Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

BI 232 Lab

Supplemental Package

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PCC-Sylvania BI 232 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelineswill be excluded from the Laboratory

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Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.6. At the end of an experiment:a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash containerprovided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelinesand directions will be excluded from the Laboratory

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Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator (Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!

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BI 232

Anatomy and Physiology 2

Lab 1:

Exercise 22: The Spinal Cord and Nerves and

Exercise 23: Nervous System Physiology-stimuli and Reflexes

Today’s Lab Objectives:1. Know the major regions in a cross section of the spinal cord and their functions2. Know the structure of the longitudinal aspect of the spinal cord3. Identify the nerve plexuses4. Identify the nerves listed on models5. List three things that cause a nerve to be stimulated6. Describe reflex arcs7. What is monosynaptic and polysynaptic?8. Define hyporeflexic and hyperreflexic9. Be able to identify structures on models and histology slides if available in lab.

Longitudinal Aspect of the spinal cord:

Conus medullarisTerminal filumCauda equinaCervical enlargementLumbar enlargement

Cross Section of Spinal Cord (be able identify structures on models and slides)Multipolar neuron cell bodies*gray matter

*posterior gray horns*anterior gray hornsLateral gray horns*gray commissure*Central canal

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*White matter*Tracts (funiculi)

*Anterior column*Posterior column*Lateral columnAscending tracts Descending tracts

*Posterior median sulcus*Anterior median fissure

MeningesDura mater

Epidural spaceArachnoid mater

Subarachnoid spaceCerebrospinal fluid

Pia materDenticulate ligaments

Nerves associated with the spinal cordAnterior (ventral) root: motorPosterior (dorsal) root: sensory

Posterior (Dorsal) root ganglionSpinal nerve (mixed)

Intervertebral foramenAnterior ramus (mixed)Posterior ramus (mixed)

Nerve Structure Nerves (PNS) (be able to id on microscope)

EndoneuriumPerineuriumepineurium

Spinal Nerves and PlexusesSpinal nerves (31) mixed

8 pairs cervical nerves 12 pairs thoracic 5 pairs lumbar 5 pairs of sacral nerves1 pair coccygeal

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PlexusesCervical

PhrenicBrachial

RadialMedianUlnarMusculocutaneousAxillary

LumbarFemoralObturator

SacralSciatic (branches into the tibial and common fibular)

Communicating rami (innervate sympathetic ganglia)Thoracic Nerves

Fundamental properties of neuronsExcitabilityConductivity

Saltatory propagation in myelinated Reflexes

Spinal reflexesCranial reflexes

Reflex arcsReceptorAfferent (sensory) neuronIntegrating center (brain or spinal cord)Efferent (motor) neuroneffector

Somatic reflexExample: ___________________________

Visceral or autonomic reflexExample: ___________________________

Polysynaptic reflex arcExample: ____________________________

Monosynaptic reflex arcExample: ____________________________

Hyporeflexic

Hyperreflexic

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Stretch reflexesMuscle spindle

Practice patellar, triceps and biceps brachii reflexes, calcaneal reflexes on partnersAre these reflexes somatic or visceral?

Are these reflexes spinal or cranial?

Practice eye reflexesIs this reflex somatic or visceral?

Which cranial nerve is tested with this test?

Plantar response (babinski reflex)Is this reflex Spinal or cranial?

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Lab 2

Exercise 21: The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Quiz #1: spinal cord and reflexes

Objectives1. Name the three meninges of the brain and their location relative to one another2. Locate the three major regions of the brain3. Name the main structures of each of the four regions4. Know the main function of the listed structures in the brain5. Trace the path of CSF through the brain6. Know the major blood vessels that take blood to or from the brain

Major Brain Regions

CerebrumDiencephalon

ThalamusHypothalamus

Brain Stem MidbrainPonsMedulla Oblongata

Cerebellum

MeningesDura mater

Periosteal layerMeningeal layer

Falx cerebriArachnoid mater

Subarachnoid spaceCerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Pia mater

Blood Supply to the BrainVertebral arteriesInternal carotid

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Basilar arteryArterial circle (circle of Willis)Venous sinuses

Superior sagittal sinusInferior sagittal sinus

Internal jugular veins

Ventricles of the BrainLateral ventricles

Choroid plexusesInterventricular foramina

Third ventricleMesecephalic (cerebral) aqueduct

Fourth ventricleHydrocephalyCentral canal

Surface View of the BrainForebrain

*CerebrumGyri

Precentral gyrusPostcentral gyrus

SulciCentral sulcus

FissuresFalx cerebri

Frontal lobeCentral sulcusPrecentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

Parietal lobePostcentral gyrus (primary somatic sensory cortex)

Occipital lobeTransverse fissure

Temporal lobesLateral fissurePrimary auditory cortexOlfactory centersGustatory centers

Cerebral HemispheresLongitudinal fissure

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Left and right cerebral hemispheresInferior Aspect of the brain

Pituitary gland (may be removed)Optic chiasmMammillary bodiesPonsMedulla oblongata

Decussation of the pyramidsCerebellum

FoliaVermis (midline band)

Midsagittal section of the BrainCorpus callosum

Septum pellucidumDiencephalon

ThalamusHypothalamus

Pituitary glandPineal gland

MelatoninMidbrain

Cerebral pedunclesMesencephalic (cerebral) aqueductCorpora quadrigemina

Superior colliculiInferior colliculi

*CerebellumCerebellar cortexArbor vitae

Coronal Section of the Brain*Cerebral cortex

Superficial Gray matterTracts

White matterBasal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Limbic System (region)Cingulate gyrus

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Cranial Nerves (be able to identify on models and know their specific functions)I Olfactory SensoryII Optic SensoryIII Oculomotor Motor (mainly)IV Troclear Motor (mainly)V Trigeminal BothVI Abducens Motor (mainly)VII Facial BothVIII Vestibulocochlear SensoryIX Glossopharyngeal BothX Vagus BothXI Accessory Motor (mainly)XII Hypoglossal Motor (mainly)

Be able to give both name and number

should be able to identify these on histology slides

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Lab 3: Exercise 20Introduction to Sensory Receptors

Quiz 2: Brain and CN

Objectives:1. List the major receptor types in the body2. Define adaptation to a stimulus3. Define referred pain

Terms to understand:Punctate distributionModalityReceptors (know the modalities of each of the following)

PhotoreceptorsThermoreceptorsProprioreceptorsPain receptors (nociceptors)MechanoreceptorsBaroreceptorsChemoreceptors

Tonic receptorsPhasic receptors

Touch Receptors (Know functions)*Meissner corpusclesMerkel discs*Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

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Do the following tests (Make sure that you understand the tests because may be questions on quizzes and practicals concerning your understanding of the test results)

Two-Point Discrimination TestWarm and Cool ReceptorsMap Temperature ReceptorsMap light-tough receptorsAdaptation to TouchLocating stimulus with ProprioceptionTemperature JudgmentReferred pain

Exercise 26: Eye and Vision

Objectives:1. Identify major structures listed on eye models2. Identify the six extrinsic muscles of the eye and the Cranial nerves that innervate

them3. Describe the function of the rods and cones of the eye4. Determine the near point of the eye5. Define the near point of the eye6. Demonstrate the Snellen vision tests and those for accommodation, color

blindness and astigmatism

External Features of the EyePupilIrisSclera

CorneaLateral and medial commissureExtrinsic Eye muscles (know direction eyes turn)

Lateral rectus – CN VI- (abducens)Medial rectus – CN III (oculomotor)Superior rectus –CN III (oculomotor)Inferior rectus – CN III (oculomotor)Inferior oblique – CN III (oculomotor)Superior oblique -- CN IV (trochlear)

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Lacrimal apparatusLacrimal glandNasolacrimal ductLacrimal sac

Interior of the EyeConjunctivaAnterior cavity

Anterior chamberPosterior chamberAqueous humor (produced by ciliary body)Venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)

IrisCircular muscles of irisRadial muscles of iris

Pupil

Posterior CavityVitreous body (Vitreous humor)Tunics

*Fibrous layerScleraCornea

*Vascular layer (Uvea)ChoroidCiliary bodyIris

*Neural layerOptic Nerve (CN II)Pigmented epitheliumretina

*Photoreceptor cellsRods and cones

*bipolar cells*ganglion cells

Macula lutea (yellow spot)Fovea centralis

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*should be able to identify these on histology slides

Lab activitiesDissection of sheep or cow eye (these can be used for testing purposes)Do the following Vision tests:

Visual tracking exerciseWhich cranial nerves are being tested?

Determine your near pointMeasurement of the distribution of rods and conesMeasure binocular visual fieldMeasurement of Visual acuity (Snellen Test)Astigmatism testOphthalmoscopePupillary reactionColor blindnessAfterimagesDetermination of the blind spot

Make sure that you understand these tests because questions may be asked on the quizzes and practicals

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Lab 4: Exercise 25 & 27Ear, Hearing and Equilibrium and Taste and smell

Quiz 3: Vision & sensory receptors

Objectives:

1. Identify structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear2. Describe the structure of the cochlea3. Perform conduction deafness tests, such as the Rinne and Weber tests4. Compare dynamic and static equilibrium and the structures involved in their perception5. Explain how mechanical sound vibrations are translated into nerve impulses6. What are the two major chemoreceptors located in the region of the head?7. Identify a taste bud on a slide8. Know the functions of listed structures

Anatomy of the EarOuter Ear

Pinna (auricle)Helix (elastic cartilage)Earlobe Auditory canal

Middle EarTympanic membrane (border between outer and middle ear)Tympanic cavity

OssiclesMalleusIncusStapes

Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)Inner Ear

Bony labyrinth

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PerilymphMembranous labyrinth

EndolymphCochlea (hearing)

Oval windowRound window*Scala vestibule (vestibular duct)*cochlear duct (scala media)*scala tympani (tympanic duct)*vestibular membrane*basilar membrane*tectorial membrane

VestibuleUtricleSacculeMaculae

OtolithsSemicircular Ducts (inside canals)

AmpullaCrista ampullarisCupula

Do the following tests and make sure that you understand them:

Webber TestRinne TestBing TestSound locationPostural Reflex testBarany’s Test

nystagmusRomberg Test

What cranial nerve is being tested in these tests?

Taste and Smell

Chemoreception*taste buds

Supporting cellsTaste cells

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Taste poresGustation (taste)

Olfactory bulbs (ID on brains)Cribriform plate

*must be able to identify these structures on the microscope

Do the following tests and make sure that you understand them:

Taste Determination of solid materialsMapping the Tongue for taste receptors

Olfactory bulbs (ID on brains)

Olfactory reflex What cranial nerve causes this?

Visual cues in smell interpretationOlfactory discrimination

What cranial nerves are innervated?Adaptation to smellTaste and olfaction tests

Lab Practical I will be next week (Week 5)

The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab

75 questionsModelsMicroscopesImages

Also this week:Instructors will determine 4 student volunteers who will be testing their blood glucose levels in week six!

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Lab 6

Endocrine System Exercise 28

No Quiz

Objectives: 1. List the major endocrine organs of the human body2. Name the hormones produced by these endocrine organs3. Discuss how the secretions of the endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands4. Identify endocrine organs in histological slides5. Identify endocrine glands and organs on models in lab6. Do glucometer experiment and be able to discuss the outcomes

Endocrine systemHormones

Exocrine glandsSweat, salivary, ovary, testes, pancreatic acini

Anatomy of the major endocrine organs

Pineal glandMelatoninFunction:

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)infundibulum

*Anterior lobe (adenohypohysis)Intermediate lobe (part of the anterior lobe)

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Function:

Growth hormone (GH)

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Function:

Prolactin (PRL)Function:

Gonadotropins:

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Function:

Luteinizing hormone (LH)Function:

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)Function:

*Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)Function:

OxytocinFunction:

*Thyroid Gland*Follicle cells

Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)Function:

*Colloid *Parafollicular cells

CalcitoninFunction:

*Parathyroid glands*Chief cellsParathyroid hormone (PTH)

Function:

*ThymusThymosin

Function:

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*PancreasPancreatic islets

Glucagon (alpha cells)Function:

Insulin (beta cells)Function:

Delta cellsFunction:

*Adrenal Glands*Zona glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)Function:

*Zona fasciculataGlucocorticoids (cortisol)

Function:

*Zona reticularisSex hormones (androgens and estrogens)

Function:

Glucocorticoids

*Adrenal MedullaEpinephrine and norepinephrine

Function:

Gonads

*TestesTestosterone

Function:

InhibinFunction:

*seminiferous tubules*interstitial cells

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Nurse cellsSperm

*OvariesEstrogen

Function:

ProgesteroneFunction:

*Oocyte*Follicle*stroma

Detection of hormones:Was Luteinizing hormone (LH) detected on samples? _____________________What does a raised level of LH represent on a sample? _______________________

Make sure that you understand the results of the Glucometer exercise.

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Lab 7

Exercise 29 & 30: Blood & Blood tests and typing

Quiz 4: Endocrine system

Lab Objectives:1. Distinguish among the various formed elements of blood and their functions2. Know the major components of plasma3. Determine the percent of each type of leukocyte in a differential white cell count4. Know the significance of an elevated level of a particular WBC and what it may indicate about a

disease state or an allergic reaction5. Determine the antigens present in a particular ABO blood type6. Know the antibodies present in a particular ABO blood type7. Relate Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood to antigens present8. Correlate hematocrit with erythrocyte counts9. Know the universal donor and universal receiver and why

BloodPlasmaBlood cells

*ErythrocytesHemoglobin

*Platelets (thrombocytes)Megakaryocytes

LeukocytesGranular leukocytes

*Neutrophils*Eosinophils*Basophils

Agranular leukocytes*Lymphocytes

B cellsPlasma cellsAntibodies

T cellsCell-mediated immunityNatural killer (NK) cells

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*MonocytesMacrophage

Differential Leukocyte Count

Determine differential leukocyte count and compare your cell count with normal valuesNeutrophils (60-70%)

% in your sample _________________________Cause for increase ____________________________________________

Eosinophils (2-4%)% in your sample _________________________Cause for increase _______________________________________________

Basophils (0.5-1%)% in your sample _________________________Cause for increase ______________________________________________

Lymphocytes (25-33%)% in your sample _________________________Cause for increase ______________________________________________

Monocytes (3-8%)% in your sample __________________________Cause for increase ______________________________________________

LeukopeniaLeukemia

Blood TypingAntigens (agglutinogens)

Type AType BType ABType O

Antibodies (agglutinins)Transfusion reactions

Rh factorRh-positiveRh-negative

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)What is your blood type? _______________________________

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Hemoglobin concentration

What was your hemoglobin concentration? _______________

Is this within normal range? _________________

HematocritPolycythemiaAnemia

Genetics of ABO blood types:

There are 4 blood group phenotypes that occur in the ABO system:

Phenotype GenotypeO OOA AA, AOB BB, BOAB AB

A Punnett Square can be used to help determine potential children. Place one parent’s blood type across the top and the other parent’s downward, then fill out the combinations.

Fill out the following Punnet squares:

1. Parents: dad is AB & mom is AO

2. Parents: dad is BO & mom is AO

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3. Which blood type is the universal donor? Why?

4. Which blood type is considered the universal recipient?

5. Could two parents have a child with Type O blood and a child with Type A blood?

6. Could two parents have a child with Type O blood and a child with Type AB blood?

7. What parental genetics are needed to yield a child with Type O blood?

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Lab 8

Exercise 27: Structure of the Heart and

Exercise 32: Electrical conductivity of the Heart

Quiz 5: Blood

Objectives1. Identify the three layers of the heart wall2. Find and name the anatomical features on models of the heart and in the sheep heart3. Describe the blood flow through the heart and the function of the internal parts of the

heart4. Know the functioning of the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves and their

role in circulating blood through the heart5. Be able to read an electrocardiogram (waves and intervals)6. Distinguish between systole and diastole7. Associate the P wave, QRS complex and T wave of an ECG with electrical events that

occur in the heart

Heart Wall

MediastinumFibrous pericardium

Parietal pericardiumPericardial cavity

Serous fluidSerous pericardium (epicardium)

*MyocardiumEndocardium

Endothelium

OverviewRight atriumRight ventricleLeft atriumLeft ventricle

Exterior of the HeartApexBase

AortaPulmonary trunk

Interventricular sulcus (groove)

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Anterior interventricular sulcusAnterior interventricular arteryGreat cardiac vein

Posterior interventricular sulcusPosterior interventricular arteryMiddle cardiac vein

AuriclesAtrioventricular sulcus (groove) (coronary sulcus)

Right coronary arteryLeft coronary arteryCircumflex arteryGreat cardiac veinCoronary sinus

Major vesselsPulmonary arteries

Ligamentum arteriosumAscending aortaPulmonary veinsSuperior vena cavaInferior vena cavaAorta (ascending, arch, descending)

Interior of the HeartInterventricular septumInteratrial septum

Fossa ovalisForamen ovale

Pectinate musclesRight atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

Chordae tendineaePapillary musclesTrabeculae carneae

Pulmonary semilunar valveLeft atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid valve or mitral valve)

Also has chordae tentineae and papillary musclesAortic semilunar valve

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Electrical Conductivity of the Heart

TerminologySystole

Atrial systoleVentricular systole

DiastoleAtrial diastoleVentricular diastole

Sinoatrial (SA) nodePacemaker

Atrioventricular (AV) nodeAtrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)Right and left bundle branchesPurkinje (conduction) fibers

Electrocardiograph (ECG)Electrocardiogram (ECG, or EKG)

P waveQRS complexT wave

Analysis of the ECGIrregularities in Heart Rate

TachycardiaBradycardia

PR Intervals (normally about 0.16 second)Heart blocks

QRS complex (normally about 0.08-0.10 second)Right or left bundle branch block

QT interval (normally 0.30 second)Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Lab 9

Exercise 34: Introduction to Blood Vessels and Arteries of the Upper BodyExercise 35: Arteries of the Lower BodyExercise 36: Veins and Special CirculationsExercise 38: Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure

Quiz 6: Heart structure and Conductivity of the heart

Lab Objectives:

1. Be able to identify layers of blood vessels on microscopes and models2. Be able to distinguish between arteries, veins and capillaries3. Identify the arteries and veins listed on models in the lab4. Distinguish the systemic circulation from the pulmonary circulation5. Describe the major digestive organs and vessels that supply blood to the hepatic portal vein6. Describe the pathway of fetal circulation and discuss how it varies from the adult circulation

General Circulatory PatternsPulmonary circulation

Pulmonary trunkRight and left pulmonary arteriesPulmonary veinsLeft atrium

Systemic circulation

Cross Sections of Arteries and Veins*Tunica externa (tunica adventitia)

Vaso vasorum*Tunica media

Smooth muscle (thicker in arteries)Elastic fibers (large arteries)

*Tunica interna (tunica intima)Endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)Inner elastic lamina (in arteries)

*Valves (only found in veins)

Know the difference between arteries and veins

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Aortic Arch ArteriesBrachiocephalic trunk

Right common carotidRight subclavian artery

Left common carotidLeft subclavian

Descending aortaThoracic aorta

Intercostal arteriesAbdominal aorta

Arteries that feed the upper extremitiesAxillary

Brachial arteryRadial

Palmar arch arteriesDigital arteries

UlnarPalmar arch arteries

Digital arteriesArteries of the Head and Neck

Vertebral arteriesBasilarCircle of Willis

Common carotid arteriesExternal carotid (face)

FacialTemporalMaxillaryOccipital

Internal carotid (brain)Abdominal arteries

Abdominal aortaCeliac artery (celiac trunk)Splenic arteryLeft gastric arteryCommon hepatic arterySuperior mesenteric arteryRenal arteriesGonadal arteriesInferior mesenteric

Common iliac arteriesExternal iliac arteries

Femoral arteryPosterior and anterior tibial arteriesFibular (peroneal artery)

Tibial and fibular arteries anastomose in the foot and supply blood to

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Plantar arteriesDorsal pedal arteryDigital arteries

Internal iliac arteriesPelvic region

Veins of the Upper ExtremitiesDigital veinsPalmar arch veinsMajor superficial veins

Basilica veinCephalic vein

Median cubital veinDeep veins of the forearm

Radial veinUlnar veinBrachial veinsBasilic veinAxillaryCephalic

SubclavianBrachiocephalic veins (union of internal jugular and subclavian veins)Superior vena cava

Veins of the Head and NeckInternal Jugular veinExternal jugular veinVertebral vein

Veins of the Lower extremitiesPlantar venous archDorsal venous archAnterior tibial veinGreat saphenous veinSmall saphenous veinPosterior tibial veinPopliteal veinFemoral veinFemoral veinDeep femoral veinExternal iliac vein

Veins of the Abdomen and PelvisInternal iliac veinCommon iliac veinInferior vena cava

Abdominal veins that take blood directly to the inferior vena cavaRenal veinsSyorarebak veubsGonadal veins

Hepatic Portal CirculationInferior mesenteric vein

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Splenic veinGastroepiploic vein

Superior mesenteric veinHepatic portal veinLiverHepatic vein

Thoracic VeinsIntercostal veinsAzygos veinHemiazygos vein

Fetal CirculationPlacentaUmbilical vein

Umbilical cordDuctus venosus

Inferior vena cava to right atriumForamen ovalePulmonary trunkDuctus arteriosusAortic arch (bypassing the lungs)Systemic arteriesInternal iliac arteriesUmbilical arteriesFossa ovalis

Be able to identify on histology slides

Lab 10 – Practical #2The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab

75 questions Models Microscopes images Timed stations Any materials found in this guide can be on the practical

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