SPORTS MEDICINE 20

Project B: Intermediate Anatomy, Assessment & Program Design

HCS 2910

Why Tape?

Provide support to vulnerable structures

Taping is not a replacement for adequate rehabilitation Taping is one type of treatment in the whole

process

Used to reinforce damaged ligaments The interim repair tissue is collagen (scar

tissue) Scar tissue is strong but not elastic It is prone to re injury in early stages of

healing Proper taping and strapping can provide

support to healing tissue

When to Tape?

Taping is used for: Acute injury management

Used in post injury rehabilitation phase when returning to weight bearing exercises

Injury Prevention Depending on Budget, it is used as a

preventative measure Return to Activity

When not to Tape?

You should not tape if further assessment of the injury is required other than to provide support

You should not tape if the injury is acute and active swelling.

Do not tape after ice application Do not tape overnight Do not tape if you are unsure of the

severity of the injury or if unsure of technique

Certain sports may prohibit the use of tape

Do not tape pre pubertal athletes

Preparation for taping?

Skin surface should be clean of oil, perspiration and dirt

Hair should be removed Tape adherent is optional but

recommended Foam and skin lubricant should be

used to minimize blisters and skin irritation

Pro wrap can be used but the anchors need to be adhered to the skin

Rules for taping application? Tape in the position in which the joint

must be stabilized Overlap the tape by half Avoid continuous taping Keep tape roll in hand whenever

possible Smooth and mold tape as it is laid

down on skin Allow tape to follow contours of the

skin Start taping with an anchor piece and

finish by applying a lock strip Do not apply tape if skin is hot or cold

Post Taping After game or practice:

Ensure that the athlete carefully removes the tape

Check for blister, cutes or other skin problems

Advise athlete if there are signs of irritation

Wash away traces of the tape adherent

Anatomy and Injuries

The human body is designed for linear motion, either forward or backward, based on the design of the body’s joints. Sports, however involve rotational or

angular forces on joints. These forces affect the type and severity of

injury sustained by an athlete This in turn will dictate the type of taping

technique employed to provide support

Regional Terminology

You need to be familiar with regional terminology that will be used throughout to direct you in the proper taping and strapping Athletic First Aid is more than just

the functions of ligaments, tendons and muscle tissue

Human Skeleton Planes and Terms

Human Skeleton Terminology

Inferior/Superior—Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior

Defined by the Transverse Plane Superior structures are above the

plane Inferior structures are below the

plane Medial/Lateral

Defined by the Mid Sagittal Plane (Midline)

Lateral refers to structures further away from midline

Medial refers to structures closer to the midline

Proximal/Distal—Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal

Defined from a specific point Proximal structures are closer to the

specific point Distal structures are farther from the

specific point Anterior/Posterior

Defined by the Frontal Plane Anterior structures are in front of the plane Posterior structures are behind the plane

Joint Movements For every movement a human

body can make, a specific muscle or muscle group contracts to make the motion. All of these movements are

described in terms of the anatomical positionAnatomical position is a neutral position, with eyes, toes and palms facing forward

Flexion/Extension—Pronation/Supination

Flexion/Extension In flexion the angle formed by the joint gets

smaller In extension the angle formed by the joint gets

larger Flexion and Extension are performed in the

sagittal plane unless there is another movement accompanied the flexion/extension

Pronation/Supination These movements refer to rotational movement

with the hands Pronation is palms facing upwards (External

rotation) Supination is palms facing downward (Internal

rotation)

Elevation/Depression-Protraction/Retraction

Elevation/Depression Typically involve the shoulder Elevation is when the shoulders are

shrugged Depression is when they are pulled down

and back Depression contributes to good posture

Protraction/Retraction These movements refer to lateral movement

with the body as a reference point When the shoulder is pulled back this is

retraction When the shoulder is pushed forward this is

protraction Retraction contributes to good posture

Adduction/Abduction-Circumduction/Rotation

Adduction/Abduction These movements refer to vertical movement

with the body as a reference point Abduction means to move away from the body Adduction means to move towards the body

“Add in” Circumduction/Rotation

Similar movements that are often confused Rotation takes place around an axis (a

bone) Circumduction is not limited by an axis

Arms circles are circumduction

Opposition-Dorsiflexion/Planterflexion-Inversion/Eversion

Opposition This movement separates us from other

primates When the thumb and pinky touch

Dorsiflexion/Planterflexion Named after the surfaces of the foot Dorsiflexion means flexing foot upwards Planterflexion means flexing foot downward

Inversion/Eversion These movements are key in ankle injuries Inversion rotates the ankle toward the midline

(most common ankle injury Eversion rotates the ankle away from the

midline

Human SkeletonSkull

Mandible (Jaw)Clavicle (Collarbone)SternumHumorous

RibsVertebraePelvisRadiusUlnaCarpalsMetacarpalsPhalangesFemur

Patella (Kneecap)

TibiaFibula

TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

The Right Shoulder

The Right Shoulder

There are a number of bursae in the shoulder joint.

Bursae are fluid filled sacs that are designed to reduce friction between tissues

The most important and often irritated bursa in the shoulder is the sub-acromial bursa. It is typically hurt in overhand throwing The humeral head compress the bursa

causing inflammation and pain

The Bones of the Shoulder

The Bones of the Shoulder

The Bones of the Shoulder

The Acromioclavicular Joint is on top of the shoulder

This is called the AC joint for short and connects the acromion process of the scapula with the clavicle providing the top section of the shoulder socket

There is little protection for this joint and it is frequently injured in collisions with the ground or the boards

Rotator Cuff Muscles in the Shoulder

Rotator Cuff Muscles in the Shoulder

The rotator cuff muscles provide stability of the Glenohumeral Joint

The Rotator Cuff tendons work to keep the humeral head in the Glenoid fossa

Theses muscles are integral in the braking mechanism of the arm during overhead throwing or striking actions

The Glenohumeral Joint is separated when the arm is away from the body and contacts the ground or playing surface

The Bones of the Elbow

The Healthy Elbow

Elbow Hyperextension

This injury usually occurs when the arm is fully extended with the palm facing forward and is forced backwards

The critical components of a successful taping technique is to keep the arm flexed when the fan is applied.

Use elastic tape for the anchors to not cut off circulation in the arm

Bones of the Wrist/Hand

Scaphoid Bone Break in the Hand

Scaphoid Bone break in the hand can be a very serious injury Limited blood flow to the bone leads to slow

recovery People with broken scaphoids can get

impatient resulting in removal of casts and re injury of the bone

If this occurs repeatedly blood flow can diminish even further sometimes resulting in the bone dieing

Muscle of the Thigh

Muscles and Movements of the Thigh

Quadreceps Rectus Femoris: Hip Flexion and Lower Leg Extension Vastus Medialis, Intermedialis, Lateralis: Lower Leg

Extension

Hamstrings Biceps Femoris: Hip Extension and Lower Leg Flexion Semitendonosus and Semimembranonus: Lower Leg

Flexion

Gluteals Gluteus Maximus: Hip Extension and Hip Abduction

Adductor Muscles Gracilis, Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus: Hip

Adduction

Ligaments of the Knee

Ligaments, Meniscus and Cartilage

Knee Sprains 1st Degree sprain

Ligament is stretched or slightly torn 2nd Degree sprain

Ligament is torn but not ruptured 3rd Degree sprain

Ligament is completely ruptured

Meniscus, cartilage and spacing

Bones of the Ankle

Anatomy of an Inversion Ankle Sprain

3 Arches of the Foot

How do our Arches create problems for us?

The arches of the foot are the most overlooked structure in athletes.

They are designed to absorb and distribute body mass and to improve movement by increasing speed and agility

The Medial Longitudinal and the Transverse arches act as shock absorbers Poor arches can lead to shin splints, knee,

hip and back problems