N R U E R M A N T B I I N F M E I H F X Z W W C S D O O

B J W N Z T O O U J A R G R T M Z D D V K D H Q G Y B L V E S B A N L Y I S L H

N V O M L V Z X R L Q G K U X R L T F U O N T V M N I U O D E B R B A J L A S T

L M W A T Q P F I Q A O N U K G U K N D K V R Q K Z U H S U B M F C V K F H G E

C M P R O G Z M G M K R W G F R B Q H S G R S J A Y W M Y O A F I W X M A J Q R

G P P L K R H O Y M W N D P W S A Q T I Q T T T I X U Z W G R O P Z G R Z D A A

C V W H A V L R W M E Y N R H M L Q Q A O H I X L V T L V D Z O A Y I M I C W N

Q L N S A D V X Y I I M H I H R K R K I R O F J A U H E H T I O U A L C A J H I

C Q Y P E G G F J H A H K W W A O M R D N P W E M J D X N H V U D W H C M J H M

U P P N I B N K H A L D U N A Y V G U M F P U Q P B Z R A Q C E C R A L R G T C

I V A X F K N E T M I M F B W Y N R F G Z S M I I X R G A S U M A S N A M N L U

V G B L L J M U J F R W A L N K S W A I O C E H F C H B T D L Z A E T Y P N V P

E J F F L A T U P U T X X F S N T E F N T H B D I C G E J I K G Z A N X C Q D X

X B Q N W T Z N X U C U A P O V V A D X Y I H S T W M J I T N W G D M R Z M X E

N Z M T A G P C L P P T N O G F S S Y A P S Z O U M O R A A K N V A G M M J H D

J K K B M R Y D B W U K A E C V K E D U S M R E B L U V F T P J U J R G Q Z R X

V Z N C L Z S P J K Y M H P I R D J F Q M U V K M X C M A E R O L S C N V V W V

G B Q F P W T Y J D A F G L O W F X Q K U C R V W G A T E I K A T A I D N U S J

I E O Q A G N P F Q S Z M O H C O L D L D A P C P W F Z T Z S H L C V U X J R O

J A L H C N P C D K T I Q U L B D P N J S D B K W I U R C R X X Q M L V R J A F

K O I F E N H Q B X R M O A S R T A P U W D K I O J Z Z R T Z B P Y T T Q T L J

O L R E Z O Y N R Z O B M X Z L A I A C C E M R L Z H I I J O S S M L Q W V L I

I K T Z C K F I G R L A E B K S I I M E F O G M O B Q D N R I J W O F N I V I H

U A W M Z T B C B X A B L M M F B M S B F U C M C V Z D L E F V I T C O L T P A

L D J C S W V G X I B W J D D L D V I L U E A G B E V M O P Z Y Q E B K K P E D

Y T N X C G O P Z Y E E N A T L U S O M A K Y M A D D X B J U A Q E W R L S V P

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K J M F D U P X H Y I M L V W M B N J J K U X B O A O L P M T H D V Y E F R P Z

B R D G S N N I C T U C G B Y Q Y M E L F Q C Q T Z Q T R R P F P K B U V U T P

ALJABR

ALKHWARIZMI

ALRAZI

ASTROLABE

BAGHDAD

BANTU

BEDOUIN

CALIPH

CRUSADES

DAMASCUS

FIVEPILLARS

GHANA

GOLDENAGE

GRIOT

HIJRA

HOLYLAND

IBNBATTUTA

IBNKHALDUN

IBNRUSHD

IBNSINA

ISLAM

JIHAD

KAABA

LATEEN

MALI

MANSAMUSA

MECCA

MINARET

MONGOLS

MOSQUE

MUSLIM

PILGRIMAGE

RAMADAN

SCHISM

SECULAR

SHARIA

SHIA

SONGHAI

SULTAN

SUNDIATAKIETA

SUNNI

SWAHILI

TIMBUKTU

WESTERNCIVILIZATION

ZIMBABWE

Map - Islamic Empire

LABEL: On your blank map label the following:

Alexandria

Arabia

Baghdad

Byzantine Empire

Cairo

Constantinople

Cordova

Damascus

Egypt

Genoa

Jerusalem

Mecca

Medina

Naples

Persia

Tangier

SHADE: The map shows the borders of the Islamic Empire in 750. Using different colors or

patterns, shade in the Islamic Empire at the time of Muhammad’s death, the area added under the first

four caliphs, and the area added under the Umayyad caliphs. Be sure to mark this in your key.

CRITICAL THINKING:

1. Which cities in Arabia became part of the Islamic Empire during the time of Muhammad?

2. In which period did Islam spread into Europe?

3. Describe the spread of Islam under the first four caliphs.

4. Why was Islam able to spread so widely so quickly?

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HISTORYMAKERS MuhammadThe Messenger of Allah

“Believers, if you help Allah, Allah will help you and make you strong. But theunbelievers shall be [sent to eternal damnation]. He will bring their deeds tonothing. Because they have opposed His revelations, He will frustrate theirworks.”—Qur’an, Surah 47

Section 1

Muhammad loved spending afternoons meditat-ing in the caves around his hometown of

Mecca, which is located in modern Saudi Arabia. InA.D. 610, his normal routine was interrupted when hesaw a vision of the archangel Gabriel. Gabriel toldMuhammad to preach the word of Allah, the oneGod, to the world. As a result, Muhammad formedthe beginnings of a unified state for his people andfounded one of the great religions of the world.

Muhammad had had a difficult childhood. Hisfather passed away around the time he was born, andsix years later his mother died. He was then raisedby a grandfather and later by an uncle. Muhammadsuffered financially from these personal tragediesand was left to make his own way in the world.

However, Muhammad possessed both an intelli-gent mind and leadership ability. When he was inhis twenties, a wealthy widow named Khadijahhired him to conduct some business for her in Syria.Pleased with his work, she married Muhammad.From then on, he was comfortable materially.

Muhammad had a deeply spiritual nature. Itwas about this time, at the age of 40, when he sawthe vision of Gabriel, the messenger for Allah. Thisexperience led to a profound turning point forMuhammad and the world. These visions recurredintermittently for the rest of his life.

For two or three years, Muhammad told onlyhis wife and closest friends of these visitations andthe message. They became the first followers of thenew religion of Islam. In 612 or 613, Muhammadbegan to spread his message in public. He quicklywon converts from among the young men ofMecca—and opponents from among the wealthymerchants of the town. These merchants thoughtMuhammad was crazy and disliked his call to enddifferences in status between rich and poor. Themerchants and others harassed Muhammad and hisfollowers, now called Muslims. The merchants threwstones and thorns at Muhammad as he walkedthrough the town and boycotted Islamic businesses.

Two factors protected the Muslims in these dif-ficult times. One was the support of Abu Bakr, a

local merchant who was a believer. The other wasthe protection given Muhammad by Abu-Talib, hisuncle and the head of their clan. In 619, though,his uncle died, and the new head of the clan wasunwilling to continue this protection.

The situation grew worse for the small Islamiccommunity. Muhammad carried on secret talks withthe people of a nearby town where some of his fol-lowers had settled. That place was Yathrib, whichwas later renamed Medina. In 622, Muhammadmoved to the town, whose people agreed to accepthim as their political leader. Many of them alsoconverted to Islam.

Muslims soon began to raid trading caravansfrom Mecca—a common practice at the time. In624, Muhammad led an attack on Meccan soldiers.The Meccans tried to punish Muhammad with anassault the next year, but the Muslims retained con-trol of Yathrib. Two years later, the Meccans sent10,000 soldiers to attack. Muhammad arranged astrong defense and the Meccans eventually with-drew. Within three years, the tide had turned com-pletely. This time Muhammad led a force of 10,000into Mecca and took control of the city.

Muhammad lived only two more years. Duringthat time, he consolidated his power. He forgedalliances with leaders of local nomadic peoples andsometimes arranged political marriages. When hedied, he had created a strong political structurethat was ready to expand in power. He had alsofounded one of the world’s major religions.

Questions1. Recognizing Facts and Details Why was

Muhammad’s early life difficult?2. Making Inferences What evidence is there that

Muhammad was a good businessman and ashrewd leader?

3. Drawing Conclusions Why did the Meccanmerchants object to Muhammad’s message?

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PRIMARY SOURCE The Duties of the Caliphby Al-Mawardi

In 632 the first caliph or imam—a leader of the Muslims—was elected to succeedMuhammad. Under the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad in the 1000s, a legal scholarnamed Al-Mawardi wrote Ordinance of Government to describe the powers andduties of the caliph. What were the caliph’s ten duties in the conduct of publicaffairs?

Section 2

CHAPTER

10

The duties of the Imam in the conduct of publicaffairs are ten:

1. To maintain the religion according to establishedprinciples and the consensus of the first genera-tion of Muslims. If an innovator appears or ifsome dubious person deviates from it, the Imammust clarify the proofs of religion to him, expoundthat which is correct, and apply to him the prop-er rules and penalties so that religion may beprotected from injury and the community safe-guarded from error.

2. To execute judgments given between litigantsand to settle disputes between contestants sothat justice may prevail and so that none commitor suffer injustice.

3. To defend the lands of Islam and to protect themfrom intrusion so that people may earn theirlivelihood and travel at will without danger to lifeor property.

4. To enforce the legal penalties for the protectionof God’s commandments from violation and forthe preservation of the rights of his servants frominjury or destruction.

5. To maintain the frontier fortresses with adequatesupplies and effective force for their defense sothat the enemy may not take them by surprise,commit profanation there, or shed the blood,either of a Muslim or an ally.

6. To wage holy war [jiha[m]d] against those who,after having been invited to accept Islam, persistin rejecting it, until they either become Muslimsor enter the Pact so that God’s truth may prevailover every religion.

7. To collect the booty and the alms in conformitywith the prescriptions of the Holy Law, asdefined by explicit texts and by independentjudgment, and this without terror or oppression.

8. To determine the salaries and other sums duefrom the treasury, without extravagance andwithout parsimony, and to make payment at theproper time, neither in advance nor in arrears.

9. To employ capable and trustworthy men andappoint sincere men for the tasks which he dele-gates to them and for the money which he entruststo them so that the tasks may be competently dis-charged and the money honestly safeguarded.

10. To concern himself directly with the supervisionof affairs and the scrutiny of conditions so thathe may personally govern the community, safe-guard the faith, and not resort to delegation inorder to free himself either for pleasure or forworship, for even the trustworthy may betrayand the sincere may deceive. God said, “O David,we have made you our vicegerent on earth;therefore, judge justly among men and do notfollow your caprice, which will lead you astrayfrom God’s path.”

from Bernard Lewis, ed., Islam from the ProphetMuhammed to the Capture of Constantinople (New York:Harper and Row, 1974), Vol. 1, 150–51, 171–79. Reprintedin Peter N. Stearns, ed., Documents in World History, Vol. 1 (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1988),114–115.

Activity Options1. Analyzing Information Create a two-column

chart. In one column, list the caliph’s religiousduties. In the other column, list his nonreligiousduties. Share your chart with classmates.

2. Using Aural Stimuli Invite a religious leader inyour community—such as a priest, a rabbi, or aminister—to speak to the class about his or herduties in the conduct of public affairs. Then writea paragraph in which you compare the duties ofthe guest speaker with those of the caliph.