Spring 2012 Final Exam Review Gateways to Biology.
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Transcript of Spring 2012 Final Exam Review Gateways to Biology.
Spring 2012 Final Exam Review
Gateways to Biology
Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What is the chemical reaction for photosynthesis?
sun6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?carbon dioxide & water
What are the products of photosynthesis?glucose (sugar) & oxygen
Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations
What is the specialized tube in plants called that carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant?
xylem
Ch 3.1 – Solar Energy Transformations Identify three factors that affect the
rate of photosynthesis and explain the effect of each.
1. Amount of light2. Amount of water3. Temperature4. Access To CO2
Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems
What do the arrows represent in a food chain?
the direction of the transfer of energy
Ch 3.2 – Energy Transformations in Ecosystems
Describe how much energy gets passed from one energy level to another in a food chain.
10% of the available energy 90% of the energy is used and
released a s heat
Producers – transform light energy into usable chemical energy (sugars)consumers – consume 10% of the available energy from the previous trophic leveldecomposers – consume 10% of the available energy from any of the trophic levels in a food chain
What is function of bacteria in ecosystem?
To fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil for the plants to use.
Ultimate source of energy in any food chain is
Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods
What is the chemical formula for high energy sugar (glucose)?
C6H12O6
Ch 3.3 – Energy in Foods
Fiber in a healthy diet is supplied by which nutrient?
carbohydrates
How is the energy available in food measured?
Burning it and measuring the change in temperature in water
What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1˚ Celsius
Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
Where does digestion begin?
the mouth (with amylase)
Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
What is the function of the large intestine?
reabsorbs water
Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
What kind of proteins catalyze (speed up) metabolic reactions in the body?
enzymes
Ch 3.4 – Transforming Food Energy in Usable Nutrients
Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through in the proper order and describe the function of each organ.
1. mouth: chewing, mech. and chem. digestion
2. Esophagus: transports food bolus to stomach
Ch 3.4 – Name the organs of the digestive system that food passes through…
3. Stomach: mech and chem digestion
4. Small Intestine: absorption of nutrients
5. Large Intestine: reabsorption of water
6. Rectum: wastes exit body
What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?
The villi are the site of nutrient absorbtion and increase the surface area of the small intestine in order to maximize the amount of nutrients being absorbed
Function of pancreas?
Makes enzymes to digest foods, such as starch (amylase)
Produces a substance to neutralize stomach acid
What is the enzyme found in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates? amylase
3.5 Cellular Respiration and Energy Transformations What are the steps
in the process of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. electron
transport chain
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis Krebs cycle (aka
citric acid cycle) Electron transport
chain
How does the body maintain homeostasis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increases?
The body will continue to break down glucose (glycolysis) without oxygen in order to make ATP
lactic acid builds up in muscles and keeps them from contracting resulting in muscle fatigue
In the presence of oxygen how many net ATP molecules will one glucose molecule produce?
36 net38 total
Air is forced into the lungs by the contraction of what?
The diaphragm
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Why is DNA known as the molecule of life?
Because it contains the hereditary material (DNA).
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the base pairing rule for DNA?
thymine pairs with adenine cytosine pairs with guanine
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the structure of DNA?
double helix
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Which enzyme links nucleotides to the open strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What makes up the backbone of DNA?
sugar and phosphates
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
What is the sequence that complements the DNA sequence ATGCCATGC?
TACGGTACG
Ch 4.1 – DNA: The Molecule of Life
Why does DNA unzip and separate into single strands to form two identical copies?
To ensure that each new cell has exact copies of genetic material.
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What takes place in prophase? Nuclear membrane breaks
down. DNA condenses Centrioles divide and move
toweards opposite sides of the cell
Spindle fibers form between the centrioles
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
In which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
S phase (synthesis)
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
Chromatids attach to each other at what?
centromere
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
In which phase of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide through a series of steps?
Mitosis
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
Be able to
identify pictures
of the phases
of mitosis.
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What kind of cell is an undifferentiated cell that can become almost any type of cell in the body?
stem cell
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What is the process where unspecialized cells develop into adult cells?
cell differentiation
Ch. 4.2 – Cell Growth through Cell Division
What is the best surface area to volume ratio for moving materials into and out of cells?
6:1 (largest ratio)
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are the two plant hormones that stimulate growth?
auxins and giberrellins
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What is the function of apical meristem tissues?
New cells are added along the tips of root and stems that elongate and differentiate into other tissues.
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
Know the
parts of a
cross-section
diagram
of a leaf.
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What is the structure on roots that increases the surface area for water absorption in plants?
root hairs
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are some
characteristics of seeds
that require animals for
dispersal? That require
the wind for dispersal?
That require water for
dispersal?
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
What are some characteristics of a plant that survives in a dry environment?
types of leaves, types of roots, modifications to stems
Ch. 4.3 – Plant Growth and Development
After seeds have soaked in water for several days, a root emerges from the enlarged seeds. What conclusion can be made from this observation?
Energy stored in seeds is activated and used to grow roots to anchor the plant and establish a system for obtaining water.
What structure regulates movement of gases in and out of leaves?
stomata
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Why do flowers have more pollen grains than ovules in the ovary?
Because the pollen grains have to travel to the ovary.
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?
The results of meiosis provide a greater variety of genetic outcomes while mitosis produces a clone of the original cell.
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
The male and female reproductive systems are similar in several ways. Which pair of organs is most similar in structure and function?
vas deferens to fallopian tube
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Why are gametes haploid?
Haploid gametes maintain the species’ chromosome number during fertilization.
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Which reproductive organs play a role in both the reproductive and endocrine systems?
ovaries and testes
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Which reproductive organ functions to protect fertilized ova?
ovary
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
Energy is conserved because production of gametes is not required.
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction Explain the similarities and differences
between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response.
Similar – both produce new organisms Different – asexual produces exact copy
of parent; sexual requires haploid gametes from 2 parents for a new individual
Ch. 4.4 – Reproduction
Explain the similarities and differences between asexual and sexual reproduction. Include examples of both in your response.
Examples: Asexual: budding, fission. Sexual: pollination, fertilization.
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the sequence of mRNA bases for the correct transcription of the DNA sequence 5’GGGACATGATTCGCC3’?
3’CCCUGUACUAAGCGG5’
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the role or job of tRNA in protein synthesis?
tRNA bring amino acids to the ribosomes to help make proteins.
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
What is the type of mutation represented by the amino acid sequence below?
Correct sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Glycine – LeucineMutated sequence:Leucine – Alanine – Valine – Leucine
Substitution
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Which series of amino acids is the correct translation of the mRNA molecule represented here - 3’CCU AAA AGU GCA5’?
proline, lysine, serine, alanine
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Translate the following DNA strand to determine the correct order of amino acids - 5’CGG CAA TTT AAC3’.
alanine, valine, lysine, leucine
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
A gene represented by the DNA strand 5’AGA GGG CCA AAT3’ undergoes a mutation. Which type of mutation would have the greatest affect on a person’s health?
the more codons affected, the more the affect on the final protein
Ch. 5.1 – Protein Synthesis
Which molecule transcribes the code for proteins?
mRNA molecule
Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
If the letters P and p represent alleles of the same gene, then a cat with the genotype Pp would be considered what?
Heterozygous or hybrid
Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
Parent alleles separate into different gametes during meiosis.
Ch. 5.2 – Genetics
What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 monohybrid cross of two heterozygotes?
3:1
Ch. 5.2 – Genetics In pea plants, tallness is dominant
over shortness and yellow seed color is dominant over green seed color. If pea plants that are heterozygous for tallness and heterozygous for seed coat color is crossed, what are the possible alleles in the gametes?
TY, Ty, tY, ty
Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics
Skin color and eye color are examples of what type of inheritance?
polygenic traits
Ch. 5.3 – Human Genetics In snapdragons, R represents
red flowers and r represents white flowers. In the cross RR x rr, all of the offspring have pink flowers. What is this pattern of inheritance?
incomplete dominance
Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
What is natural selection?
Natural selection determines which phenotypes in a population support survival.
Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
Survival of the populations of organisms hinges on adequate supplies of food, water and shelter. What would limit available resources?
competition
Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two species that supports survival of both species. What is an example of a mutual relationship?
bees pollinate flowering plants
Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
How are traits for camouflage and mimicry are result of natural selection?
Predators recognize, hunt and eat prey.
Ch. 6.1 – Natural Selection
How do mutualism, parasitism and commensalism influence natural selection?
Mutualism – benefits both organisms Parasitism – benefits one, harms the
other Commensalism – benefits one, but not the
other Since organisms depend on each other, if
one dies, the other could follow.
Ch. 6.3 – Classification
What taxonomic group is the most general?
Kingdom Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Ch. 6.3 – Classification
What is binomial nomenclature based on?
genus and species
Ch. 6.3 – Classification Based on the characteristics of the
unknown organism, how should it be classified?
Characteristics of unknown organismeukaryoticmulticellularheterotrophicextracellular digestion
fungus