Sports Psychology – Carron’s Model

Year 12 Physical Education Studies – 3A/3B

Group Cohesion

• What is group cohesion?

• Group cohesion is a term used to describe the degree of which a team has bonded or is demonstrating collective cooperation.

• Can anyone provide an example of group Cohesion?

Group Cohesion

• There are two dimensions in group cohesion:

- Task Cohesion: Relates to the degree of commitment to group tasks and goals. Can anyone give me an example? - Social Cohesion: Relates to the relationships and friendships between group member. How much team member like each other.

Carron’s Model

• Can anyone tell me what Carron’s model is?

• Carron’s model stats a group will form a bond if it has collective identity, a sense of shared purpose and a clear structure for communication.

• Can anyone explain this further?

Carron’s Model

• Carron’s model is developed various factors that affect group cohesion.

• Environmental • Personal • Leadership • Team

Environmental Factors

• Can anyone tell me what would represent environmental factors?

• Environmental factors are general situational factors that help keep are group together,

- Transfer Rules - Geographical Restrictions - Contractual Obligations - Primary Goal of the Team

Personal Factors

• Can anyone tell me what would represent the personal factors?

• Personal factors are the individual characteristics of group/team members.

- Task Motivation - Affiliation Motivation - Group Satisfaction - Social Loafing

Leadership Factors

• Can anyone tell me what would represent some leadership factors?

• This includes leadership styles, behaviours, and relationships with the team and individual athletes. Some examples;

- A harmonious atmosphere encourages social cohesion

- Good Organisation encourages task cohesion

Team Factors

• Can anyone tell me what would represent some team factors?

• Team factors are variables that operate at a group level. Such as;

- Team Stability - Team Success - Desire for group success

Team Cohesion

• Here is a short video to show how important it is to have team cohesion.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WURgIMeouw

Carron’s Model of Cohesion Environmental Factors:

- Contractual Responsibility - Organised orientation

Personal Factors: - Individual Orientation - Satisfaction - Individual differences

Leadership Factors: - Leadership Behaviour- Leadership style - Coach-athlete Personalities

Team Factors: - Group Task- Desire for group success- Group orientation - Group Productivity- Team ability - Team stability

Cohesion: - Task Cohesion- Social Cohesion

Group Outcomes:- Team stability - Absolute

Performance Effectiveness

- Relative Performance Effectiveness

Individual Outcomes- Behavioural

consequences- Absolute

Performance Consequences

- Relative Performance Effectiveness

- Satisfaction

Strategies to improve Group Cohesion:

Coaches and leaders: - Explain importance of individual roles - Set challenging group goals - Encourage group identity- Avoid excessive turnover - Know the team climate Group Members: - Avoid forming cliques - Get to know all other team mates - Help other team mates when possible - Give encouragement- Seek to resolve conflicts immediately- Give 100%

Social Loafing

• Can anyone explain to me what social loafing is?

• Is it the reduction in effort when working in groups, versus when working alone.

• Can anyone give an example of when they have experienced social loafing?

Question?

• Think of a sporting team of which you are a member. Using Carron’s model of group cohesion, identify the factors that are most significant in affecting group cohesion.