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Insecticide, Miticide, & Fungicide Guide

2017-18

2 GROWERTALKS 2017-2018 Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide

Joe Lara, Senior Product ManagerBASF Professional & Specialty Solutions

6 GrowerTalks August 2016

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BASF is pleased to sponsor the GrowerTalks Insecticide, Miticide, & Fungicide Guide. Growers are always looking for ways to improve efficiency and implement advancements, and we are proud to promote solutions that help you produce healthy, quality crops.

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Our best wishes for another successful season.

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Disclaimer: These recommendations may not be appropriate for conditions in all states and may not comply with laws and regulations in every state. These recommendations were current as of September 2017. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Be sure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before purchasing or applying any chemical. For assistance, contact your county Cooperative Extension Agent or pest control advisor. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by Ball Publishing.

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4 GROWERTALKS 2017-2018 Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS 2017-2018 Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 5

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Pesticide rotation is the temporal alternation of pesticides, such as, insecticides and/or miticides that have different modes of action. One of the main ways of mitigating the potential for insect and mite pest populations to develop pesticide resistance, and extending the effectiveness of currently available pesticides, is to rotate pesticides with different modes of action.

Mode of action, or mode of activity, refers to how a pesticide affects the metabolic or physiolog-ical processes in an insect or mite pest. Previous recommendations involved rotating pesticides based on chemical classes, however, some chemical classes have the same mode of action such as, organo-phosphates and carbamates. Exam-ples of organophosphate and carba-mate pesticides include: acephate (Orthene), chlorpyrifos (DuraGuard) and methiocarb (Mesurol).

General recommendations in-clude rotating different modes of action every two to three weeks or within an insect or mite pest generation, in order to decrease selection pressure, which is associated with the frequency of applying pesticides. The concept is to use one mode of action within a generation early in the crop production cycle and then switch to different modes of action in subsequent gener-ations. However, the frequency of rotating pesticides with distinct modes of action depends on the time of year and temperatures in the greenhouse because development from egg to adult is contingent on temperature.

In fact, higher temperatures can result in faster population growth, thus leading to simultaneous presence of overlapping generations at different life stages (eggs, larvae, nymphs, pupae and adults). The occurrence of overlap-ping generations can lead to increased pesticide applications, consequently enhancing the frequency of resistance. Therefore, the ideal situation is to utilize a variety of pesticides with different modes of action.

A potential problem associated with pesticide rotations is that insect or mite pest populations may evolve different ways to resist the same pesti-cide. In addition, if cross-resistance (which is affiliated with a single resis-tance mechanism that’s responsible for resistance to pesticides in similar chemical classes and/or with the same mode of action) occurs in a pest population, then rotating insecticides with different modes of action won’t be effective in mitigating resistance. The rotation of pesticides with distinct modes of action assumes that the frequency or proportion of individuals in a pest population resistant to one pesticide will be reduced when an alterna-tive pesticide with a different mode of action is applied.

Consequently, the frequency of resistant individuals declines in subse-quent generations when the initial pesticide isn’t applied. So when the first pesticide is reapplied, there’s a high frequency of susceptible individuals present. As such, the initial pesticide will provide effective suppression of a pest population when re-introduced into the rotation program. The rotation of pesticides with different modes of action will reduce selection pressure as

Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd

Pesticide Rotation

opposed to using only one pesticide; resulting in exposure of individual pests to only one mode of action during their lifetime.

Furthermore, rotating pesticides with different modes of action will help preserve existing pesti-cide products, as well as, help effectively manage insect and/or mite pest populations. However, a factor that may influence pesticide rotations is the stability of resistance, where resistance to certain pesticides may be retained in future generations despite rotating different modes of action. Therefore, rotation programs need to include a number of pesticides with different modes of action.

Another strategy is to rotate pesticides with specific modes of action with those having non-specific, multiple or broad modes of activity, such as insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, selective feeding block-ers, beneficial fungi and bacteria, and micro-or-ganisms. The use of pesticides with broad modes of activity may reduce the rate at which insect or mite pest populations develop resistance. Howev-er, be sure to rotate insect growth regulators with different modes of action since certain insect pests—including aphids and whiteflies—have de-veloped resistance to a number of insect growth regulators.

In conclusion, always use pesticides judicious-ly in order to avoid problems with pesticide resis-tance by rotating pesticides with different modes of action, and more importantly, implement non-pesticidal strategies, including scouting, cultural control, sanitation, physical control and biological control.

When spraying pesticides (insecticides and miticides), be sure to rotate modes of action to avoid insect or mite pest populations developing resistance.

Use an insecticide or miticide with the same mode of action within an insect or mite pest generation before switching to another insecticide or miticide with a different mode of action.


A pesticide mixture is the combining of pesticides (in this case, insec-ticides and miticides) into a single spray solution. The mixture exposes individuals in a pest population to each pesticide simultaneously, which can sometimes improve pest suppression. There are benefits associated with pesticide mixtures, however, several issues should be considered.

First, always read the pesticide label and understand why certain pesticides are being mixed together. The use of pesticide mixtures should be based on the mode of action of each pesticide and developmental stage(s) of the target pest(s) that the pesticide mixture is most effective against. For example, mixing two miticides that are only active on the adult stage of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) wouldn’t be appropriate because both miticides would only kill adults with no activity on the eggs, larvae or nymphs. However, mixing a miticide with adult activity with another miticide that’s active on eggs, larvae and nymphs would be appropriate because the pesticide mixture would target all life stages of the pest.

There are three main factors to be aware of when mixing pesticides together: 1) half-life; 2) persistence; and 3) mode of action. Half-life is associated with the pH of the spray solution in regards to the length of time required for the active ingredient to degrade. Always mix together pesticides with similar half-lives in order to avoid exposing pests to just one pesticide for any given time period. Persistence refers to the residual activity of a given pesticide following an application (e.g., short vs. long residual activity). Be sure to mix together pesticides that have similar residual activities so that pest populations are exposed to both pesticides for the same time period.

Mode of action is how a pesticide affects the metabolic and/or physi-ological processes of an insect or mite pest. Always mix together pesti-


Pesticide Mixtures

cides with different modes of action in order to pre-vent pest populations from developing resistance to one mode of action.

The main reason for mixing pesticides togeth-er is because it’s less time consuming, costly and labor-intensive to mix two or more pesticides and make one application as opposed to applying each pesticide separately. Another benefit of pesticide mixtures is the potential for improved pest suppres-sion.

For instance, mixing two pesticides may result in greater kill (based on mortality) than applying either pesticide separately, which is referred to as synergism or potentiation. Synergism is when the combined toxicity of two pesticides is greater than the sum of the toxicities of each individual pesti-cide.

Another case is when one compound has pesticidal activity, but the other compound in the mixture has minimal, if any, activity when applied separately. Potentiation occurs when the activity of one pesticide enhances the activity of another pes-ticide. In this case, both compounds have pesticidal activity and are toxic when applied separately.

There are also compounds referred to as syner-gists, which are adjuvants that enhance the effec-tiveness of a pesticide active ingredient. For exam-ple, piperonyl butoxide or PBO is a synergist that’s commonly mixed or formulated with pyrethrins (botanical pesticides derived from chrysanthemum [Tanacetum cinerariaefolium] flowers) and certain pyrethroid pesticides. Piperonyl butoxide works by blocking enzymes in an insect that detoxify the active ingredient so the pesticide retains activity.

Furthermore, certain organophosphate pesti-cides (e.g., acephate and chlorpyrifos) are used as synergists for certain pyrethroid pesticides (e.g., bifenthrin and cyfluthrin) because they bind to particular enzymes responsible for detoxification or metabolism. This binding counteracts the ability of insect and/or mite pests to develop resistance, which may be the reason why pesticide manufac-turers formulate pre-mixtures containing organo-phosphate and pyrethroid pesticides to manage insect and/or mite pests.

There are issues associated with pesticide mixtures. For instance, just as synergism improves the efficacy of pesticide mixtures, the opposite may occur when mixing two or more pesticides, consequently, reducing the effectiveness of a pesticide mixture compared to individual applica-tions of each pesticide. This is referred to as antagonism.

Moreover, applying pesticides together may not only reduce effective-ness, but may result in plant injury or phytotoxicity. Therefore, always read the labels of all pesticides to be mixed together to determine if they should be mixed together. If you have any questions, then contact the pesticide manufacturer directly.

Another potential issue with pesticide mixtures is incompatibility, which is a physical condition that prevents pesticides from mixing together properly in a spray solution, thus reducing effectiveness or increasing the potential for plant injury or phytotoxicity. Incompatibility may be caused by a number of factors, including chemical or physical nature of the pesticide(s), water impurities, water temperature or formu-lation types mixed together.

In order to determine incompatibility between two (or more) pesti-cides, conduct a jar test. A jar test involves collecting a sample of the spray solution into a separate empty container and allowing the solution to remain idle for about 15 minutes. If the pesticides aren’t compatible, a noticeable separation, layering, flakes or crystals will form. However, if the pesticides are compatible, then the solution will appear homoge-neous or resemble milk. Regardless, this procedure only assesses com-patibility or incompatibility, not synergism or antagonism.

New plant varieties or cultivars are continually being introduced into the marketplace. Nonetheless, these new varieties may differ in their re-

sponse to pesticide mixtures. Therefore, in order to avoid problems associated with plant injury or phy-totoxicity, always test a pesticide mixture by mak-ing applications to approximately 10 plants before exposing the entire crop to the pesticide mixture. If no plant injury or phytotoxicity is apparent after seven to 10 days, then the pesticide mixture can be applied to the whole crop.

The issue regarding pesticide mixtures and resistance is still not well understood, although applying two or more pesticides at different time intervals may offer similar advantages with regards to pest suppression than a pesticide mixture. How-ever, using pesticide mixtures to mitigate resistance development may not be appropriate because each individual pest in the population may not be ex-posed to a lethal dose of each pesticide. The mixing of pesticides with different modes of action may delay resistance within a given pest population because individuals in the pest population may not be able to develop resistance to several modes of action simultaneously.

Furthermore, individuals in the pest population that are resistant to one or more pesticides would likely succumb to the other pesticide in the mixture. Nonetheless, using pesticide mixtures to mitigate resistance will only be effective if there’s no cross resistance, which is based on a single resistance mechanism responsible for resistance to pesticides in the same chemical class and/or with similar modes of action.

Some commercially available pesticide products are formulated as pre-mixtures, including Sirocco (bifenazate + abamectin), XXpire (spinetoram + sulfoxaflor) and Discus (cyfluthrin + imidacloprid). These products contain two different active ingre-dients with distinct modes of action and provide a broad-spectrum of activity against many different insect and mite pests.

Pesticide mixtures have advantages and limita-tions. Greenhouse producers mix pesticides such as insecticides and miticides together in order to reduce labor costs affiliated with multiple spray applications and to improve suppression of insect and mite pests. However, always exercise caution or avoid using pesticide mixtures in order to prevent problems associated with antagonism, incompati-bility, phytotoxicity and resistance.

The use of pesticide mixtures may result in synergism occurring when two different pesticides are mixed together.

Some commercially available pesticide products, like Sirocco, are formulated as pre-mixtures containing two different active ingredients with distinct modes of action, which provides broad-spectrum activity against many different insect and mite pests.


Pesticides, such as insecticides and miticides, are commonly applied by greenhouse growers to suppress insect and mite pest populations. In general, horticultural crops grown in green-houses typically require inputs from pesticides in order to maintain the aesthetic quality of plants for salability. However, it’s important to use pesti-cides properly in order to maximize ef-fectiveness. There are three key factors associated with maximizing pesticide effectiveness: timing, coverage and frequency.

Timing refers to applying pesticides (in this case, insecticides and miti-cides) when the most susceptible life stage of a given insect or mite pest is present. For insect and mite pests, the most susceptible life stages, in general, are the larva/nymph and adult. The egg and pupa tend to be more resilient, and thus less susceptible to pesticide applications. Therefore, growers need to understand the biology of a given insect and/or mite pest in order to in-crease the effectiveness of a pesticide application.

When applying systemic insec-ticides to the growing medium (as drench applications), always conduct applications prior to noticing phlo-em-feeding insects, such as aphids and whiteflies. The reason for this is the active ingredient of the systemic insecticide can take time to move or translocate throughout plants follow-ing application, although this depends on water solubility (the higher the water solubility, the faster the active ingredient will translocate through the plant vascular system). Examples of systemic insecticides that may be used on greenhouse-grown horticultural crops include imidacloprid (Marathon), dinotefuran (Safari), thiamethoxam (Flagship), cyantraniloprole (Main-spring) and spirotetramat (Kontos).

Be sure to take note that tempera-ture influences the life cycle and, consequently, the presence of sus-ceptible life stages. The higher the temperature, the faster that insects

and mites complete development. Therefore, the effect of temperature on insect and mite development needs to be taken into consideration when timing applications of pesticides. In order to minimize harm to honey bees and bumblebees from pesticide applications, always apply pesticides in the early morning or late evening when honey bees and bumblebees are less active.

Coverage is especially important when using contact pesticides. Always thoroughly cover all plant parts, includ-ing the leaves, stems, flowers and fruit. The use of an adjuvant may be required to enhance coverage by increasing the spreadability of the spray solution, thus enhancing coverage—especial-ly on waxy leaves. An adjuvant is a material added to a pesticide mixture or solution in order to improve or alter deposition, toxicity, mixing ability, persistence and/or other attributes that will enhance effectiveness. One type of adjuvant is a surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of spray droplets, thus allowing for better coverage on waxy or hairy leaf surfaces of certain plants or the outer covering (cuticle) of insects and mites.

How important is coverage with regards to translaminar pesticides? Translaminar pesticides are those in which the material (spray solution) penetrates leaf tissues and forms a reservoir of active ingredient within the leaf, providing residual activity against a number of plant-feeding pests, such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). Regardless, always thoroughly cover all plant parts, especially the upper and lower sides of leaves, as many insecticides and miticides with translaminar properties have contact activity as well. Examples of insecticides/miticides that have translaminar activity include abamec-tin (Avid), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), etoxaz-ole (TetraSan), pyriproxyfen (Distance/Fulcrum), spinosad (Conserve) and spiromesifen (Judo).

Frequency depends on the residual activ-ity (persistence) of a given pesticide. Always read the product label to obtain information on the frequency of application. In general, recommendations favor making pesticide applications once every seven days. Howev-er, frequency of application will depend on the residual activity of the pesticide (short-term vs. long-term).

Nonetheless, too many applications may also result in plant injury or phytotoxicity to certain greenhouse-grown crops. For example, plant injury may occur if you apply insecticidal soaps (potassium salts of fatty acids) or horticultural oils (mineral, petro-leum or neem-based) too frequently (three times per week).

Furthermore, applying the same pes-ticide continuously may promote resis-tance developing in insect and/or mite pest populations, which is why you always rotate pesticides with different modes of action after completion of a generation. In addition, the time of year or season (spring vs. summer) may affect the frequency of

application due to the influence of temperature on the life cycle (egg to adult) of an insect and/or mite pest. As temperature increases, the time required for the life cycle to be completed is reduced, which usually results in the need for more frequent appli-cations.

In conclusion, timing, coverage and frequency are important factors to consider in order to insure success when using pesticides to suppress insect and/or mite populations on greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. However, proper pesticide stewardship is critical in avoiding problems such as plant injury and resistance. Finally—and most importantly—read the label of all pesticides prior to use and follow label directions explicitly.


How to Maximize the Effectiveness of Pesticides

When applying systemic insecticides to the growing medium, always conduct applications prior to noticing phloem-feeding insects, such as whiteflies.

Be sure to take note that temperature influences the life cycle of insects and mites—the higher the temperature, the faster that insects and mites complete development.

Applying the same pesticide continuously may promote resistance developing in insect and/or mite pest populations, which is why you always rotate pesticides with different modes of action after completion of a generation.


Greenhouse pest management/plant protection involves using a multitude of strategies in order to minimize the prospect of dealing with insect and mite pest populations. The use of pest control materials (insecticides and miticides) is one component of a pest management/plant protection program, which also includes pest identification and monitoring along with cultural, physical, and biological control. Proper stewardship of pest control materials involves resistance management by rotating products with different modes of action. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) has developed a grouping, based on mode of action, to facilitate the implementation of appropriate rotation programs. Pest control materials have been assigned a designated number (sometimes number and letter combinations) associated with their mode of action. For more information, consult the IRAC website (www.irac.online.org). The information presented in this chart is not a substitute for the label. Always read and understand all information presented on the label before using any pest control material. Also, be sure to check county and state regulations to determine if there are any local restrictions associated with the use of specific pest control materials listed in this chart.

2017 Pest Control Materials for Managing Insect and Mite Pests of Greenhouse-grown Horticultural CropsRaymond A. CloydDepartment of EntomologyKansas State University

(Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.)

Insect or Mite Pest

Pest Control Material Common Name

Pest Control Material Trade Name(s)

Restricted Entry Interval (REI)

Mode of Action (IRAC Mode of Action Classification)

APHIDS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA1 chloride channel activator (6)

Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/Precise

24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B)

Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)

Azadirachtin Azatin/Ornazin/Molt-X/Azatrol2 4/12/4/4 hoursEcdysone antagonist: inhibits action of molting hormone

Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA BotaniGard 4 hours

Bifenazate + Abamectin Sirocco 12 hoursMitochondria electron transport inhibitor + GABA chloride channel activator (20D + 6)

Bifenthrin Attain TR/Talstar 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)

Chlorpyrifos DuraGuard ME 24 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B)

Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem oil

Triact 4 hours Suffocation or membrane disruptor

Cyantraniliprole Mainspring 4 hours Selective activation of ryanodine receptors (28)

Cyfluthrin Decathlon 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)

Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid Discus 12 hoursProlong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A)

Dinotefuran Safari 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)

Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)

Flonicamid Aria 12 hoursSelective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ modulator (29)

Flupyradifurone Altus 4 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4D)

Imidacloprid Marathon/Benefit/Mantra 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)

Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97

Ancora 4 hours

Isaria fumosoroseus Strain FE 9901

NoFly 4 hours

Kinoprene Enstar 4 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7A)

Methiocarb Mesurol 24 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1A)

Mineral oil Ultra-Pure Oil/SuffOil-X 4 hours Suffocation or membrane disruptor

Potassium salts of fatty acids M-Pede 12 hours Desiccation or membrane disruptor

Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hoursSelective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B)

Pyrethrins Pyrethrum 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)

Pyrifluquinazon Rycar 12 hoursSelective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B)

Spinetoram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hoursNicotinic acetylcholine receptor disruptor/agonist and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C)

Insect or Mite Pest





Spirotetramat Kontos 24 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23)

Tau-fluvalinate Mavrik 12 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)

Thiamethoxam Flagship 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)

Tolfenpyrad Hachi-Hachi 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A)

BROAD MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)


Chlorfenapyr Pylon 12 hours Oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler (13)

Fenpyroximate Akari 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A)

Pyridaben Sanmite 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A)

Spiromesifen Savate 12 hours Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor (23)


CATERPILLARS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)


Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki

Dipel 4 hours Midgut membrane disruptor (11)









Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unknown mode of action

Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 4 hoursEcdysone agonist: mimics action of molting hormone (18)

Novaluron Pedestal 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15)


Spinosad Conserve 4 hoursNicotinic acetylcholine receptor disruptor/agonist and GABA chloride channel activator (5)



CYCLAMEN MITE Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)






12 GROWERTALKS 2017-2018 Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide GROWERTALKS 2017-2018 Insecticide, Miticide & Fungicide Guide 13(Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.)

Insect or Mite Pest





FUNGUS GNAT LARVAE



Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

Gnatrol 4 hours Midgut membrane disruptor (11)




Cyromazine Citation 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (17)

Diflubenzuron Adept 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (15)




Pyriproxyfen Distance/Fulcrum 12 hours Juvenile hormone mimic (7C)

Steinernema feltiae Nemasys, NemaShield, Scanmask, and Entonem


FUNGUS GNAT ADULTS







LEAFHOPPERS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)




Buprofezin Talus 12 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (16)












NoFly 4 hours


Insect or Mite Pest










LEAFMINERS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)















Ancora 4 hours






MEALYBUGS Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/Precise













q Fenpropathrin Tame 24 hours Prolong opening of sodium channels (3A)


Insect or Mite Pest









Ancora 4 hours


NoFly 4 hours





Spineotram + Sulfoxaflor XXpire 12 hoursNicotinic acetylcholine receptor disruptor/agonist and GABA chloride channel activator + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (5 + 4C)




PLANT BUGS Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)





Ancora 4 hours


NoFly 4 hours


SCALES (HARD AND SOFT)a Acephate Orthene/1300 Orthene TR/

Precise24/24/12 hours Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor (1B)















Insect or Mite Pest









SHORE FLY LARVAE







SLUG AND SNAIL Iron phosphate Sluggo 0 hours Inhibits calcium metabolism

Metaldehyde Deadline Refer to Label Central nervous system toxin


SPIDER MITE (TWOSPOTTED)

Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)

Acequinocyl Shuttle 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (20B)

Bifenazate Floramite 4 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (20D)






Clofentezine Applause 12 hours Growth and embryogenesis inhibitor (10A)

Cyflumetofen Sultan 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (25)

Etoxazole TetraSan/Beethoven 12/24 hours Chitin synthesis inhibitor (10B)

Fenazaquin Magus 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A)


Hexythiazox Hexygon 12 hours Growth and embryogenesis inhibitor (10A)


Ancora 4 hours

Metarhizium anisopliae Strain F52

Met52 4 hours






THRIPS Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)



q Acetamiprid TriStar 12 hours Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (4A)


a Refer to label for specific scale species.1 GABA=Gamma-aminobutyric acid.2 Additional azadirachtin products include the following: AzaGuard, Aza-Direct, and AzaSol.

For more information contact Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd, Professor and Extension Specialist in Horticultural Entomology/ Plant Protection at Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004Phone: (785) 532-4750; Email: [email protected]

Updated: May 6, 2016

(Pest control materials in bold typeface are from BASF.)

Insect or Mite Pest
















NoFly 4 hours



Met52 4 hours






Pyridalyl Overture 12 hours Unknown mode of action







WHITEFLIES Abamectin Avid 12 hours GABA chloride channel activator (6)











Insect or Mite Pest







Cyfluthrin + Imidaclorpid Discus 12 hoursProlong opening of sodium channels + nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator (3A + 4A)



Fenazaquin Magus 12 hours Mitochondria electron transport inhibitor (21A)






Ancora 4 hours


NoFly 4 hours


Met52 4 hours





Pymetrozine Endeavor 12 hoursSelective feeding blocker/chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulator (9B)











a Refer to label for specific scale species.1 GABA=Gamma-aminobutyric acid.2 Additional azadirachtin products include the following: AzaGuard, Aza-Direct, and AzaSol.

For more information contact Dr. Raymond A. Cloyd, Professor and Extension Specialist in Horticultural Entomology/Plant Protection at Kansas State University, Department of Entomology, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004Phone: (785) 532-4750; Email: [email protected]

Updated: August 4, 2017


The Basics of Building an RMP

Preventative Application: No leaf spot Curative Application: New growth is infection-free

Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria tenuissima) on Pittosporum.

Orkestra Intrinsic Provides Preventative vs. Curative Control of Alternaria spp.

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Learn how to develop a Resistance Management Program for your operation so that you’re ready for whatever disease pressures come your way.

When it comes to controlling the many different types of diseases that your crops may be susceptible to it’s important to have a comprehensive plan of action to allow you to send the best plants into the market and to conserve your input, such as chemicals and labor. Here’s what you must consider to create a plan that’ll ensure crop success.

What’s an RMP? A Resistance Management Program (RMP) is a plan that covers all aspects of a disease outbreak in your operation. A success-ful RMP encompasses everything from prevention—including scouting, sanitation and record keeping—to the use and rotation of products to eradicate disease and decrease the risk of resis-tance development.

A good RMP also covers fungicides, insecticides and herbi-cides. We want you to look at what you’re trying to control and then choose products that’ll provide a very high level of control on what’s targeted.

Scouting and record keeping No matter which crop(s) you’re working with, it’s important to know the history of the crops you’re producing. This informa-tion helps you develop a spreadsheet or matrix where you know for a fact that as you grow the plant from a rooted cutting or a plug to finish, this crop has the potential to become infected with specific diseases.

Keeping good records of a crop during scouting is especially helpful when introducing a new variety or plant species into the operation. If it’s a new crop, note whether or not there’s potential for specific disease problems.

Additionally, with a new introduction, growers are opening themselves up to having to deal with new diseases that they may not have had experience with. Part of what an RMP is, is knowing how to grow your crops under optimal conditions, including fertility and light levels, overall soil-type mix and more. Following recommendations from the breeder or produc-er will reduce the crop’s potential to develop disease. Growing a plant under optimum conditions to be the healthiest it can be is always one of the best ways to manage your crop and hopefully have few pest problems.

Start clean, end cleanPrevention methods are always first choice in an RMP. There-fore, preventative treatments and practices are essential. Disease always takes the host plant, then it takes presence of the pathogen and then it takes the environment. If you don’t have those three essential elements working together, then you don’t have disease development. In addition to growing under optimal conditions, sanitation is another way to prevent the triggering of a disease in your crop.

Crops that are high risk for disease should be placed on benches in distinct locations where water, spacing, air move-ment and other environmental conditions can be controlled. Segmenting the crop in such a way also allows for additional scouting, so any disease that does occur can be contained more efficiently.

If you know a crop will likely be susceptible to a cer-tain disease, you’ll want to make a well-timed preven-tative application prior to detectible infection, which is the best course of action. You can use a lower rate on the label rate range. Also, you could possibly expect good initial residual from this application. By keeping plants in early production clean, you have more plants that finish and go to market.

Get a second opinion If you do end up seeing a disease that you don’t know, you should do two things: you may protect the plants with a broad-spectrum fungicide, however, prior to spraying, you should send a sample to your diagnostic clinic of choice. As a grower, you should have at least two clinics that you can depend on. Choose a place where you know you can either have a one-to-one conversation or where you can get a diagnosis with-in 24 to 48 hours. A disease can move through a crop quickly—you might need a rapid turnaround on the diagnosis, so establish your operation with a clinic and diagnostician.

In addition, by sending a sample to a lab, you may discover that the disease present is extremely specific to only one or two products in the marketplace. As a result, you’ll have a more focused plan of treatment.

Curative control Using products as a rescue puts a lot of pressure on the chemistry to control that pathogen. However, if preven-tion methods fail and a disease does impact your crop, then it’s advantageous to develop a rotation that will bring the problem under control with as little plant loss as possible.

If you continue to use a product with poor expect-ed results, you need to examine the use of this prod-uct in your operation and your application methods—and get additional help. Don’t just continue to use that product. Similar to insect or weed control, having three different chemicals with different modes of action is a good rule of thumb for good chemical rota-tion and a resistance management. Chemical groups and modes of action are included on product labels, so refer to the label when planning your rotation.

Products that are broad spectrum, like Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide or Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide, are good for your line-up because they have activity on all four major fungal classes important in ornamen-tal programs. However, it’s beneficial to have a mix of products because some products have differences in activity on specific host plants and pathogens.

Residual control is dependent on the fungicide and the infec-tion pressure, plant stage and all growing conditions. The labels are written with realistic and tested application intervals and are a good guide for growers to follow when making any fungicide application. When you’re forced to make those early curative applications, you must use the higher rate on the label under the rate range and expect to do a repeat application on a shorter interval. Noting these two points are important to directly help in managing potential resistance to specific pathogens.

For more tips about disease prevention and BASF products, visit betterplants.basf.us. Always read and follow label directions.

Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide Controls Gray Mold on Hybrid Lily

Disease Severity Scale (1 - 10) at 8 Days after Application #3

N. Catlin, Cornell Long Island Extension, IR-4 Supported trial, 2014. Botrytis elliptica on hybrid lily ‘Vermeer’. Rate per 100 gal.

Decree 24 oz

Mural 7 oz

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Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide Control of Anthracnose on Sansevieria

Severity of Infection (%)

A. Palmateer, Univ. of FL, Homestead, IR-4 Supported Trial, 2015. Two applications at rate per 100 gal

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Dr. Kathie E. Kalmowitz, BASF Technical Specialist


Q: What environmental conditions favor downy mildew development?

A: The pathogen is very dependent on environmental conditions for disease development. Downy mildews require high relative humidity throughout disease development, and growth, sporulation and development will cease when conditions become too dry. The high relative humidity commonly found in plant production areas creates a perfect downy mildew environment.

Q: Since high relative humidity is essential for downy mildew development, can a grower use environmental conditions and production management to their advantage in the production environment?

A: Yes. In greenhouse production, downy mildew can be managed to some extent. If susceptible species are being grown, it can be helpful to keep the atmosphere dry. Both humid and moderate temperature growing conditions will favor the pathogens development. In outside production areas, however, manipulation of humidity and air temperature isn’t possible. In many growing areas, the time period for downy mildew infections may be short, but can occur several times during the year.

Additionally, spores can survive without infecting plant material if unfavorable environmental condi-tions are present.

Q: Are downy mildew spores spread through the air if they’re present in the environment?

A: Yes. Downy mildew can spread rapidly via wind-blown spores. Knowing when the pathogen spores are present is critical to disease management, especially if the crop plants are downy mildew hosts.

Downy mildews primarily infect the above-ground plant parts, including leaves, flowers, stems and fruits. Downy mildew can be particularly damaging in ornamentals since it systematically infects the plants. Symptoms like discolored patches on leaf surfaces can appear mosaic-like on the upper leaf surfaces and the spores can appear on the under-side of the leaves as fuzzy white, downy clusters.

Leaf symptoms may appear uncharacteristically not white and fuzzy when you observe downy mildew signs of the fungus on coleus, impatiens and a woody ornamental like viburnum.

These symptoms don’t present on all plant species the same way. For example, on certain plant species like coleus, impatiens or viburnum, the symptoms don’t appear white or fuzzy. Although infection doesn’t look the same on all plant species, severe infection can result in complete defoliation and, ultimately, plant death.

Downy Mildew: Conditions and Controls

BY DR. KATHIE E. KALMOWITZ

Q: Control—where do you begin?

A: Preventative control is the best strategy. If the greenhouse atmosphere can be manipulated to be less humid, this can help prevent downy mildew. However, if downy mildews are prevalent in your particular geography, then prevention may also involve chemical protection.

This brings to mind the second key distinction of downy mildew control versus control of other pathogens that might be encountered in production environments. Downy mildews must be controlled with what are referred to as “specialist” fungicides. Since downy mildews are considered “water molds,” not all fungicides available will provide control. A “specialist” product that controls downy mildew should be one that reduces and stops sporulation of the pathogen. An anti-sporulant will shut down the epidemic quicker, thus preventing spores from germinating, infecting and reproducing.

Infection may be actively occurring at the time of treatment, so it’s important to combine the initial application with a contact fungicide or “generalist.”

The grower needs to recognize that a product that controls powdery mildews must also list downy mildew, but they’re distinctly different fungal species. Examples of downy mildew fungi include: Bremia, Peronospora, Plasmopara and Psuedoperonospora, spp. Remember, if the label doesn’t specifically list downy mildew species, it won’t have activity on these fungi.

Q: How easily can you identify these “specialist” products?

A: There are several strong chemistries in the market currently making it easy to implement a good preventative, early curative program for downy mildew control.

BASF offers Stature SC “specialist” fungicide. Towards the infection period, Stature SC can be combined with a broader spectrum fungicide, like Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide in bedding plant production or Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide in the nursery or longer-term crops. These products can also be combined with mancozeb or chlorothalonil if signs of downy mildew infection are present at the time of application.

Other specialist fungicides that can be consid-ered are Adorn or Segovis. These two products are in different mode-of-action groups and can be used to build an effective fungicide rotation program. Several other broad-spectrum fungicides, including Strike Plus, may be utilized to combine two modes of action—one of which controls downy mildew and the other controls various other species of fungi.

Control of Downy Mildew on Impatiens

Percent Sporulation (%) at 8 Days After Application #1

M. Hausbeck, Michigan State Univ., 2014. *Segway applied as a drench and Orkestra applied as a foliar

application one time at rate per 100 gal.

Segway* 3.5 fl oz 0

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Downy Mildew: Conditions and ControlsDr. Kathie E. Kalmowitz, BASF Technical Specialist

Despite being spread via wind, it’s still important to practice plant residue sanitation in production areas. Downy mildew spores can per-sist on plant residue and dead tissue.

Check with your local land grant university to see if they’re involved with spore monitoring. This practice can give growers time to take preventative measures to protect susceptible crops. This is particularly important to track spore counts if ornamental greenhouses are sur-rounded by large fruit and vegetable production areas. To read more about these monitoring programs, consult universities such as Cornell and Michigan State that have active programs.

Q: What plant species are recognized as susceptible to downy mildew?

A: In annual plant production, Impatiens walleriana species and coleus have been studied and documented most frequently in recent years. The downy mildew species infecting these plants are different and the environmental conditions for optimal infection differ as well. Other susceptible annuals include pansy and snapdragon. Susceptible perennials include aster, coreopsis, geum, lupines, rudbeckia and veronica. Downy mildew can be a major production disease in woody plant production, particularly in Viburnum spp. Downy mildew is host specific with roses and occurs from stems to all plant parts. Preventative protection is required.

As winter progresses and temperatures and humidity fluctuate in your operation, be aware that conditions favoring downy mildew can be present.

Downy mildew on rudbeckia.

Downy mildew spores can appear on the under-side of the leaves as fuzzy white, downy clusters.

Downy mildew on lamium.

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Five Cultural Practices That Will Improve Disease ManagementJen Browning, BASF Technical Specialist

Integrate these steps into your IPM program to keep plants healthy and thriving.

While topics of new chemistries, technology and equipment are popular points of discussion in the green industry, the truth is the cleanest greenhouses are practicing good sanitation. Cou-pled with proper applications and updated tools, keeping a clean house will be your best bet to thwart damaging diseases. Here are five tips for success:

1. Ensure your cuttings are healthy. If you’re purchasing cuttings from a supplier, confirm that you’re receiving disease-free material. That’s a significant source of disease coming in right at the start of propagation, then staying in the production cycle. As an extra precaution, you can quarantine new cuttings by separating them out from your main production area to confirm they’re clean or to treat them.

2. Store media properly. If you know your media will be in storage for a period of time before it’s used, keep it sealed in its packaging, away from production areas and protected from the elements. Sometimes media will get opened and dumped into bins where it will be fed into filling machines, and that leaves it very exposed. If it sits that way in an open planting shed, you have a tremendous amount of wind and air movement.

3. Keep clean containers. As you pull plants out of containers that will be reused, gather those containers in one place and sanitize them before placing them back into rotation. With equipment, a standard routine helps—schedule a particular day of the month where major equipment is wiped down and cleaned and planting areas are sanitized. You’ll want to implement more frequent cleaning with smaller items like hand-pruners, cutting instruments or grafting blades that make contact with plants more often.

Always read and follow label directions. *Provides suppression of Thielaviopsis. Orkestra is a trademark and Intrinsic is a registered trademark of BASF. © 2017 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.

Fast control. Long residual.Great performance.Fast control. Long residual.Great performance.Fast control. Long residual.Great performance.

Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide provides fast, long-lasting disease control during the production cycle. Two modes of action perform in unison for protection against top-of-mind diseases like Botrytis spp., rust, powdery mildew, and Thielaviopsis spp.* This exceptional performer also delivers plant health benefits, including denser, stronger roots that promote resilience to stress for healthy, high-quality crops.


Orkestra_8.25x10.5_Grower_Talks_Guide_ad_300DPI.pdf 1 9/6/17 2:00 PM

4. Manage plant waste. Weeds under benches, in walkways and in other areas of the greenhouse may harbor weed seed, insect pests, mites and diseases. Additionally, plants that are pulled for not meeting quality standards can also present a danger to plants in production—they may provide a refuge or food source for pests. When you’re throwing plants out, place them in a sealed container or bag. Some places will use a regular residential trash can with a lid on it, and that’s fine, but it needs to be emptied and removed from the greenhouse on a regular basis because people will forget and leave the lid off.

5. Limit unnecessary greenhouse foot traffic. People act as vectors that can carry pests from clothes or shoes to equipment and plants. Depending on the type of crop you’re producing, you may want to have guests step through a wind block or wear protective clothing and footwear before entering the greenhouse. While it’s very common in vegetable production greenhouses, you also see it in places where tropicals are produced—often those that are from tissue culture, like orchids, since plants from tissue culture are more susceptible to infections and predation by insects.

People act as vectors that can carry pests from clothes or shoes to equipment and plants, so foot baths are always a smart thing to have.

Always have staff and guests wear protective clothing in the greenhouse.


Dealing with disease issues for the mid to late season.

Q: What products can I use to prevent and/or suppress soilborne diseases like Fusarium and Phytophthora in my perennials?

A: The organisms that cause these diseases are present in the natural environment and young plants are susceptible to four common soilborne diseases: Fusarium, Pythium, Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia. Whether you’re starting seeds, sticking cuttings, transplanting plugs or finishing, young plants don’t have a store of reserves or a large root system to fight off diseases.

Young perennials will face pressure from disease in the nursery growing environment, but also at the garden center and in the landscape after they’re planted. This is why plants are commonly treated with broad-spectrum fungicides that protect against these common diseases early, as well as disease pressure that may come later. Program approaches work best to control Fusarium and Phytophthora in perennials, and good cultural practices like sanitation and careful water management will help your fungicide program work even better.

Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide protects plants from soil-borne diseases with a drench application that provides excellent root protection and plant health benefits. Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide protects plants top and bottom, with over 26 foliar and root diseases on the label. Our newest disease control solution—Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide—provides preventive, early curative and residual control of key ornamental diseases.

The Intrinsic family of fungicides from BASF delivers excellent protection from disease and plant health benefits to help speed recovery from stressors like cold, heat, drought and shipping.

Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum. Fusarium on Freesia corms.

Phytophthora root rot in Hellebore from top to bottom.

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Prepare to tackle this quick-moving plant disease with these tips.

It can be easy to miss the signs of rust at first glance because it gets its start on the undersides of leaves. When the disease has spread to multiple leaves, it will start to be apparent on the top of the leaves with pitting and discoloration, and can be so disfiguring that there’s no bringing plants back.

Rust has a broad range of hosts and appears in different forms, including orange, black and grey rust pustules. It will also utilize multiple hosts, spending alternating seasons on different plants. In this scenario, you’re not just managing the disease on one host, but multiple hosts and throughout the year.

Treating rust Some products will provide early curative ability to stop the pro-gression of rust so quickly that the plant can grow past it. This is possible only when pressure is low—before its pathogen pressure surges and leaves become engulfed. Maybe you’ve noticed the early signs of rust developing and you’ve not treated those plants; that’s a scenario where Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide can stop the disease and the plants will outgrow the damage. When plants have waxier or thicker foliage, incorporating an adjuvant will help to manage rust infections.

An end-of-production exception When a grower is going to carry plants over winter, they may be a little more tolerant of damage from pathogens or insects late in the season. They have time the following spring—particularly with a preventive program as soon as plants emerge from dormancy. Some growers might also include dormant sprays for woody perennials as part of their disease IPM programs.

Rust: How to Spot and Handle It QuicklyPerennials Management: Fusarium & PhytophthoraJen Browning, BASF Technical SpecialistJen Browning, BASF Technical Specialist

Hypericum rust (Melampsora hypericorum).

Rose rust (Phragmidium tuberculatum).Rust on Hollyhock.

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Important Disease Control FactsDisease Symptoms Conditions that Promote Disease Common Hosts

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum)

Anthracnose can cause discrete leaf spots, blight of stems and leaves. The fungus forms masses of pinkish-orange spores in the affected area. The spots are often round and the fruiting bodies form in concentric rings in the dead tissue. They are black and resemble pin cushions when viewed with a hand lens.

Warm, moist conditions with high humidity favor disease development. Avoid wounding and over-fertilization.

Cyclamen, many woody plants, mandevilla, sansevieria, palms, hosta, aglaonema, pansy, spathiphyllum, hydrangea, cordyline, ficus, anthurium

Bacterial Leaf Spot (Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas)

Small, angular, water-soaked lesions sometimes surrounded by a purple or yellow halo on leaves. Spots start yellow or light green, to dark brown or black. When conditions are unfavorable they may appear tan.

High humidity, wet leaf surfaces. Splashing water moves bacteria and allows infection of new leaves. Reducing nitrogen may reduce many bacterial diseases.

Zinnia, snapdragon, basil, ivy, begonia, poinsettia, impatiens, rosemary, lavender, hydrangea, diffenbachia, aglaonema, anthurium

Bacterial Soft Rot (Pectobacterium =Erwinia)

Watery decay of any plant tissue; rotten fish odor; rapid collapse of plant (meltdown).

Bacterium is ubiquitous in environment. Too much water or nitrogen promotes disease.

Poinsettia, orchids, many foliage plants – relatively rare on bedding or woody plants

Botrytis Blight (gray mold)

Symptoms vary with host and tissue invaded; leaf spots; bud rot; flower blight; cutting rot; stem canker, stem and crown rot; proliferation of fluffy, brown/gray fungal mycelium containing spores; damping-off.

High humidity more than 85%; poor air circulation; 70 to 77F optimum temp for spore germination; spores must have free moisture to germinate; old flowers and decaying vegetation source of spores; rapidly colonizes wounded tissue.

Nearly all plants – especially in propagation or when flowering

Downy Mildew White/purple/gray fuzz (spores) on undersides of leaves. Yellowish or pale green mottling on upper leaf surface. On garden impatiens, foliage appears to have yellow stippling similar to spider mite injury. Downward curling of leaves. Emerging leaves may be small or discolored. Can become systemic in plants, resulting in stunting or distorted new growth.

Favored by high humidity, long durations of leaf wetness and cool weather (60 to 74F daytime). Can survive in plant debris in soil. Spores are spread by splashing water and air currents. Increasingly detected during warm months and in warmer regions.

Bracteantha, coleus, garden impatiens, snapdragon, veronica, pansy, agastache, rudbeckia, digitalis, hebe, galium, lamium, basil, rose, salvia

Fungal Leafspots (Alternaria, Cercospora, Helminthosporium, Corynespora, Septoria, Phyllosticta)

Round to irregular leaf spots; often with a border (red/purple/brown). Center of lesions becomes tan with age; size of lesion increases over time. Fruiting bodies may be present within lesion.

Prolonged leaf wetness, high humidity and warm temperatures favor most fungal leafspot diseases.

Nearly all plants get one or more fungal leaf spot diseases.

Foliar Nematodes Pattern of damage is stripes or patchwork and easily confused with bacterial leaf spots. Leaves turn yellow and eventually brown and die.

Spread by vegetative propagation, splashing water, plant-to-plant contact, worker movement and tools.

Ferns, hosta, heuchera and many other herbaceous perennials

Fusarium Stem Rot or Wilt

Lower leaves yellow and dry; can be followed by rapid wilting of the one side of the plant is common. Vascular system has reddish-brown streaks. Yellowing and stunting of older plants. Crown rot may occur with reddish coloration at the rotted area.

Fungus may be present on seed coats or in stems of symptomless cuttings. Drought or flowering stress can result in rapid and severe symptoms. Can be spread by fungus gnats. Spores and fungal fragments move via irrigation water.

Chrysanthemum, cyclamen, gerbera, lisianthus, pansy, annual vinca, cacti and succulents

Myrothecium Crown Rot, Leaf Spot and Petiole Rot

Petioles rot at the soil line, leaf collapses. Circular leaf spots initially appear water-soaked, and eventually turn brown or light tan in color. Dark green-to-black masses of spores surrounded by a white fringe appear on upper surfaces within the dead tissue. They are often formed in a ring spot pattern.

Warm, moist, humid conditions favor infection and disease development. Wounds are quickly colonized by this soilborne fungus. It is often spread on symptomless infected cuttings.

New Guinea impatiens, pansy, syngonium, dieffenbachia, aglaonema, ferns, gardenia

Disease Symptoms Conditions that Promote Disease Common Hosts

Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot

Mainly attacks crown and stems; roots are brown and disintegrate. Plant dies suddenly.

Generally the same as Pythium. Worst disease usually under high temperatures when plants are stressed.

Gerbera daisy, poinsettia, pansy, African violet, lavender, annual vinca, azalea, gardenia, liriope, petunia, spathiphyllum

Powdery Mildew Fluffy white patches on upper leaf surface, turning gray with age. Can also infect stems and flower petals when severe.

Favored by warm days and cool, damp nights; free water inhibits spore germination. This fungus can infect at low relative humidity and is common in spring and fall.

Gerbera, petunia, rosemary, rose, verbena, poinsettia, begonia, hydrangea, dahlia, lonicera, sedum, kalanchoe, coreopsis, scabiosa

Pythium Root Rot Damping off; lower leaves yellow and wilt; stunting; root rot with – outer cortex easily removed; irregular growth.

Over-watering and over-fertilization may predispose plants to infection. Can be spread by irrigation water especially when recycled or in ebb and flood. Poorly draining potting media and reuse of potting media or dirty containers.

Geranium, chrysanthemum, calibrachoa, all seed propagated bedding plants, ivy, pothos

Rhizoctonia Crown Rot and Aerial Blight

Damping off; infection starts at soil-line and can cause constriction (wire stem); rotted crown (shredded, dry-appearance); roots sometimes affected. Brown, irregular-shaped spots can develop on leaves and stems. Aerial web blight can develop when the fungus grows from the potting medium surface into the plant canopy.

Very wide host range and survives in plant debris and soil on benches, floors and pots. Web blight occurs often under high temperatures but decreases when they are over 95F. Plant crowding increases disease spread and severity.

Chrysanthemum, celosia, osteospermum, annual vinca, rosemary, garden and New Guinea impatiens, hydrangea, poinsettia and many foliage plants including ferns.

Rust Chlorotic spots appear on tops of leaves. Yellow, orange or brown spore masses or pustules form on the underside of the leaf and erupt through the leaf tissue. On geranium and snapdragon, pustules can form in a bullseye pattern.

Infect under mild, moist conditions. Spores easily spread in air currents.

Dianthus, geranium, snapdragon, heuchera, daylily, grasses, rose, penstemon and other herbaceous perennials

Sclerotinia Blight (White Mold)

Water-soaked spots on the stems or leaves become covered in a white cottony mass of fungal mycelium. The plant rapidly becomes soft and slimy. Hard black structures (sclerotia) that resemble rat droppings develop usually at the edge of the dead zone.

Spread is primarily by airborne spores. High soil moisture, high humidity and cool temperatures favor disease development often as spring turns into summer.

Lobelia, marigold, petunia, zinnia (most bedding and flowering plants), osteospermum, lilies, iris, delphinium

Thielaviopsis Root Rot (Black Root Rot)

Yellow, stunted growth; black root rot; wilting. Potting medium pH above 5.5 can be found in some peat mixes. Temperature stress.

Calibrachoa, pansy, petunia, annual vinca

Tospoviruses (INSV and TSWV)

Symptoms vary with host; yellow or necrotic spots on stems or leaves; leaf mosaic; black leaf spots; black ring spots; line patterns, overall yellowing; stunting. In some plants wilt occurs.

Transmission from infected to healthy plants via thrips; introduction into the greenhouse via infected plants or insect vector – several types of thrips including Western flower thrips.

Many plants including impatiens (common and New Guinea), cyclamen, gloxinia, aster, begonia, cineraria, dahlia, kalanchoe, lisianthus, lupine, nemesia, ranunculus, chrysanthemum, orchids

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMW)

Symptoms highly variable but include mosaic, stunting, distortion and tan spots. Symptoms may disappear but the plants remain infected.

Vegetative propagation and mechanical movement (on benches or cutting tools) most important means of spread. Can clean benches and tools with various disinfestants and nonfat dry milk.

Petunia, tomato, pepper, calibrachoa, phlox, orchids to name the most common


Chemical Class Chart for Ornamental FungicidesFRAC group Chemical Class Active Ingredient common name Trade Name

1 Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates (Thiophanates)

thiophanate-methyl AllBan Flo, Banrot*, 3336, ConSyst*, OHP 6672, Spectro 90*, SysTec 1998, T-Storm, TM 4.5, TM/C*, 26/36*, Zyban*

2 Dicarboximides iprodione Chipco 26019, Lesco 18 Plus, OHP 26GT-O, 26/36*

3 Demethylation Inhibitors (imidazole, pyrimidine, triazole)

fenarimol Rubigan AS, Rubigan EC

metconazole Tourney

myclobutanil Clevis*, Eagle, MANhandle*, Systhane

propiconazole Banner MAXX, Concert II*

tebuconazole Torque

triadimefon Strike 50, Strike Plus

triflumizole Terraguard

triticonazole Trinity, Trinity TR4 Phenylamides mefenoxam Subdue GR, Subdue MAXX

5 Amines “Morpholines” (Piperadines) piperalin Pipron

7 Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors - SDHI (Pyridine carboxamides, phenyl-benzamides, pyrazole-4-carboxamides)

benzovindiflupyr Mural*

boscalid Pageant Intrinsic*

flutolanil Contrast 70WSP, ProStar 70WG

fluxapyroxad Orkestra Intrinsic *

9 Anilinopyrimidines cyprodinil Palladium*

11 QoI-fungicides (strobilurins) azoxystrobin Heritage, Mural*

fluoxastrobin Disarm

pyraclostrobin Pageant Intrinsic*, Empress Intrinsic, Orkestra Intrinsic*

trifloxystrobin Compass

Imidazolinone fenamidone Fenstop

12 Phenylpyrroles fludioxonil Medallion WDG, Palladium*

14 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (chlorophenyl) dicloran Botran

pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) Terraclor

Thiadiazole etridiazole Banrot*, Terrazole, Terrazole CA, Truban

17 Hydroxyanalide fenhexamide Decree

19 Polyoxins polyoxin - D Affirm WDG

21 Quinone inside inhibitors (Cyano-imidazole) cyazofamid Segway O

28 Carbamate propamocarb Banol

33 Phosphonates fosetyl-Al Aliette

phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite

Alude, Biophos, Fosphite, Reliant, Vital

40 Carboxylic Acid Amines (cinnamic acid amides, mandelic acid amides)

dimethomorph Stature SC, Orvego*

mandipropamid Micora

43 Benzamides (Pyridinemethyl-benzamides) fluopicolide Adorn

44 Microbials Bacillus amyloliquifaciens (D747) Triathlon BA

44 Microbials Bacillus subtilis (QST 713) Cease, Companion

Bacillus subtilis (MBI600) Subtilex NG45 Quinone x Inhibitor ametoctradin Orvego*

M1 (multi-site) Inorganics copper salts Camelot O, Champion, Copper-Count N, CuPro 5000, Cuproxat, Junction*, Nordox, Nu-Cop, Phyton 27, Phyton 35

M3 (multi-site) Dithiocarbamate mancozeb Clevis*, Dithane, Fore, Junction*, Pentathlon, Protect, Zyban*

Chemical Class Chart for Ornamental FungicidesFRAC group Chemical Class Active Ingredient common name Trade Name

M5 (multi-site) Chloronitriles chlorothalonil Clevis*, ConSyst*, Concert II*, Daconil Ultrex, Daconil

Weatherstik, Echo, Exotherm Termil, Manicure 6FL, Spectro 90*, TM/C*

P5 plant extract complex mixture, ethanol extract Regalia

U15 piperidinyl-thiazole-isoxazolines oxathiapiprolin Segovis

Not Classified Microbial/Biopesticides Gliocladium catenulatum (J1446) PreStop

Streptomyces griseoviridis Mycostop

Streptomyces lydicus (strain WYEC 108)

Actinovate SP

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain Rootshield

Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma virens G41

RootShield Plus*

Not Classified Inorganic Protectants botanical extract Neem Oil

hydrogen dioxide Zerotol

hydrogen peroxide X3, Xeroton

potassium bicarbonate Armicarb 100, Kaligreen, MilStop

quaternary ammoniums KleenGrow

* Indicates a product that contains more than one active ingredient in a pre-pack mixture.

Dilution Tables*Pageant® Intrinsic® brand fungicide (1.0 ounce = 28.35 gram)

Use Rate (fl oz product) Spray Volume Rate (g) — Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide

/ 100 gal / 100 gal / 50 gal / 10 gal / 2 gal

6 oz 170 g 85 g 17 g 3 g

8 oz 227 g 114 g 23 g 5 g

12 oz 341 g 171 g 34 g 7 g

16 oz 454 g 227 g 46 g 9 g

Empress® Intrinsic brand fungicide (29.57 mL = 1.0 fl ounce)

Use Rate (fl oz product) Spray Volume Rate (mL) — Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide

/ 100 gal / 100 gal / 50 gal / 10 gal / 2 gal

2 fl oz 59 mL 30 mL 6 mL 1 mL

3 fl oz 89 mL 44 mL 9 mL 2 mL

4 fl oz 118 mL 59 mL 12 mL 2.4 mL

6 fl oz 177 mL 89 mL 18 mL 4 mL

* Rates are rounded to nearest whole number.

Always read and follow label directions.Non-BASF products are included in this guide to provide a rotation of products with known efficacy, good plant safety and different modes of action. Always evaluate products that are new to your operation for safety on the plant species and cultivars you grow, and under your specific growing conditions prior to large-scale application. Orkestra is a trademark, and Empress, Intrinsic, Orvego, Pageant, Stature, Trinity, Attain, Sultan, Pylon, DuraGuard, Subtilex and Ultra-Pure are registered trademarks of BASF. Aliette, Banol, Chipco, Rhapsody and Serenade are registered trademarks of Bayer Environmental Science. Cease is a registered trademark of BioWorks, Inc. Segway is a trademark of FMC Corporation. Spectro is a registered trademark of Cleary Chemical LLC. OHP 6672 is a trademark, and Terraguard and Terrazole are registered trademarks of OHP, Inc. Phyton 27 is a registered trademark of Phyton Corporation. Banrot and Truban are registered trademarks of Scotts Sierra Crop Protection Company. Camelot and Junction are trademarks of SePRO Corporation. Daconil, Medallion, Taegro and Palladium are registered trademarks of Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC. Tame is a registered trademark of Valent USA LLC Professional Products.© 2017 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.


Crown, Root and Soilborne DiseasesProduction Ornamentals 8-10 weeks of protection

Target Rotation 1 Rotation 2 Rotation 3 Rotation 4

Crown and Basal Rots, Soilborne5

Preventive Pageant® Intrinsic® brand

fungicide 12 oz or Empress®

Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Trinity® fungicide 8-12 fl oz or

Medallion Cleary’s 3336, OHP 6672 Pageant Intrinsic brand

fungicide 12 oz or Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Early curative Terraguard or Medallion Cleary’s 3336, OHP 6672 Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz or Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Terraguard or Medallion

Shipping protection 1-3 weeks before shipping

Terraguard or Medallion Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz

Phytophthora6

Preventive Orvego® fungicide

11-14 fl ozPageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-18 oz or Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Orvego fungicide11-14 fl oz

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-18 oz or Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Early curative Aliette or Banol Orvego fungicide14 fl oz

Aliette or Banol Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-18 oz or Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz


Orvego fungicide14 fl oz

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz

Pythium6

Preventive Segway O Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Segway O Terrazole or Truban, Banrot or Banol

Early curative Terrazole or Truban, Banrot or Banol

Segway O Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

Segway O


Segway O Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide 3-6 fl oz

ThielaviopsisPreventive and early curative Orkestra™ Intrinsic brand

fungicide 8-10 fl ozCleary’s 3336, OHP 6672 or Terraguard

Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide 8-10 fl oz

Control of Thielaviopsis spp. is very difficult and is dependent on cultural practices with soil pH and watering management. Orkestra Intrinsic brand fungicide is registered as ‘suppression’ of Thielaviopsis.

n All product rates shown are per 100 gallons.n The products in these rotations are translaminar and/or systemic and have 7-14 days residual activity, except contact products like mancozeb. With severe

infections and early curative applications, tank mix mancozeb with the recommended fungicide and shorten the interval to 7 days, then apply the second rotation recommendation.

n Refer to product labels and recommendations for additional instructions on non-BASF fungicides.n Additional sprays may be necessary depending on disease spectrum. Rotate chemistries for best program performance.

1 Leaf spots are numerous and some are controlled at much lower rates of Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide, from 4-8 oz/100 gal up to 8-12 oz/100 gal. Consult labels when targeting your specific leaf spots.

2 Ultra-Pure® Oil horticultural insecticide, miticide and fungicide is labeled for powdery mildew and can be used in production conditions where humidity is below 80%. Ultra-Pure Oil horticultural insecticide, miticide and fungicide has contact activity on powdery mildew and shines leaves prior to shipping.

3 Use of Camelot, Junction, mancozeb or Phyton 27 prior to shipping may result in residues. Check labels and test under growing conditions to determine acceptability and plant safety. Consult the Phyton 27 label prior to application to confirm plant safety for crop and conditions at time of application. Other bacterial products that are pathogen-specific include Taegro or Cease/Rhapsody/Serenade. Test these products on crop under growing conditions to confirm plant safety prior to wide-scale use.

4 Consider Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide in these rotations to protect plants from fungal diseases that may occur within the same production timing as bacterial infections.5 Check product labels for specific pathogens controlled. Does not include Pythium and Phytophthora spp. unless specifically noted. 6 Includes Pythium and Phytophthora spp. but it is product specific. Check labels for specific pathogen to be controlled.

Always read and follow label directions.

Foliar DiseasesRotate products per recommended guidelines for superior preventive and early curative control of the pathogens in these charts. Intrinsic® brand fungicides from BASF deliver both exceptional disease control and plant health.

Production Ornamentals 8-10 weeks of protection

Target Rotation 1 Rotation 2 Rotation 3 Rotation 4

AnthracnosePreventive Pageant® Intrinsic® brand

fungicide 18 oz Phyton 273, copper or mancozeb

Trinity® fungicide 8-12 fl oz Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 18 oz

Early curative Phyton 27, copper or mancozeb

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 18 oz + mancozeb

Spectro Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 18 oz


Spectro or Phyton 273 Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz

Downy mildewPreventive Stature® SC fungicide

6.12 fl ozSegway O or Aliette Stature SC fungicide

6.12 fl ozPageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 14 oz

Early curative Segway O + mancozeb Mancozeb + Aliette Stature SC fungicide 12.25 fl oz


Stature SC fungicide 12.25 fl oz


Leaf spot complex1

Preventive Chipco 26019,Cleary’s 3336 or OHP 6672


Medallion Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 8 oz

Early curative Daconil or mancozeb Medallion or Chipco 26019 + Daconil or mancozeb

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz + mancozeb

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 8-12 oz


Chipco 26019 (+ Daconil) Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 8 oz

Powdery mildewPreventive2 Pageant Intrinsic brand

fungicide 8-12 ozPalladium Trinity® fungicide 6-12 fl oz

or TerraguardPageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 8-12 oz

Early curative2 Terraguard Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz + mancozeb

Palladium + mancozeb Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz


Terraguard or Palladium Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz

Rots and Blights, BotrytisPreventive Pageant Intrinsic brand

fungicide 8-12 oz Medallion or Chipco 26019 + Daconil

Palladium Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-14 oz

Early curative Chipco 26019 + Daconil Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-14 oz

Palladium + Daconil Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-14 oz


Chipco 26019 or Medallion or Palladium

Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-14 oz

RustPreventive Pageant Intrinsic brand

fungicide 6-12 ozJunction, Camelot or Phyton 27 Terraguard Pageant Intrinsic brand

fungicide 12 oz

Early curative Mancozeb + Terraguard Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-18 oz + mancozeb

Junction, Camelot or Phyton 27 Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12-18 oz


Terraguard + Phyton 273 Pageant Intrinsic brand fungicide 12 oz

Bacterial diseases3

Preventive4 Junction, Camelot or Phyton 27 Cease or Rhapsody (biological) Junction, Camelot or Phyton 27 Cease or Rhapsody (biological)

Early curative4 Junction Camelot or Phyton 27

Empress® Intrinsicbrand fungicide

Give young plantsand transplantsa healthy start

Right from the start, you work hard to provide young plants with a strong

foundation. Drench applications of Empress Intrinsic brand fungicide provide

protection from root-infecting pathogens in plug, propagation and transplant

stages of production. This innovative fungicide also delivers plant health benefits,

including stronger, denser roots and resilience to stress.


Always read and follow label directions.Intrinsic and Empress are registered trademarks of BASF. © 2017 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.Always read and follow label directions.Intrinsic and Empress are registered trademarks of BASF. © 2017 BASF Corporation. All rights reserved.

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