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IP Fundamentals

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Network

Home Office Mobile User

Branch Office Headquarters

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Router

Switch Switch Access Point

PC Printer Server Desktop IP Phone Laptop

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Core

High-Speed Switching

Policy-Based Connectivity

Local and Remote Workgroup Access

Distribution

Access

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Residential

Mobile Users

Business

AccessAggregation

IP EdgeCore

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PCAccess

Network

Internet

PC PC

Fa0/5

Fa0/7 Fa0/11

Gi0/1

Gi0/2

.1 .2

Gi0/0

192.168.1.0/24 Gi0/1

S0/0

S0/1

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Data and applications

Resources

Network storage

Backup devices

Printer PC

PC

SwitchPrint Server

Router

Switch

Network

Storage

Tape Drive

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Web browser (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, etc.

Instant messaging (Skype, AOL, Google Talk, Yahoo)

Video (YouTube, Cisco TelePresence)

Voice (VoIP, Skype)

Databases (file servers)

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Batch applications:

- FTP, TFTP, and inventory updates

- No direct human interaction

- Bandwidth important, but not critical

Interactive applications:

- Inventory inquiries and databaseupdates

- Human-to-machine interaction

- Because a human is waiting for aresponse, response time isimportant but not critical, unless the

wait becomes excessive.

Real-time applications:

- VoIP and video

- Human-to-human interaction

- End-to-end latency critical

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The Cisco IP NGN is a next-generation service provider infrastructurefor video, mobile, and cloud or managed services.

The Cisco IP NGN provides all-IP network for services and applications,

regardless of access type.

IP Infrastructure Layer

Services Layer

Application Layer

Video

Services

Cloud

Services

Mobile

Services

Residential

Access

Business

Access

Mobile

Access

CoreIP EdgeAggregationAccess

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Customer-to-provider connectivity:

IP infrastructure layer of the Cisco IP NGN

Edge devices of the service provider

IP Infrastructure Layer

Residential

Mobile Users

Business

Access AggregationIP Edge

Core

CoreIP EdgeAggregationAccess

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Topology

Speed

Cost

Security

Availability

Scalability

Reliability

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Physical layout of the devices and cabling

Four primary categories:

- Bus

- Ring

- Star

- Mesh

Bus Topology Ring Topology Star Topology Mesh Topology

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Logical topologies are logical paths that the signals use totravel from one point on the network to another.

A

Server

Switch Router

Switch

Hub BridgeB C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

PC A to PC I

logical link

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All devices receive the signal.

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Single-ring topology:

Signals travel around the ring

Single point of failure

Dual-ring topology:

Signals travel in opposite directions

More resilient than the single ringtopology

Two links connected to the

same networking device

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Star topology:

Transmission through a centralpoint

Single point of failure

Extended-star topology:

More resilient than the startopology

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Full-mesh topology:

Highly fault-tolerant

Expensive to implement

Partial-mesh topology:

Trade-off between faulttolerance and cost

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Copper cable (DSL, cable, and serial)

Optical fiber (FTTH)

Wireless (Wi-Fi, mobile data connections, and WiMax)

InternetOptical Fiber

Copper

Wireless

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A network is a connected collection of devices that can communicate

with each other.

Five major component categories of a network are: endpoints,interconnections, switches, routers, and wireless devices.

Cisco hierarchical model divides networks into the access, distribution,and core layers.

The Cisco IP NGN infrastructure layer provides the reliable, high-speed,and scalable foundation of a network.

The network diagram captures network-related information, such asnetwork devices and network topology.

The major resources that are shared in a computer network include dataand applications, peripherals, storage devices, and backup devices.

Popular user applications in networks are web browsers, instantmessaging, video and voice, and databases.

Applications can affect network performance and network performance

can affect applications.

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Characteristics of a network are: topology, speed, cost, security,

availability, scalability, and reliability.

A physical topology describes the layout for wiring the physical devices.

A logical topology describes how information flows through a network.

All of the devices on a bus topology are effectively connected by a single

cable. In a ring topology, all the devices in a network are connected in the form

of a ring or a circle.

The star topology is the most common physical topology in EthernetLANs.

The full-mesh topology connects all devices or nodes to one another forredundancy and fault tolerance.

Three common media to interconnect devices are copper cable, opticalfibre, and wireless.

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