Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship
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Transcript of Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship
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Spread of IslamandIslamic Scholarship
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The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661)
632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian
Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt, & Syria
Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem Definitive version of the Qu’ran
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The Umayyads (661 – 761) Moved capital to Damascus Copied Byzantine bureaucratic and
economic practices Empire spanned from China’s border to
Southern Europe & North Africa Battle of Tours in 732 stopped Muslim
advance into Northern Europe
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Early Islamic Period, c. 750 - 1037 (includes the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Spanish Umayyad Periods)
Presence of Islamic religion in 900 AD
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The Abbasids (761 – 1258) Moved capital to Baghdad Empire was too big so they granted
power to local princes and sultans Weakened cultural and religious unity Regional/ethnic identities took over
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The Crusades Muslim lands were invaded by Christians
sent by Pope Urban Salah al-Din recaptured Jerusalem in
1187 Crusades weakened Muslim forces Mongols captured Baghdad and
destroyed it in 1258 Forces of Islam would remain
decentralized after this
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Late Islamic Period, c. 1037 - 1918
Presence of Islamic religion in 1700
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Spread of Islam Religious, political, and military goals
were unified Arabia was a crossroads of trade Religious tolerance Taxation
All taxes lower than before (Byzantines) Muslims didn’t pay
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Spread of Islam Simple – Doctrine & Myth are
straightforward Accessible – Easy conversion Noble Virtues
Courage Charity Hospitality
Promise of afterlife in battle was attractive
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Islamic Scholarship
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Medicine Caesarian operations Used sedatives in
operations Cauterization Removal of stone from
the bladder Surgery of eye, ear and
throat Amputation Artificial teeth Circulatory system Treating mental illness
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Science Optics Astronomy
Astrolabe Map of the night sky Made telling time
highly accurate Solar Year
(365 d 5 h 46 m 24 s)
Alchemy Sulfuric acid
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Math Arabic numerals Trigonometry Algebra Zero Decimals Integral calculus Real numbers
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ScholarshipCopied the works of: Aristotle Plato Archimedes Hippocrates Ptolemy
Knowledge from: Greece India China