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Sponge: P. 56: Explain this statement. 1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. All living things are made up of cells. P. 67: 2. What are two advantages of being multi-cellular? The cells are specialized and can perform different functions, and if one cell dies it does not effect the organism. 8/23/11 Squirrel of Organization pg 19 Slide 2 Cells Vocabulary & Levels of Organization (glue to pg. 20) Take five minutes to read over Life under the Microscope and then find the correct term for the definitions on the inside of your sheet. Remember to use good reading strategies as you read! Slide 3 Level 1: Cells Smallest working unit of living things. May serve a specific function/job within an organism, or may live alone (unicellular). Ex: bone cells, cartilage cells, red blood cells. Slide 4 Level 2: Tissues ( No, not THAT kind of tissue!) Made up of cells that are similar in structure/function that work together to perform a specific function or job. Ex: Humans have FOUR basic tissues: connective (fat, cartilage, bone, blood); epithelial (skin), nervous and muscular Slide 5 Slide 6 Level 3: Organs Made of tissues that work together to perform a specific activity. Ex: lungs, heart, stomach, brain. What other organs can you think of? Slide 7 Slide 8 Level 4: Organ Systems Groups of one or more organs working together to perform specific functions for the organism. Our human body has 11 organ systems. Can you name them? Slide 9 Slide 10 Level 5: Organism Entire living things that carry out all basic life functions. Meaning they are made of cells, share similar chemicals, can take in and use energy, grow and develop, reproduce, and sense and respond to changes in their surroundings. Theyre ALIVE! Slide 11 Organisms are usually made up of many cells but some organisms can be made up of only one cell such as bacteria. Slide 12 Slide 13 Squirrel of Organization In each circle, draw a colorful representative picture to match that specific level. For example, in the circle labeled cell, draw a picture of a specific type of cell you might find in a squirrel. Slide 14 8/23/11 Cell Structure & Function pg 19 Objective: To determine the structure and function of cell organelles. Bell work: List in order the levels of organization and provide an example of each. Slide 15 Cell Organelle Graphic Organizer glue to pg 20 The cell theory tells us that 1.All living things are made up of cells 2.Cells are the smallest working units of all living things 3.All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division Slide 16 What is a Cell? Cell: the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Slide 17 Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria Slide 18 Prokaryotic 1.Do not have organelles with membranes 2.Simple one-celled organisms - Bacteria ONLY! 3.I like to say PRO? NO! (NO nucleus, NO organelles) Slide 19 Eukaryotic 1.Contain organelles surrounded by membranes 2.Complex organisms - most living things 3.For this, I like to say EU? TRUE! (TRUE nucleus, TRUE organelles) PlantAnimal Slide 20 Lets Compare Slide 21 Make your own analogy! For each organelle on the following slides, think of a picture analogy that will help you to remember the organelle and what it does! You will draw this in the last column of your organizer. The first one is already done for you! Slide 22 Cell Membrane All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Structure: - Located on outside of cell. - Made of phospholipid bilayer: phosphates and lipids (fats) Function: - Determines what goes in/out of cell - Protects and supports cell Slide 23 Cytoplasm All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Structure: Jelly-like material found inside cell membrane Function: Supports and protects cells organelles. Contains some nutrients for cell. Slide 24 Nucleus/Nucleolus/DNA Nucleus ONLY in Eukaryotes (Free-floating DNA in Prokaryotes) Structure: - Has a nuclear membrane to allow materials in and out - Contains genetic material DNA (chromosomes) which contain instructions for traits - Contains dark central ball called the nucleolus (makes ribosomes) Function: Directs cell activities. Slide 25 Ribosomes All Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Structure: - Not bound by a membrane - Cell contains thousands. - Found on endoplasmic reticulum & freely floating throughout cell Function: Make protein Slide 26 Mitochondria Eukaryotic cells only Structure: Rod shaped and found throughout cell Function: - Powerhouse of cell - Produces energy from sugar through chemical reactions (Cellular Respiration) Slide 27 Chloroplast Eukaryotic PLANT cells only Structure: - Found in plant cells - Contains green chlorophyll Function: Photosynthesis uses sunlight to make sugar for plant Slide 28 Golgi Bodies/Complex/Apparatus All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: Made of 5-8 sacs Function: - Processes and packages proteins & lipids - Move materials within the cell and out of the cell in small sac called vesicle Slide 29 Endoplasmic Reticulum All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: - Series of tubes and sacs - Smooth: without ribosomes - Rough: with ribosomes Function: Transports proteins and breaks down drugs in the cell Slide 30 Lysosome All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: Vesicle built by the Golgi bodies Function: - Digests excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. - Disposal of the cell Slide 31 Vacuole All Eukaryotic Cells Structure: - Large & few (plant cell) - Small & many (animal cell) - Contains water Function: - Help plants maintain shape - Storage, digestion, & waste removal Slide 32 Cell Wall All Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic PLANT cells only Structure: Rigid wall found only in plant cells & bacteria cells Function: Supports & protects cells Slide 33 How many can you remember? Slide 34 Left Side Homework Write the following directions in your own words: Pick your favorite organelle from our lesson today, and draw that organelle as a superhero comic book character performing its job. Creativity, coloring, and the job it performs will all be factors in your grade! Slide 35 Objective: To identify the locations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organelles. Bell work: Why is the location of the nucleus important to the function of the cell? 8/24/11 Bacteria, Plant and Animal Cells pg 21 Slide 36 Glue Cells Sheet to pg 22 Now, lets look at the Bacteria Cell: Color the key (the squares) of the bacteria cell sheet using the color coding provided. 1. Cell Membrane - purple 2. Cytoplasm - white 3. DNA: free-floating in Bacteria Cells (no nucleus) orange 4. Ribosome - black 5. Cell Wall light green Slide 37 For both the Plant & Animal Cells Color the key (the squares) of BOTH the plant and animal cells using the color coding provided. 1. Cell Membrane - purple 2. Cytoplasm - white 3. Nucleus (including Nuclear Membrane, Nucleolus and Chromosomes/DNA (4/5) are not shown but are still present in plant cells orange 6. Ribosome - black 7. Mitochondria - red 8. Vacuole light blue 9. Golgi Body - yellow 10. Endoplasmic Reticulum - dark blue 11. Lysosome - pink ** Unique to Plant Cells: 12. Chloroplast dark green 13. Cell Wall light green Slide 38 Homework for Tonight Color the cells according to the keys provided. You MAY NOT use colors other than those you were given today. Make sure to review your organelles. Slide 39 8/26/11 The Microscope pg 23 Objective: To identify the structures and functions of the microscope and how to use it. Bell work: What happens to an image when it is seen through a microscope? Slide 40 History of the Microscope 1000 A.D - First use of lenses to view images of Greek & Roman writings 1590 Dutch lens makers Hans & Zacharias Janssen make the first microscope by placing two lenses in a tube 1665 - Robert Hooke is first to describe and coin the phrase "cell" when observing a slice of cork using a microscope power of 30X 1675 Anton van Leeuwenhoek father of microscopy uses a simple microscope with one lens and is the first to describe bacteria Slide 41 Label both the diagram and the function: Body Tube - Hollow tube that may hold lenses or mirrors. Nosepiece - Holds the objective lenses; rotates to use different lenses. Middle Objective - Objective with power of 10x Low Objective - Objective with power of 4x (Smallest objective) High Objective - Objective with power of 40x (Longest objective) Stage Clips - Holds the slide in place Iris Diaphragm - Controls how much light shines through Lamp - Provides the light that shines through the slide Eyepiece - The part you look through - also has a 10x lens in it Arm - Supports the body tube and makes a good handle for carrying the microscope Stage - The place where you set the slide Coarse Adjustment Knob - Used for finding stuff under low power, moves the stage up and down, too Fine Adjustment Knob - Used for high- power focusing Base - Supports the weight of the microscope Slide 42 How should you ALWAYS carry a microscope? Tucked in like a football; with one hand under the base and one around the arm. Eyepiece Magnification Objective Magnification Total Magnification = (10x) X (# on Objective lens) Find the Total Magnification for the following objective lenses: 1.objective = 4x 4X10=40 times! 2.objective = 10x 10X10=100 times! 3.objective = 40x 40X10=400 times! Slide 43 Microscope Review 1.Body Tube 2.Nosepiece 3.Middle Objective 4.Low Objective 5.High Objective 6.Stage Clips 7.Iris Diaphragm 8.Lamp 9.Eyepiece 10.Arm 11.Stage 12.Coarse Adjustment Knob 13.Fine Adjustment Knob 14.Base Slide 44 Objective: To demonstrate proper use of the microscope. Heres what a letter e from a newspaper might look like on a prepared slide. Use this image to help you answer the following questions. Write a Hypothesis on your paper about what you think will happen once you look at the letter e through the microscope: We know that microscopes will make images appear larger. What else do you think will happen to the image of the letter e when looked at through the microscope? Microscope E Lab Slide 45 Data and Conclusions: 1.Using the COARSE adjustment knob with the microscope on LOW power, raise the stage until the e can be seen clearly. Draw what you see below in the LOW POWER circle. Change the nosepiece to MED/HIGH Power - youll notice the e is out of focus. DO NOT TOUCH the Coarse Adjustment knob, instead use the FINE adjustment knob to sharpen your picture. Draw what you see in the MED/HIGH power circle. 2.Compare what you see through the eyepiece and the e that you see on the stage. Dont say it looks biggerlook closely! What happened? Why do you think this happened? 3.Looking through the EYEPIECE, move the slide to the upper right area of the stage. What direction does the image move through the eyepiece? 4.How does the ink appear under the microscope compared to normal view? 5.Why do you think a specimen placed under the microscope has to be thin? 6.Was your hypothesis from above supported? Why or why not? 7.How does the letter e as seen through the microscope differ from the way an e normally appears? Slide 46 9/7/10 Moving Cellular Materials Page 25 Objective: To learn how cells move materials Bell work: Watch the demonstration. When you smell the air freshener, raise your hand. Answer the following: How is each students distance from the teacher related to when he or she smelled the air freshener? Why do you think this pattern occurred? Slide 47 Watch Tim and Moby from BrainPop talk about Moving Cellular MaterialsMoving Cellular Materials Now answer the following questions on the left side: 1.What part of the cell helps the cell maintain homeostasis? 2. Can you apply your knowledge of the cell membrane to how a cell interacts with its environment? Slide 48 Cellular Transport Foldable Fold your paper in half, then half again, then half again like me! Open it up. You should have 8 equal-sized squares. Fold the doors into the center, so that your paper looks like a window with closed shutters. Cut the shutters so that you have four total doors. 12 34 Slide 49 On the front of each door, explain the following processes: DOOR 1: Osmosis DOOR 2: Diffusion DOOR 3: Transport Protein DOOR 4: Transport by Engulfing Underneath each door, correctly illustrate the process. Use the textbook pages 80- 85 to help you. Worth 100 points and to be TURNED IN tomorrow! After I grade them you will glue them to page 26. Cellular Transport Foldable Slide 50 Osmosis & Diffusion Lab Tomorrow in class you will be participating in a mini-lab. Today, we are going to begin the lab with the following set-up: Procedure: 1. Fill two beakers full with water. 2. Add salt and stir one beaker until no more salt will dissolve. There will be some salt left on the bottom of the beaker. 3. Label the beakers with fresh or salt water. 4. Weigh and record the initial weight of a stalk of celery, a piece of carrot, 2 grapes and 3 raisins and place in each beaker. 5. They will soak in the solutions overnight and well measure them again tomorrow. Slide 51 Exit Ticket: Lab page 25 What will happen to the carrots, celery, grapes & raisins in fresh water? What about in the salt water? Do you expect all of the foods to act the same way? Explain your answers. Slide 52 9/8/10 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Page 27 Objective: To understand how cells transport materials Bell work: Draw or write an analogy for Active and Passive Transport using a bicycle and a hill. Slide 53 Cells: The Building Blocks of Life MovieCells: The Building Blocks of Life Watch the movie segment and answer the questions about cellular processes. Slide 54 Diffusion and Osmosis Lab Page 28 Slide 55 Procedure 1.Using the balance, find and record the mass of each of your vegetables for both the salt water and the fresh water to the nearest tenth of a gram. 2.Record the data in the tables provided. Slide 56 Exit Ticket page 27 Using the graph paper provided, create two BAR graphs: one for all salt water produce and one for all fresh water produce. Each produce item should have two bars comparing initial and final weight! Please color your bar graph and also answer any questions on your handout from todays lab! Slide 57 9/9/10 Ecosphere Mystery! Page 29 Objective: Explain what happens during the process of photosynthesis and respiration Bell work: There is no need to add the nutrients necessary for life. How do the shrimp and algae survive? Slide 58 Graphic Organizer Use the following words to fill in the organizer: Glucose(2) carbon dioxide(2)oxygen(2) Water(2) photosynthesis sugar Sunlight mitochondria chloroplast Energy ATP cellular respiration Slide 59 Photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplast of the PLANT cell. It uses the carbon dioxide and water given off by animals along with sunlight to create sugar (also known as glucose) for food as well as oxygen as waste. Slide 60 Cellular Respiration occurs inside the mitochondria of the ANIMAL and PLANT cells. It uses the Oxygen and Glucose made by PLANTS to create Energy (ATP) for daily cell processes and also creates Carbon Dioxide and Water as waste. Its a Cycle!... Slide 61 The Cycle of Life What is the equation for photosynthesis? H 2 O + CO 2 + sunlight => C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 What is the equation for cellular respiration? C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 => H 2 O + CO 2 + ENERGY (ATP) Theyre backwards of one another!!! Slide 62 Is there life on other planets? You are a crew-member on a space ship that is on an exploration mission searching for life on other planets. The commander of the ship has sent you and three of your crewmates to the surface of a newly discovered planet. Your mission is to solve a mystery. You must find out what gas the other life forms exhale. Your only clue is a CD video clip of one of the other life forms exhaling through a straw into a clear container labeled bromothymol blue. At the beginning of the video clip the solution inside the bromothymol blue container is yellow; however, after the other life form exhales into the container for a period of time the bromothymol blue solution turns from yellow to blue. The atmosphere of this new planet is 21% oxygen and does not contain any known toxins so your commander sends you to the surface without a space suit. You and your team are equipped with a solution of bromothymol blue, safety glasses (four pairs), a clear container, a straw and a plastic bag containing water and a sprig of an aquatic plant. Each member of your team has been assigned one of the following roles: documentation officer, timekeeper, peacekeeper, or materials manager. You have 25 minutes from the time of your arrival on the new planet to solve the mystery and ready yourself to return to your ship. Slide 63 How do we do this? Here are some questions to ask yourself as you work 1. What color does the bromothymol blue solution turn in the presence of carbonate water? 2. What color does the bromothymol blue solution turn after you exhale into it for approximately two minutes? 3. What do you think would happen if you put the aquatic plant into the bromothymol blue solution? 4. What gas (or gases) can bromothymol blue serve as an indicator for? Slide 64 Need more help? 5. What gas do you exhale? 6. What gas do plants give off? 7. How long (in seconds) did you have to exhale into the bromothymol blue solution to elicit a color change? Slide 65 Is there life on other planets? What type of gas does the alien life form breathe? How do you know? Explain, using evidence from your experiment. Slide 66 9/10/10 Youre an Organelle! Page 31 Objective: Demonstrate knowledge of cell functions by performing a play in which you act as an organelle and work together to complete basic cell functions. BW: What did the alien from yesterdays lab breathe in? Out? How do we know? Slide 67 Youre an organelle! Task 1 (You will have 15-20 minutes to complete this.) 1.You will be assigned an organelle that you will pick out of a basket. 2.Using your textbook (pages 60-67), write a sentence answering each of the following questions on your notes page. Be sure you understand your job as you will have to act the part! 1.What is my job in the cell? 2.What do I look like? 3.Where in the cell would you find me? 3.On your construction paper, write the name of your organelle and draw a large picture of it. Carefully add your string and wear it! Slide 68 The Plot (acting out the play 10-15 minutes): We are now going to perform the roles of the individual organelles. In our play so far, what organelle is missing and what is its job? IM THE NUCLEUS and I direct the cells activities!! Scenario: First well make FOOD inside the plant cell, and then when an animal eats the plant, well use that food to make ENERGY or ATP during cellular respiration! Then well use that energy to make protein! Youre an organelle! Slide 69 Mini-Lesson: Why is the location of the organelle within the cell important? Slide 70 Exit Tickets 1) Compare the process of photosynthesis to the process of baking a cake. 2)What organelle uses the food made during photosynthesis to produce energy? 3)Describe the relationship between the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and the ribosomes.