SPM 2015 Exam Study Tips

SPM 2015 Bahasa Melayu Tips

General Tips! Speak in Bahasa Melayu as this will help strengthen the command of the

language.! Read more Bahasa Melayu novels and newspapers. You can also improve your

proficiency by reading Karangan books. ! Learn a new peribahasa and simpulan bahasa every day from now till SPM. This

will help you score extra marks during essay writing.

Kertas 1Bahagian A - Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan:

! Based on an analysis from Year 2007 - 2013, Karangan Berpandukan Rangsangan has always been either on Gambar Foto/Ilustrasi or Gambar Rajah. Familiarize yourself with such formats.

! Read the question carefully; focus your essay content on the bolded words to avoid being terpesong.

! Be careful to not write anything below 200 words as this might put you at a disadvantage.

! Anything around 220 to 500 words will be good. Spend more time on the next question instead.

! Write one (1) Pendahuluan, three (3) Isi and (1) Penutup. There should be 3 points given in the diagram. If there is lesser, you will need to come up with the remainder point. If there is more points, you will need to combine certain points as one point.

SPM Bahasa Melayu

Paper 1 2 hr 15 min Section A: Karangan Berpandukan Ransangan ● Write an Essay based on the attached reference

Section B: Karangan Umum ● Write an Essay based on one (1) of the five (5) choices

given

30 Marks

100 Marks

Paper 2 2 hr 30 min Question 1: Rumusan ● Summarize the passage

Question 2: Pemahaman ● Answer ALL comprehension-based questions

Question 3: Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa ● Answer ALL grammatical and vocabulary-based

questions.

Question 4: Novel ● Answer ALL questions regarding Novels.

30 Marks

35 Marks

30 Marks

15 Marks

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Bahagian B - Karangan Umum:! Read the Questions carefully and underline the keywords of the Questions.! Pick the Question that you can come out with the most points for.! If the Essay requires you to write in a specific format, only pick that question if you

are familiar with the format.! Write between 600-1000 words. ! More often than not, your format should always have one (1) Pendahuluan, four

(4) Isi and one (1) Penutup. ! The best way to way to write an Isi is by elaborating the main points by giving

further examples.

Kertas 2Soalan 1 - Rumusan:

! Start by reading the question and focus on the bolded parts. There are 2 parts to the bolded words which are the Isi Tersurat and Isi Tersirat.

" From the passage, underline all points that fulfill the Isi Tersurat stated in the Question.

! Come up with at least two (2) points that answers the Isi Tersirat stated in the Question. These points are not in the passage and it requires you to think critically to get the points.

! You should answer in 4 paragraphs ; Pendahuluan, Isi Tersurat, Isi Tersirat, and Penutup.



! Start the first paragraph (Pendahuluan by “Petikan membincangkan….”. The Isi Tersurat stated in the Question must be replaced with a synonym in the Pendahuluan. Eg: “Kesan-kesan merokok” must be changed to “Akibat merokok”.

! For the second paragraph (Isi Tersurat), paraphrase the points underlined in the passage. Do not include the elaborations, only the main points are needed. Reminder to not write the exact words, but to use as many synonyms as possible.

! For the third paragraph (Isi Tersirat), write your own points. Do not overthink the points, as long as the points make sense, they are good.

! For the last paragraph (Penutup), just write a one-line general statement that looks towards the future. Eg: “Semua pihak perlu bekerjasama membanteras gejala sosial ini supaya masyarakat akan sejahtera.”

Soalan 2 - Pemahaman: ! There are 4 sub-questions to this Question. The first sub-question is based on the

passage in Question 1. The other three sub-questions are based on KOMSAS.! To answer these questions, good understanding of KOMSAS is needed. There is

not much memorization needed as the KOMSAS excerpt will be given.! There will also be questions that requires you to give your own opinions and

ideas.! Answer all questions in complete form and not point forms.

Soalan 3 - Pengetahuan dan Kemahiran Bahasa! There are 4 sub-questions to this Question.Sub-question 1 is on making

sentences. You are not allowed to add any imbuhan unless stated so. ! Sub-question 2 to 4 is one correcting mistakes to the sentences. By practicing

more, you will get sharper in spotting the errors.! Sub-question 5 is related to peribahasa. There are a few main peribahasa that can

v be used in this sub-question or in the essays:○ Air beriak tanda tak dalam : Empty vessels make the most noise○ Alang-alang menyeluk pekasam, biar sampai ke pangkal lengan : If you are

doing something, do it to your best efforts and get some rewards from it.○ Bagai cendawan tumbuh selepas hujan : Too much of something at a time

period.○ Bagai cincin dengan permata : A pair that matches○ Bagai layang-layang putus tali : Someone that has lost faith and hope.○ Bagai menatang minyak yang penuh : Nurturing someone and bringing



them up with lots of love.○ Bagai minyak dengan air : Two people that cannot “mix” or see eye-to-eye.○ Bagai murai dicabut ekor : Someone who loves to talk.○ Bagaimana acuan begitulah kuihnya : A child takes after whoever who

brings him up.○ Baik membawa resmi padi daripada resmi lalang : It’s good to be humble.○ Berat mata memandang berat lagi bahu memikul : The biggest suffer is on

the person who is experiencing it.

Soalan 4 - Novels! The novels asked in this question are novels from Form 4 and Form 5.! Read up on the tema, persoalan, sinopsis, nilai murni and read the full novels at

least twice.


SPM 2015 Bahasa Inggeris Tips

Paper 1Section A: Directed Writing

General Tips• Read the question properly and jot down some points before begin writing.• Allocate only 45 minutes on this section. You may want to time yourself by

dividing your time based on the paragraph. There’s no point dwelling on this section more than 45 minutes because the maximum score is just 35 marks.

• Ensure that your essay format is correct as the format gives you 15 marks.• Use all the points that are given and cross out the points that have have

already been used. You may elaborate in 1 or 2 sentences.• Try using a variety of sentences when you write this essay.• Each points can be elaborated in the form of examples, facts, figures and

other information.• Avoid grammatical, spelling and punctuation error. Re-read your essay after

you finish.

Common Mistakes - Poor time management. If you spend too much time on this section, you will

not have enough time for the following question.



- Long-winded essay. This section just require you to write a short and straight to the point writing. The more you write, the more mistakes you will make. You are not required to allocate 1 paragraph for 1 point. It can be too lengthy.

- Informal languages. Avoid the usage of slang words such as guys, dudes, contractions such as can’t, don’t.

- Flowery words. You do not need to use too flowery or idiomatic words in this section. Leave it to the following section of continuous writing.

Types of Essays- Formal Letter, Informal Letter, Speech/ Talk, Speech- You may want to learn up the common phrases or the sentence structure for

each type of essay. Example: (Informal Letter: I hope this letter finds you in the pink (of health).



Section B: Continuous Writing

Guidelines• 5 questions will be given. Usually 2 questions are argumentative/ factual essay,

2 are narrative/descriptive essay and 1 word-topic essay.• Choose the one that you are confident with.• To score in this section, your essay needs to be free from grammar error,

variety of sentence structure, wide vocabulary, relevant points, coherent in paragraphing, well organise and the essay shows originality as well as interesting.

Tips For Scoring Well• Excellent Grammar: know your past tense, past-participle, spelling and

punctuation• Variety of sentence structures: You can play around with active/passive voice.

You can structure a simple, complex, compound sentences depends on your preference.

• Wide Vocabulary: Use synonyms for the common words such as happy, you can replace this word with delighted, joyful or hungry to famished.

• Relevant points: Do ensure that you don’t run out of topic when answering the essay. Therefore, it is important that you jot down the points beforehand.

• Coherent Paragraphs: The flow of your paragraphs need to be in smooth. Try not to hop on to different points between the paragraphs. The marker will be confuse.

• Originality: Your story needs to be plotted well. It needs to have a climax that can keep the reader’s attention. In other words, do not bore the marker.



Paper 2Section A: Objective Questions This part of the paper is also one of the easiest to score. Therefore, read carefully.

Stimuli & Graphic Materials- Basically this part of the paper is the easiest to score. If possible try to nail all

the questions right. - Do more practices from the revision books.- When answering, narrow down your answers by eliminating wrong options

that are given.

Rational Cloze - Use the process of elimination to determine the right answer.

Section B:Information Transfer- Carefully analyse the material given in the paper.- When answering, try not to use your own words but you can copy exactly the

same from the material shown.- Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and

writing extra answers.- Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.

Section C: Reading ComprehensionLong Text and Open Ended Question

- Read the questions and the passage carefully.- As you read the passage, you can underline which are the important facts.- If questions doesn’t requires you to write down your own opinion, you may

copy directly from the passage. - If questions wants your person opinion, structure your answers carefully.

Only write down relevant and logic answers.- Your answer needs to be clear and precise. Avoid unnecessary details and

writing extra answers.- Most importantly, avoid spelling mistakes.



Summary Writing- Firstly, read the questions before you read the passage.- This will help you identify the important points that is needed from the

questions. Do underline when the points are identified.- Opening and Closing is not needed. This is a continuous writing, you should

not answer this section in point form.- Try identifying 10 points and omit the examples and elaborations.- Calculate your word count and ensure it doesn exceeds 130 words. Convert

long phrases to short sentences. This will reduce your word count. Do write your word count below your answer.

Section D: Literature Writing (Poem)

Structure Response- For this part of the paper, try imagining yourself in the poet perspective.- You should translate the poem and simplified it to your own words.- Your answers can be short and precise.- Avoid spelling error.

Novel- Before exams, you should be very familiar on the novel and covered all the

questions from the revision books.- Usually the questions revolves around (Themes / Settings / Plot /

Characters / Moral values / Lessons). Therefore, you have to understand beforehand the ins and outs of the novel.

- When you write down the points, your answer should be related back to the novel. Perhaps, you can related it to the character. This will show the marker you are able to apply what you’ve understood from the novel.

- Its advisable that you write 3 points of elaboration and 1 personal view. You may write more than that but be careful not to write wrong points. Though marks will not be deducted but it affects the marker’s impression on you understanding towards the novel.

- Your answers must be in full sentences. Structure your sentences in proper grammar and avoid spelling mistakes.


SPM 2015 Bahasa Cina Tips

Paper 1A ��. PREPARATION:

- Remember formats of Formal Letters, Reports & Notice.- Memorise sentences that are commonly used (refer to revision books &

model answers). Apply in your essay.○ Always apply the Important details: time, date, venue, objective,

invitation (included in the essay)

WHEN ANSWERING- 2 questions - Only answer the the question that you’re more confident at.- If 2 were answered, examiner will only mark the first essay.- Avoid: Informal Languages, Hanyu Pinyin, - Do refer back to the question when you’re writing to avoid going off topic.

AFTER ANSWERING- Recheck your essay to detect any errors.- Take note on the word count. Max word count: 120 words. Remove unnecessary sentences.


NOT TESTED IN THIS PAPER- Conversation of text (��).

- Report of meeting (��)


1B. Continuous Writing ��- 5 types of questions will be given but choose only 1 that you’re most

confident at. - The main types of essay that is most popular in the exam are:

- Factual (��), - Argumentative (��), - Narrative (�$) - Descriptive ( �), - Sentimental (%�)

- Be familiar with the types of essays and do memorise good sentences, opening and closings. This will give your more points and impress the marker.

WHEN ANSWERING- Read the questions carefully. List down the important points beside the

questions. Gather your thoughts on what to write in the opening and body.

Factual/Argumentative Essay- 6 paragraphs will be efficient (1 opening, 4 Body, 1 Closing)- Avoid 5 arguments as you will run out of time in your exam. Give you focus

on the 4 main bodies and elaborate clearly on the topics. Give examples and only formal language should be used.

Descriptive/ Sentimental/Narrative Essay.- 5 Important Points to be taken note



- Interesting Story, Clear, Detailed on the story, 5 or more paragraph depending on the structure of your story, include some idioms or flowery sentences if you can (gives you plus points)

General Topics- It can written as factual or descriptive essay as long as it is relevant to the

question. - Do address the topic of the question in every paragraph.

Overall- Avoid grammatical error, wrong word. Do replace a new word if you’re

unsure on a word. Do not write any hanyu pinyin. Always diversify your sentence structure.

- Check your word count. You essay word count is advisable to be between 600-1000 words.

Paper 2A.Modern Text Comprehension ��Summary (��)

- Read the passages carefully. Underline the important and relevant points. Identify the points but not the elaboration and examples.

- The points given are between 16-18 points. If you are lacked of points to write in, re-read the paragraph to get more points.

- Convert the dialogues to text. Long sentences changed to shorter sentences and phrases to lessen the word count. identify the similar words and combine it to the same word. Do use sequence connector linking 2 or 3 points together. However, do not overuse the connector as it becomes repetitive.

- Lastly, do a word count check. If your word count is above 120, reduce unnecessary sentences or words.

- On the marking system, no points will be deducted if wrong points were writen. Although no marks will not be given for your correct grammar but marks will be deducted from grammatical error. Therefore, double check on your grammar and the words use.

Comprehension (��)- When tackling this part of the paper, read the questions first then only read

the passage/ poem. You need to understand in depth of the poem/passage.- Questions related to the passage, you may copy and paste directly from the

passage. For poem, you need to use your own words in deciphering the meaning of the poem.



- Questions that requires your opinion, communicate your points clearly. The number of points that you should write down is depending on the marking scheme. 1 point might be given 1 or 2 marks.

- Do take note that though you can pen down all the points but be careful to only write acceptable answers as marks might be deducted if its irrelevant.

- If the questions requires the exact number of answers. Only write down the required number of answers. If you give extra, points may be deducted.

For Grammar (��)- Type of word (��), phrase (��), components of sentences (��),

compound sentences (��), language & style (�") and idioms (��) will only be tested. Familiarise yourself with the types of grammar stated.

- Do refer on revision books and past year questions. Learn from the examples given by these sources.

Classical Text Comprehension (��)- Questions will be based on 1 is Prose (�) and 1 is Poem (#). You’ll be

tested in a form of Comprehension (��) and Translation (�!).

Comprehension (��) - When you revise, get yourself familiarized with the common used traditional

words.- Go through the glossary that will be given in the exam. translate the classical

text-word-by-word to modern text. To avoid wasting time, do skip sentences that aren’t familiar to you. As you go through the passage/poem, you will understand the sentences that isn’t familiar to you.

- For questions that can be found from the poem, do not copy directly. Instead, structure you answer in your own words. You may have to change the dialogues to your own text.

- Most questions require full understanding of the poem/ passage. Therefore, try to understand by putting yourself in the passage.

- For your own opinion question, ensure your answer is relevant and logical. Answer the questions based on the marks allocated. For example, 1 point is for 1 mark and elaboration. Write only answers that are relevant, otherwise marks will be deducted.

Translation (��)- For preparation, ensure that you are familiar with all traditional words and the

meaning of it. - When translating, replace every traditional word in the sentence or phrase

with a modern words but it has to be the same the same meaning.



- For traditional words that is similar as modern words, convert the word into a sentence.

- Do not make a mistake by not translating all the words.- If you translate the words wrongly, marks will not be deducted.

Idioms (� ��)- Important! Memorise all 230 Idioms that you learn from high school since

remove class to Form5. Ensure that you know all meaning (��), Author (�) and Source (� ) of all idiom.

- A tip in memorising these idioms is by using your imagination and creativity to remeber the author and source.

- When answering, do not explain every word. Try writing the actual meaning. Its okay that the meaning runs a bit off from the meanings in the textbook. Marks will not be penalised.

- Avoid making long sentences with the idioms but you have to use the idiom correctly. Even a brief sentence with the usage of the idiom is sufficient.

- For question that requires you to write a idiom based on the situation, be sure that you understand the situation clearly before giving it a idiom.


SPM 2015 Mathematics Tips

Paper 1

! Mathematics is a compulsory subject that you must pass in order for you to get SPM certificate.

! SPM Mathematics has a much stricter marking scheme and a higher minimum mark to get A+ as compared to SPM Additional Mathematics. Hence, do study for it!

! Questions can be from Form 1 until Form 5.! You are not required to show any workings.

Paper 2 ! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of

the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year. ! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.

○ The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with the highest marks.

! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every questions!○ One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.○ If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps

and final answer will not be given.○ Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).○ However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct

workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.

○ Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal places.

○ Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.



! For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value (22/7 or 3.142).

! For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the diagram.

! You are NOT allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be NOT given for the correct solutions / answers, and marks will be deducted for wrong solutions / answers.

Section A: MUST KNOW TOPICS

! Solid Geometry○ Combined solid is the total volumes of the solids○ Remaining solid is the subtraction of bigger solid and smaller solid

! Circles○ Perimeter = 2πr ○ Area = πr2

! Linear Equations○ Equalise the same unknown (e.g. x) and take it out.○ Solve the other unknown (e.g. y) and back to solving the first unknown

(e.g. x).! Quadratic Expressions and Equations

○ ‘Solve the equation’ means find the unknown x.○ Must state x = ?, x =?. There will be 2 answers.



! Mathematical Reasoning○ Determine whether a given sentence is a statement.○ Determine whether a statement is true or false.○ Constructing statements using numbers and symbols.○ Quantifiers ‘All’ and ‘Some’.○ Implications of the form ‘x if and of if y’.

! The Straight Line○ y = mx + c○ c is the point where the line touches the y-axis (y-intercept)

! Lines and Planes in 3-Dimensions○ Use Trigonometry Rule○ sin (θ) = opposite side / longest side○ cos (θ) = adjacent side / longest side○ tan (θ) = opposite side / adjacent side

! Matrices○ Part a) usually asks to solve problems involving inverse matrix.○ Part b) usually asks to solve linear equations with matrices

! Gradient and Area under a Graph○ The gradient of the distance-time graph of a particle is the speed of

the particle.○ The gradient of the speed-time graph of a particle is the rate of

change of speed of the particle.○ The area under a speed-time graph is the distance travelled.○ Rate of change of speed = (Final speed - Initial Speed) / Time

! Probability○ Probability = Number of outcomes / Total number of possible

outcomes○ Final answer is always more than 0 and less than 1.

Paper 2 Section A: GOOD TO KNOW

! Sets (Year 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013)○ Shading based on the questions (intersection or union)○ ∪ denotes union, which is the combined area of the sets (‘or’)○ ∩ denotes intersection, which is the overlapping area of the sets

(‘and’)! Graphs of Functions (Year 2005, 2007 and 2009)

○ The inequalities (upper line is >, lower line is <).



○ If slanted line, you can imagine it into horizontal straight line.

Paper 2 Section B: MUST KNOW TOPICS

! Statistics○ Histogram (Year 2004 and 2005)

■ x-axis the upper boundary with an additional lower boundary at the front of the graph

■ y-axis is frequency○ Frequency Polygon (Year 2006)

■ x-axis is midpoint■ y-axis is frequency

○ Ogive (Year 2007)■ x-axis is upper boundary■ y-axis is cumulative frequency■ additional upper boundary should be added to the table■ x-axis and y-axis should be stated in the graph

! Graphs of Functions○ Linear Functions (less likely to come out as it’s a straight line after

plotted)■ y = ax + c

○ Quadratic Functions (Year 2004 and 2005)■ y = ax2 + c■ y = ax2 + bx + c

○ Cubic Functions (Year 2007)■ y = ax3■ y = ax3 + c

○ Reciprocal Functions (Year 2006)■ y = a / x

! Transformations○ Translation○ Reflection○ Rotation○ Enlargement (be careful with the word ‘to’ and ‘from’ because it

determines the image would be smaller or bigger)○ A combined transformation AB means transformation B followed by

transformation A.! Earth as a Sphere



○ Longitude is the vertical line that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.

○ Latitude is the horizontal line that specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth’s surface.

○ Nautical mile is the unit used to describe the distance between two points along the common longitude.

○ Nautical mile = Distance between latitudes x 60! Plans and Elevations

○ Orthogonal Projections■ The edge which can be seen from view direction is drawn as a

full line.■ The edge which is hidden from view direction is drawn as a

dashed line ( ------ ).○ Plans and Elevations

■ Plan is looked from above.■ Elevation is looked from the side of the solid.■ The length and the edge (ABCD) should be stated correctly.


SPM 2015 Additional Mathematics Tips

General Tips ! Express your answer in fraction or decimal accordingly as per instruction.

○ Round up to at least 4 significant figures for final answers with infinite decimal places.

○ Marks can be deducted if final answer is less accurate.! For questions involving Pi, read the instruction and use the right Pi value

(22/7 or 3.142).! For questions involving diagrams, include all the important details on the

diagram.! You are allowed to write extra solutions / answers. Marks will be given for the

correct solutions / answers, and no marks will be deducted for wrong solutions / answers.

! For a part of the question that require to use answer from the previous part of the question, if your answer for the previous part is wrong and you use it for this part, you will still get marks for correct workings although you will not get marks for the final answer.

General Tips: Paper 1! It is not compulsory to write full workings. You will be given full marks if your

final answer is correct.! However, you are strongly advised to write full workings as they might earn

you some marks if your final answer is wrong.



General Tips: Paper 2! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.


! If you have the time, answer an extra question in Section C.○ The examiner will mark all 3 answers and choose the 2 answers with

the highest marks.○ A common strategy to tackle Section C would be to master both Form

4 topics (Solution of Triangles and Index Number) and study one of the Form 5 topics (Motion along a Straight Line and Linear Programming) as your back-up plan if you have extra time.

! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every questions!○ One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.○ If you miss an important step, mark for that step will not be given.

However, you will still be given marks for the correct subsequent steps and final answer.

○ Correct answer without workings will get 1 mark.




Topic (D - Definitely Tested; C - Commonly Tested)

P1 P2(A) P2(B) P2(C) Form

12 Topics to Study First

Quadratic Equations D C 4

Quadratic Functions D C 4

Coordinate Geometry D C C 4

Statistics D C 4

Circular Measures D C 4

Differentiation D C C 4

Progressions D C 5

Linear Law D C 5

Integration D C C 5

Vector D C C 5

Trigonometric Functions D C 5

Probability Distributions D C 5

5 Topics to Study Next

Functions D 4

Simultaneous Equations C 4

Indices and Logarithms D 4

Permutations and Combinations

D 5

Probability D 5

Choose 2 Topics to Study

Solution of Triangles D 4

Index Number D 4

Motion along a Straight Line D 5

Linear Programming D 5

SPM 2015 Physics Tips

General Tips

! Physics is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone looking to pursue sciences in their higher education. It is especially important for medicine and engineering.

! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded is actually ½ a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and paper 3.

! Doing well in Paper 2 and Paper 3 will guarantee a pass to a B. Use Paper 1 to push your grade to an A.

! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the reactions of substances and compounds.

! You must take part in all lab activity and experiments conducted in school because these practicals are essential for Paper 3 - as you must recreate them step-by-step in the form of an essay.

! Use Youtube videos to visualise models for better understanding. Use some of the institutes below to help you.○ Tutorvista○ GuideTuition○ Khan Academy

! You must use correct units of measurements.! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever

been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.


PHYSICS


SPM PAPERS 2011 - 2013 ANALYSIS

Chapters

Number of Questions

Paper 1Paper 2

Section A Section B Section C

‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13

FORM 4

CH 1 3 4 4 - 1 - - - - - - -

CH 2 9 8 7 1 1 2 1 - 1 - 1 -

CH 3 5 7 9 - - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1

CH 4 4 5 3 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 5 5 5 7 1 1 1 - - - - - -

FORM 5

CH 1 7 6 4 1 1 - - 1 - - - -

CH 2 5 4 3 1 - - 1 - 1 - 1 -

CH 3 3 4 5 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 4 6 3 4 1 1 1 - - - - - 1

CH 5 3 4 4 1 1 1 - - - 1 - -

TOTAL 50 8 2 3



Paper 1

! Always remove the answers you know aren’t possible and narrow down possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.

! Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’ and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.

! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall understanding.

! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).

! You are not required to show any workings.

Paper 2

! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.

! If you have the time, answer all the 5 questions in Section B.○ The examiner will mark all 5 answers and choose the 4 answers with

the highest marks.! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every

question!○ One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.○ If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps


workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.! You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is

not a concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked. You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable

! Do not not answer in point form. There is no penalty for answering in point form, but some inexperienced examiners may deduct your marks if you do so.

! Make sure you know the difference between the following: ○ State - Usually 1 mark question. Just answer the question directly. No

further information necessary. ○ Define - Give the standard definition using biological words and

keywords.○ Describe - Simply write what you see.



○ Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and what it means.

○ Suggest - Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to solve the problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the question, you should gain marks for this.

Paper 3Question 1

! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for. ! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner

understands what you are writing. ! Do not use any short forms in your answer, or abbreviations without

first explaining them. The only time this is acceptable is when using for metric units.

! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks

deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.


Paper 2: Must Study Topics

• Form 4: • Chapter 2• Chapter 3



! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.

! You can write extra points in your answer but take care that your points do not contradict one another as marks may be deducted.

! Numerical data from instruments should follow the decimal places of the instrument in the correct unit. For example, if recording the temperature from a thermometer that gives measurements to the 0.01°, then your answer should also be in two decimal places.

! Axis on graphs must be titled and given units with proper scale. Your graph should be at least ¾ of the graph paper.

! Where possible to draw your straight or curved line to all points, do so, if not, use best-fit or straight lines if you need to connect them, based on the question.

Question 2

! Design a suitable experiment based on the question’s requirements! Your answer must include:

○ Aim○ Problem Statement○ Hypothesis○ Variables

■ State which are the manipulated, responding and fixed variables.

○ List of Materials & Apparatus■ State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of

substances○ Data Tabulation

■ Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables. ■ You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording

table.


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SPM 2015 Chemistry Tips

General Tips! Chemistry is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and

anyone looking to pursue sciences in their higher education. ! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded

is actually ½ a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and paper 3.


! Chemistry requires thorough understanding - you must understand the reactions of substances and compounds.



! You must use correct formulas (i.e CO2 for carbon dioxide, not 2CO)- as the misplacing formulas can change the meaning of the substance.

! Do not waste time studying Chapter 1 of Form 4 as no question has ever been set from there. Jump directly into Chapter 2.




Chapters

Number of Questions

Paper 1Paper 2

Paper 3Section A Section B Section C

‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13 ‘11 ‘12 '13

FORM 4

CH 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

CH 2 4 5 4 1 - 1 - - - - - -

CH 3 7 5 4 - 1 - - - - - - -

CH 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 5 5 4 4 - 1 1 - - - 1 - -

CH 6 4 5 4 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 7 4 4 5 1 - - - - - - - 1

CH 8 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - -

CH 9 3 2 5 - - - 1 - - - - -

FORM 5

CH 1 3 3 4 1 - - - - 1 - 1 -

CH 2 4 6 6 - 1 1 - - 1 - 1 -

CH 3 3 7 6 1 - - - 1 - 1 - -

CH 4 4 4 3 - - - 1 - - - - -

CH 5 2 2 2 - 1 1 - - - - - -

TOTAL 50 50 50 6 2 3 3 3



Paper 1! Always remove the answers you know aren’t possible and narrow down

possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.! Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’

and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall

understanding. ! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so

make sure you know important processes (i.e saponification).! You are not required to show any workings.

Paper 2! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of



! Show all the workings and do not skip any important steps for every question!○ One (1) mark is given to each important step and the final answer.○ If you miss an important step, marks for that step, subsequent steps

and final answer will not be given.○ Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).



○ However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.

! You are allowed to answer in table form or short sentences - grammar is not a concern but misspelling names may result in your answer being incorrectly marked. You can also use diagrams, equations or graphs where suitable




keywords.○ Describe - Simply write what you see.○ Explain - Elaborate on how and why the process is happening and

what it means. ○ Suggest - Based on your knowledge of the topic, you must apply it to

solve the problem in the question. As long as your answer is logical and relevant to the question, you should gain marks for this.






Paper 3* (PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)

Question 1 ! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for. ! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner



! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks

deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the

question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.





Question 2! Design a suitable experiment based on the question’s requirements! Your answer must include:



○ List of Materials & Apparatus



■ State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of substances

○ Data Tabulation■ Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables. ■ You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording

table.


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SPM 2015 Biology Tips

General Tips

! Biology is an elective subject taken by all pure science students and anyone looking to pursue health/life sciences in their higher education.

! The total marks for all paper is 200 marks. This means that 1 mark awarded is actually ½ a mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in paper 2 and paper 3.


! Biology requires memorisation through understanding - if you view your topics as a single story about life, it is much easier to connect your learning.



! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes - as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being able to understand and explain processes.





Chapters

Number of Questions

Paper 1Paper 2


‘11 12 13 11 12 '13 11 12 '13 11 12 '13

FORM 4

CH 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

CH 2 4 5 4 - - - 1 1 1 - - -

CH 3 4 4 5 1 - - - 1 - - - -

CH 4 4 4 4 - - - - - - - 1 1

CH 5 3 4 4 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 6 3 3 3 - - - 1 1 1 - - -

CH 7 3 3 4 - 1 - - - 1 - 1

CH 8 3 3 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

CH 9

FORM 5

CH 1 3 3 3 1 - 1 - - - - 1 -

CH 2 3 3 3 - 1 - - - - 1 - -

CH 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - - - - -

CH 4 5 3 3 - - - - - - 1 - 1

CH 5 4 5 4 1 1 1 - - - - - -

TOTAL 50 50 50 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 3



Paper 1! Always remove the answers you know aren’t possible and narrow down

possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.! Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’

and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall

understanding. ! Paper 1 is filled with diagrams to be matched to names and functions, so

make sure you know main organs and processes like the lungs, reproductive system, mitosis, osmosis.


Paper 2! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of




and final answer will not be given.○ Therefore, correct answer without workings will get a zero (0).



○ However, if your answer is wrong but you provide some correct workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.








○ See the example below:

1. State the organ where the alveoli is found. a. Lungs.

2. Define respiration. a. A process of living organisms involving the production of

energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

3. Describe the function of alveoli. a. The function of the alveoli is to assist in oxygen

exchange by providing a large surface area.4. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged in the

alveoli. a. The change in partial pressure from the alveoli (high

concentration) to the capillaries (low concentration) drives the oxygen into the tissue and the carbon dioxide into the


Diagram 1

alveoli


blood (high concentration) from the tissues (low concentration), which is then returned to the lungs and exhaled.

5. Suggest how alveoli are similar to leaves in the photosynthesis process.

a. They both maximize the ratio of surface area to volume to try to facilitate some type of exchange. In the case of a leaf, it has a large surface area to help maximize the amount sunlight that it can capture to produce food via photosynthesis. In the case of alveoli, the more surface area there is in the alveoli, the faster and more efficiently the gas exchange happens.

Paper 3(PAPER THREE WILL BE REPLACED BY LAB TEST BUT THESE TIPS ARE USEFUL TO GUIDE YOU)

Question 1 ! Understand and know what exactly the question is asking for. ! Grammatical errors will not affect yours marks as long as the examiner



! All chemical compounds should be written fully before writing in formula.



• Form 4: • Chapter 2 - Cell Structure• Chapter 5 - Meiosis & Mitosis• Chapter 8 - Dynamic Ecosystem

• Form 5: • Chapter 1 - Transport• Chapter 4 - Inheritance


! Calculations must show full workings as skipping steps will result in marks deduction. Make sure to use the correct units.

! Answer in complete sentences as marks allocated for each part of the question is always 3. Marks are given based on the quality of your answer, so it does actually depend on the number of points in your answer.





Question 2! Design a suitable experiment based on the question’s requirements! Your answer must include:



○ List of Materials & Apparatus■ State amount (with correct unit) and concentration of

substances○ Data Tabulation

■ Data should be table of responding and manipulated variables. ■ You do not need to enter actual data, just show the recording

table.


SPM 2015 General Science Tips

General Tips

! Science is a compulsory subject taken by all non-pure science students. ! The total marks for all paper is 130 marks. The balance marks will be

awarded via a lab practical. This means that 1 mark awarded is 1/2 mark. Thus it is essential to focus on scoring well in both paper 1 and paper 2.

! Science requires memorisation through understanding - you must know key concepts.


! You must use correct biological terms for body parts and processes, correct chemistry notations for substances, and correct units for calculations and measurements - as the marking scheme is based on keywords and not understanding of theory, this means you must memorise the terms while being able to understand and explain processes.


SPM SCIENCE

Paper 1 1 hr 15 min Multiple choice- 50 questions 50 Marks

Paper 2 2 hr 30 min

Section A: Structure Response- 4 Questions 20 Marks

Section B: Structure Response- 5 Questions 30 Marks

Section C: Essay- 3 Questions (Choose 2) 30 Marks

Total 130 Marks




Chapters

Number of Questions

Paper 1Paper 2


‘11 12 13 11 12 '13 11 12 '13 11 12 '13

FORM 4

CH 1 - - - - - - - - - - - -

CH 2 4 5 4 - - - 1 1 1 - - -

CH 3 4 4 5 1 - - - 1 - - - -

CH 4 4 4 4 - - - - - - - 1 1

CH 5 3 4 4 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 6 3 3 3 - - - 1 1 1 - - -

CH 7 3 3 4 - 1 - - - 1 - 1

CH 8 3 3 3 - - 1 - - - - - -

FORM 5

CH 1 3 3 3 1 - 1 - - - - 1 -

CH 2 3 3 3 - 1 - - - - 1 - -

CH 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - - - - -

CH 4 5 3 3 - - - - - - 1 - 1

CH 5 4 5 4 1 1 1 - - - - - -

CH 6 3 2 2 - - - 1 - - - 1 -

CH 7 3 2 2 - - - 1 - 1 - -

CH 8 2 3 3 - - - - 1 - - - -

TOTAL 50 50 50 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 3 3



Paper 1

! Always remove the answers you know aren’t possible and narrow down possible answers to increase probability of correct answers.

! Be careful of words like ‘except’, ‘all but’ ‘which of the following is not’ and other keywords that can trick you to choose the wrong answers.

! Questions are distributed evenly across all topics so you need a good overall understanding.


Paper 2

! Go through past year questions and familiarise yourself with the pattern of the questions. The pattern is similar from year to year.

! You must answer ALL questions in Section A and B, and Question 10 and either Question 11 or 12 in Section C.



workings, you will get some marks for the correct workings.












• Form 4: • Chapter 2 - Body Coordination• Chapter 5 - Energy & Chemical

Changes• Chapter 6 - Nuclear Energy

• Form 5: • Chapter 4 - Carbon Compounds• Chapter 5 - Motion

SPM 2015 Pendidikan Moral Tips

Note that Pendidikan Moral consists only of one paper, made of 2 parts; Section A and Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours and 30 minutes.

General Tips

1. Questions for SPM Pendidikan Moral will come from the list of 36 “Nilai” in the syllabus together with the “Definisi” and “Kata Kunci”. Everything about these 36 “Nilai” will help you in scoring for your paper so make sure to memorize the exact thing as per the syllabus, from the spelling up to the “imbuhan”. On top of that, take time to understand about each “Nilai”. If you cannot understand the meaning of each “Nilai” by yourself, ask your teachers and friends. Listening to different people’s perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding.

2. Start by doing the questions topic by topic, “Nilai” by “Nilai” so that you know where you need to improve yourself further on. When you think you have sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM questions.

3. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.

Section A Tips:

1. Part A: Questions on “Nilai” require you to use only the “Nilai” in the syllabus and this is where understanding what each “Nilai” meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant “Nilai”, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: “Nilai”, “Penerangan” and “Contoh”.1 “Nilai” = 1 Mark : You only need to list the “Nilai”



1 “Nilai” = 2 Marks : You will need to list the “Nilai” and “Penerangan”1 “Nilai” = 3 Marks : You will need to list the “Nilai”, “Penerangan” and “Contoh”

2. Part A: Ways to answer following elements:Nilai : You should include the word “Nilai” in front of the “Nilai” that you wrotePenerangan : Include the situation and one “Kata Kunci” of the “Nilai”Contoh : Include an example that can allow the individual to relate to the “Penerangan”

3. Part A: The spelling, “imbuhan” and “susunan” must be the same for all “Nilai”, “Kata Kunci” and “Situasi”. The “Definisi Nilai” must also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.

4. Part A: Opinionated questions, require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to different people’s perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your “Nilai” might not be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead of giving a general idea.

5. Part A: Questions regarding Akta, Tokoh and Pertubuhan (and any other similar nature questions), will require your general knowledge and relevant



facts from your reference material such as textbooks or revision books. Try to avoid short forms here because you might be penalized on your marks.

Section B Tips

1. Part B: Questions in Part B usually requires you to give your ideas and/or opinions. The purpose of this part is to test a student’s ability to use moral knowledge critically to analyse, evaluate, make decisions and solve moral issue.

2. Part B: Similar to opinionated questions in Part A, opinionated questions in Part B require you to give your own ideas. That is how by listening to different people’s perspective on how they understand certain things will give you a very broad understanding; which will allow you to provide a very relevant explanation. This is where sometimes even if your “Nilai” might not be particularly accurate on first glance, your explanation may give them a newer perspective and understanding. Being specific is the key here; instead of giving a general idea.

3. Part B: Similar to Part A, depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: “Fakta”, “Huraian” and “Huraian Lanjut”.5 answers : You will need to give 5 “Fakta” and 5 “Huraian”3 answers : You will need to give 3 “Fakta”, 3 “Huraian” and 3 “Huraian Lanjut”

4. Part B: Similar to Part A, questions on “Nilai” require you to use only the “Nilai” in the syllabus and this is where understanding what each “Nilai” meant plays a very important role. By choosing the most suitable and relevant “Nilai”, you will be able to answer the questions accordingly. Depending on the question and the marks allocated for the question, the answers are usually separated into these 3 elements: “Nilai”, “Penerangan” and “Contoh”.

5. IMPORTANT REMINDER: The spelling, “imbuhan” and “susunan” must be the same for all “Nilai”, “Kata Kunci” and “Situasi”. The “Definisi Nilai” must also be the exact definition as per the syllabus. Once again, any grammatical and spelling errors may result in deduction of your marks (which is very easy in Pendidikan Moral), hence you want to be as careful as you can be.



SENARAI NILAI MORALBIDANG 1 - PERKEMBANGAN DIRI

1.1 KEPERCAYAAN KEPADA TUHANKeyakinan wujudnya Tuhan sebagai pencipta alam dan mematuhi segala s u r u h a n N y a b e r l a n d a s k a n pegangan agama masing-masing selaras dengan prinsip Rukun Negara

1.2 AMANAHSikap bertanggungjawab yang boleh menimbulkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan orang lain

1.3 HARGA DIRIKeupayaan dan keyakinan diri agar mampu memulia dan menjaga maruah diri dalam kehidupan

1.4 BERTANGGUNGJAWABKesanggupan diri seseorang untuk memikul dan melaksanakan tugas serta kewajipan dengan sempurna

1.5 HEMAH TINGGIBeradap sopan dan berbudi pekerti mulia dalam pergaulan seharian

1.6 TOLERANSIKesanggupan bertolak ansur, sabar d a n m e n g a w a l d i r i b a g i m e n g e l a k k a n b e r l a k u n y a pertelingkahan dan perselisihan faham demi kesejahteraan hidup

1.7 BERDIKARIKebolehan dan kesanggupan m e l a k u k a n s e s u a t u t a n p a bergantung kepada orang lain

1.8 KERAJINANUsaha yang berterusan penuh dengan semangat ketekunan, kecekalan, kegigihan, dedikasi dan berdaya maju dalam melakukan sesuatu perkara

1.9 KASIH SAYANGKepekaan dan perasaan cinta yang mendalam serta berkekalan yang lahir daripada hati yang ikhlas

1.10 KEADILANTindakan dan keputusan yang saksama serta tidak berat sebelah

1.11 RASIONALBoleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan dan bukti yang nyata dan dapat mengambil tindakan berasaskan pertimbangan yang wajar

1.12 KESEDERHANAANBersikap tidak keterlaluan dalam membua t pe r t imbangan dan t i n d a k a n s a m a a d a d a l a m p e m i k i r a n , p e r t u t u r a n a t a u perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan diri dan orang lain



BIDANG 2 - KEKELUARGAAN

2.1 KASIH SAYANG TERHADAP KELUARGAPerasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang yang mendalam dan berkekalan terhadap keluarga

2.2 HORMAT DAN TAAT KEPADA ANGGOTA KELUARGAMemu l i akan se t i ap anggo ta keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan memberi layanan secara bersopan untuk mewujudkan keluarga yang harmoni

2.3 MENGEKALKAN TRADISI KEKELUARGAANMener ima, menghormat i dan mengamalkan sesuatu kebiasaan, adat dan kepercayaan yang diwarisi secara turun temurun dalam keluarga

2 . 4 T A N G G U N G J A W A B TERHADAP KELUARGAKewajipan yang harus dilaksanakan oleh setiap individu terhadap keluarga untuk melahirkan keluarga bahagia, meningkatkan imej dan menjaga meruah keluarga

BIDANG 3 - ALAM SEKITAR

3 . 1 M E N Y A Y A N G I D A N MENGHARGAI ALAM SEKITARKesedaran tentang per lunya memelihara dan memulihara alam sekeli l ing untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem

3.2 KEHARMONIAN ANTARA M A N U S I A D E N G A N A L A M SEKITARKeadaan sa l ing memer lukan hubungan harmonis antara manusia dengan alam sekeliling supaya

kualiti kehidupan manusia dan alam sekeliling terpelihara

3.3 KEMAPANAN ALAM SEKITARPengekalan keseimbangan alam sekeliling sebagai tanggungjawab bersama untuk kesejahteraan hidup

3.4 PEKA TERHADAP ISU-ISU ALAM SEKITARPrihatin terhadap persoalan yang berkaitan dengan alam sekeliling dan berusaha menyelesaikannya



BIDANG 4 - PATRIOTISME

4.1 CINTA AKAN NEGARAPerasaan sayang dan bangga kepada negara serta meletakkan kepent ingan negara melebihi kepentingan diri

4.2 TAAT SETIA PADA RAJA DAN NEGARA

Kepatuhan dan kesetiaan yang berkekalan kepada Raja dan Negara

4 .3 SANGGUP BERKORBAN UNTUK NEGARAK e r e l a a n m e l a k u k a n a t a u menyerahkan sesuatu termasuk nyawa sebagai tanda kebaktian untuk negara

BIDANG 5 - HAK ASASI

5.1 MELINDUNGI HAK KANAK-KANAKMembela, memberi naungan dan memelihara hak kanak-kanak bagi menjamin kehidupan mereka yang sempurna

5.2 MENGHORMATI HAK WANITAMelindungi dan mengiktiraf wanita sebagai indiv idu yang boleh m e m b e r i s u m b a n g a n d a l a m p e m b a n g u n a n k e l u a r g a , masyarakat dan Negara

5.3 MELINDUNGI HAK PEKERJAMenghormati, menghargai dan mengiktiraf perkhidmatan, jasa dan sumbangan golongan pekerja dalam pembangunan Negara

5 . 4 M E N G H O R M A T I H A K G O L O N G A N K U R A N G BERUPAYAMemberi layanan yang bersopan kepada golonga kurang berupaya supaya tidak berasa tersisih dan mengiktiraf mereka sebagai insan ciptaan Tuhan

5 . 5 M E L I N D U N G I H A K PENGGUNAMembela dan memelihara hak individu untuk menjadi pengguna y a n g b e r i l m u , m e n d a p a t perkhidmatan serta barangan yang b e r k u a l i t i d a n t i d a k m u d a h dieksploitasi



BIDANG 6 - DEMOKRASI

6.1 MEMATUHI PERATURAN DAN UNDANG-UNDANGMenerima dan mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang yang telah ditentukan tanpa mengira sesiapa dan di mana seseorang itu berada

6.2 KEBEBASAN BERSUARAK e b e b a s a n b e r u c a p d a n mengeluarkan fikiran dengan batasan tertentu bagi menjaga keselamatan dan ketenteraman

6.3 KEBEBASAN BERAGAMAKebebasan setiap individu untuk menganuti dan mengamalkan a g a m a n y a s e p e r t i y a n g

diperuntukkan dalam Perlembagaan Malaysia

6.4 PENGLIBATAN DIRI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN NEGARAKebebasan untuk melibatkan diri d a l a m p e l b a g a i a k t i v i t i pembangunan negara dengan memetuhi peraturan, undang-u n d a n g d a n P e r l e m b a g a a n Malaysia

6.5 SIKAP KETERBUKAANBersedia memberi dan menerima pendangan, pembaharuan dan kritikan selaras dengan kebenaran fakta dan norma masyarakat Malaysia

BIDANG 7 - KEAMANAN DAN KEHARMONIAN 7.1 HIDUP BERSAMA SECARA AMANHidup berbaik-baik antara satu sama lain dengan mengutamakan kedamaian dan keharmonian hidup tanpa mengira agama, bangsa dan budaya

7.2 SALING MEMBANTU DAN BEKERJASAMAUsaha yang baik dan membina yang dilakukan bersama pada peringkat individu, komuniti atau negara untuk mencapai sesuatu matlamat

7.3 SALING MENGHORMATI ANTARA NEGARAMenghargai dan memul iakan hubungan antara negara untuk menjamin kesejahteraan sejagat


SPM 2015 Sejarah Tips

SPM Sejarah Format Elaboration

Paper 1: Consists of 40 multiple choice questions that needs to be answered in 1 hour. This paper contributes up to 30% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.

Paper 2: Consists of 2 parts; Section A and Section B that needs to be answered in 2 hours and 30 minutes. Section A consists of 4 questions which you have to answer all the questions. Each question consists of 10 marks. Section B consists of 7 questions which you will only need to choose 3 questions to answer. Each question consists of 20 marks. This paper will contribute up to 50% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.

Paper 3: Consist of an open-book test format which you will be allowed to bring your Form 4 and Form 5 textbooks and revision books into the hall. You will be given 3 hours to finish this paper. This paper will contribute up to 20% of your overall SPM Sejarah mark.

General Tips

1. Questions for SPM Sejarah will consist of information from your Form 4 and Form 5 textbooks. The official textbooks is not the most effective way as they contain too much text which will take longer time to understand the topic at hand. A reference book will come in helpful as they have helped you to break down vital information into a simple and concise format.

2. As history requires a lot of understanding of the facts, you should always understand the facts that are being presented whenever you study a topic for the first time. Studying in a timeline format, story or even making it like a game or competition will help make what can be a dry and boring subject; interesting to study. You should always understand what you have read so that you will not need to “memorize” the whole book.

3. By understanding what you have read, you will be able to get an idea of what happened or formed the relation between one fact to the other. This will help



you explain things in your own words with the correct facts without needing to remember everything in the book. (Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names / words)

4. Pay extra attention to identify and understand important names and events. They are usually related to one another whereby an event is caused by a previous event which leads leads to another event. Understanding the relationship between the names and events, will help you remember them better. If there are too many facts for a particular subtopic; grouping them together and remembering the groups (and giving meaning to the group) will help you remember and/or recall them better.

5. Constant and consistent revision of every topic will help you to understand and remember what you have read better. As the saying goes, “practice makes perfect”. Revise as many times as you need until you can confidently answer the practice questions given to you. Always go through the facts and explanations because you never know what you might have forgotten; and sometimes it even help you to understand better, hence remember better.

6. Remember that besides reading, you will also need to do exercises and practice questions. Without them, it will be like watching and understanding how a footballer kicks a ball without ever kicking a ball once, and thinking that you can now kick like one. Start by doing the questions topic by topic so that you know where you need to improve yourself further on. When you think you have sufficiently understand all the topics, you can proceed with



doing SPM model test papers, past year SPM trial questions and past year actual SPM questions.

7. Do refer to the marketing scheme of past year SPM trial papers so that you understand how scores are given for each question. This is important so that you can formulate your strategy in answering those questions which help you tremendously in maximizing your chances of getting marks for your answers.

8. Revision before the SPM Sejarah exam requires you to employ a different strategy. Start with going through the subtopics that you feel you are the weakest at before going to the subtopics that are are good at.

9. Every single year, there will be so called predictions on the questions that will be asked in the SPM Sejarah Paper 2. The predictions are just that; predictions. Never ever rely on predictions but instead, religiously read, understand and do exercises.

10.Finally, 1 month before the SPM Sejarah exam, a general topic will be release for Paper 3. Look for materials from various sources such as the books, newspapers, magazines and the internet. Most importantly of all, discuss with your teacher and friends about the topic because more brains will cut short your time needed to gather resources and help you understand and prepare for the topic at hand faster.

Paper 1 Tips

1. There are 4 questions for you to choose from. Read the questions properly because they might try to confuse you with questions such as “the following are the right answer except…” or “which of this is not the right answer…”.

2. Whether you are certain or not certain of the answer for the question, go through the choices provided and cross out the wrong answers. This will help you to have a safety net in place in case you read the question wrongly or better yet, if you are not sure of the answer, by crossing out the wrong answers, you will get closer to the right answer.



Paper 2 Tips

1. Part A: Answering in complete sentences are not required; they are not testing your grammar but you will still need to make sure that the spelling is correct and the answers are structured properly.

2. Part A: Write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer because no marks are given for wrong answer; but marks are given for the right answer. And every mark can make a difference for your grade.

3. Part B: Unlike in Part A, you will need to answer in complete sentences; essay form. If you do not do so, you will have half of your marks deducted even though you answered the question correctly. This part is to help an individual to understand the answer that you have written.

4. Part B: Once again, write as many answers as you think might be the possible answer as no marks are given for the wrong answer; but marks are given for the right answer. Remember that your answers need to be in complete sentences. If the question asked you to list down the facts, you will only need to list down the facts without elaboration. However, if the question requires you to explain or elaborate, you should provide both your facts and explanations. A lot of people either wasted their time here or not getting full marks because they did not understand the question properly.

5. Part A and B: Specific answer is the key here; instead of a general idea. Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might encounter in reference books.

Paper 3 Tips

1. Bring in any material that is relevant to you for this paper from textbooks, reference books and any other relevant materials.

2. For this part, usually the scoring for the answer is separated into a 50:50 format. 50% will be for the facts that you provided while the other 50% is for your opinion. This is where the discussion with your teachers and friends will help a lot. Your opinions have to be logical and relevant; and this goes back to how your express your opinion and the reasoning behind it.



3. Similar to SPM Sejarah Paper 2 Part B, you will need to answer in continuous writing form and in complete sentences. Minor spelling errors will be forgiven but major spelling answer will have your marks deducted. Most importantly, avoid short forms which you might encounter in reference books.

4. The challenge that most people face for this paper is the difficulty in organizing too much information to be presented in a short and concise format, in the allocated time. Never focus on putting as many possible answers on the paper as possible but focus on getting as many “highly probable” answer in the format required by the question as possible. Another suggestion would be to limit the “reference material” that you bring into the examination hall; this way you will be forced to rely on the reference material which will allow focus instead of trying to get reference from all sources.


PRO TIP ADVICE:

Make sure to be well versed in the history of Tamadun Islam and Malayan Union, as it is a

popular topic!

SPM 2015 Prinsip Perakaunan Tips

Panduan Menjawab Kertas Soalan Prinsip Perakaunan

Dokumen Perniagaan1. Soalan ini seolah-olah menjadi soalan utama dan wajib dikuasi oleh setiap

calon kerana ia menghasilkan jumlah markah yang terbanyak iaitu 29 markah. Biasanya soalan ini memberikan dokumen-dokumen perniagaan antara 13 hinggs 15 jumlahnya. Antaranya ialah Invois (Jualan dan Belian), resit rasmi, penyata akaun, keratan cek, slip bank, bil tunai, baucer, nota kredit, nota debit, memo, dan lain-lain.

2. Calon dikehendaki merekod semua urusniaga berdasarkan dokumen-dokumen tersebut ke dalam buku-buku catatan pertama (jurnal) dan seterusnya membuat posting ke akaun-akaun lejar yang berkenaan. Akhirnya calon dikehendaki menyediakan Imbangan Duga berdasatkan baki-baki akhir dalam akaun-akaun lejar.

3. Jika calon-calon benar-benar meneliti semua kertas soalan yang lepas, adalah didapati bahawa semua dokumen yang diberi disusun mengikut tarikh menaik. Oleh itu sebagai panduan umum, bagi memudahkan calon menjawab, calon-calon hendaklah menyelesaikan soalan ini satu demi satu berdasarkan dokumen yang diberi mengikut susunan seperti dalam soalan. Dengan cara ini dapat mengelakkan calon daripada tertinggal mencatatkan mana-mana urusniaga.

4. Buku-buku catatan pertama yang dimaksudkan ialah:a. Jurnal AmJurnal b. Belian Jurnal c. Jualan Jurnald. Pulangan Beliane. Jurnal Pulangan Jualanf. Buku Tunai (dua atau tiga ruangan)g. Buku Tunai Runcit



5. Oleh hal yang demikian calon hendaklah mengetahui di dalam buku catatan pertama manakah setiap urusniaga yang diberikan itu perlu direkodkan. Merekod urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal yang salah akan mengakibatkan calon kehilangan markah. Juga kesilapan merekod sesuatu urusniaga ke dalam jernal lebih daripada satu kali akan mengakibatkan calon tidak mendapat markah (kecuali modal permulaan perniagaan dan catatan pembukaan) boleh direkod dua kali (dalam jurnal am dan buku tunai). Calon dianggap meneka jika mereka merekod sesuatu urusniaga dua kali atau lebih, yang mengakibatkan kedua-dua catatan yang dibuat itu dianggap salah dan tidak diberi sebarang markah.

Panduan-panduan berikut perlu diberi perhatian olah calon apabila merekod urusniaga ke dalam jurnal-jurnal:

Jurnal Am! Tajuk Jurnal Am mesti ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan segala

kandungan Jurnal Am tidak mendapat markah yang sewajarnya! Mesti tulis ruangan tarikh, butir, debit dan kredit. Jangan tulis butiran dalam

bentuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama-nama akaun! Tarikh hendaklah ditulis bagi setiap urusniaga yang direkodkan. Jika terdapat

beberapa urusniaga yang berlainan berlaku pada tarikh yang sama memadai ditulis sekali sahaja pada urusniaga yang pertama

! Peraturan merekod Jurnal Am ialah mesti dahului catatan Debit dan diikuti catatan Kredit. Jangan sekali-kali dahului catatan kredit dan diikuti dengan catatan debit. Biasanya catatan debit sahaja/kredit sahaja tidak diterima.



! Setiap catatan dalam jurnal am mesti diikuti oleh satu keterangan yang mesti ditulis di dalam kurungan bagi menjelaskan urusniaga yang berlaku

! Hanya satu Jurnal Am biasanya dikehendaki. Oleh itu jangan buat Jurnal Am lebih daripada satu atau secara berasingan bagi setiap urusniaga.

Buku Tunai! Tajuk Buku Tunai hendaklah ditulis. Jika tajuk tidak ditulis berkemungkinan

segala kandungan buku tunai tidak diterima! Tarikh dan butir mesti betul untuk mendapat markah pada sesuatu angka

yang direkodkan.! Jangan tulis butiran dalam entuk esei. Apa yang perlu ditulis ialah nama-

nama akaun! Tajuk bagi ruangan Diskaun, Tunai dan Bank hendaklah ditulis dengan jelas

di kedud-dua bahagian debit dan kredit Buku Tunai. Biasanya Buku Tunai yang dibuat satu ruangan sahaja, tidak diterima

! Sebaik-baiknya semua catatan dalam Buku Tunai hendaklah direkodkan mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku

! Baki akhir (baki h/b) ruangan tunai dan bank hendaklah ditunjukkan

Jurnal Belian! Jangan sekali-kali buat jurnal belian dalam bentuk jurnal am! Tajuk Jurnal Belian mesti ditulis dengan jelas! Tarikh, butir dan angka mesti betul untuk memperolehi markah! Biasanya ruang no invois, detil invois tidak perlu direkodkan untuk

menjimatkan masa. Apa yang penting calon hendaklah turus sahaja merekod di ruangan jumlah dengan angka bersih (angka bersih diperolehi di akhir sesuatu invois).

! Catatan dalam jurnal mestilah dibuat mengikut urutan tarikh urusniaga berlaku

! Di akhir bulan/di hujung sesuatu tempoh perakaunan, sesuatu jurnal itu hendaklah ditutup dan dihitung jumlahnya. Tarikh penutupan jurnal hendaklah ditulis. Berhati-hati menulis butiran bagi menutup sesuatu jurnal. Tidak menulis tarikh dan butiran yang betul mengakibatkan calon kehilangan markah

! Butiran yang boleh diterima pakai ialah: Akaun Belian (Dt) atau Jumlah Belian Kredit. Butiran-butiran lain tidak diterima

Jurnal Jualan/Jurnal Pulangan Belian/Jurnal Pulangan Jualan! Panduan yang sama seperti di atas dipakai

Akaun-akaun Lejar



! Tajuk setiap akaun mestilah ditulis dengan betul dan jelas! Untuk mendapat markah setiap catatan mesti ditulis butir dan angka yang

betul! Calon biasanya kehilangan markah kerana mereka membuat akaun yang

sama dua kali atau lebih. Dengan kata lain akaun yang sama tidak boleh diulang dua kali atau lebih

! Tarikh bagi setiap catatan perlu direkod dengan betul. Walau bagaimanapun tarikh tidak bagitu penting dan boleh di abaikan

! Bila membuat posting dari Jurnal-jurnal Khas ke akaun-akaun berkenaan, butiran dalam akaun tidak boleh ditulis nama secara individu menggantikan "pelbagai penghutan/pelbagai pemiutang"

Imbangan Duga! Tajuk dan tarikh Ibangan Duga hendaklah ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap.

Jika tajuk tidak ditulis dengan betul dan lengkap anda akan kehilangan markah. Tajuk yang betul hendaklah ditulis sebagai contoh berikut:

Imbangan Duga Pada 31 Disember 20xx

! Butiran dan angka mestilah betul untuk mendapatkan markah. Debit dan kredit butiran berkenaan juga mesti betul

! Angka-angka dalam Imbangan Duga mesti sama dengan angka baki-baki dalam akaun lejar berkenaan dan baki tunai dan bank dalam Buku Tunai sahaja

! Angka jumlah keseimbangan Debit dan Kredit tidak penting (biasanya tidak diberi markah). Oleh itu jika calon mendapati jumlahnya tidak seimbang jangan membuang masa menjadikannya seimbang

Teknik Menjawab Penyelarasan Soalan (Adjustment Accounts)Pelarasan AkaunPelarasan dilakukan ke atas butiran akaun kerana mematuhi:

i. Tempoh Perakaunanii. Konvensyen PerakaunanDi antara butiran akaun yang perlu dilaraskan:

i. Belanjaii. Hasiliii. Hutang Lapukiv. Peruntukan Hutang Raguv. Susut nilai



vi. Butiran akaun yang belum direkod

Persembahan perakaunan:

Ditunjukkan dalam akaun penamat dalam bentuk:i. T akaunii. Penyataiii. Lembaran Kerja

Dalam penyediaan pelajar MESTI menjaga: i. Komponanii. Struktur akaun

! Format:

! Soalan diberi dalam bentuk

○ Baki-baki akaun

○ Imbangan Duga

○ Dari bab lain seperti:

■ Perkongsian

■ Pengeluaran

Pelarasan Dalam Bentuk PenyataJawapan anda perlu ada dalam format Kertas Jawapan – Guna kertas Jurnal/Kajang

Langkah 1: Tulis Tajuk

Langkah 2: Catat komponan akaun:

Penyata Pendapatan:a) Jualanb) Tolak Kos Jualanc) (+) Lain – Lain Hasild) (-) Belanja

Langkah 3: Kunci Kira-Kira:

a) Aset Tetapb) Aset Semasac) (-) Liabiliti Semasa



d) Dibiayai oleh:e) Liabiliti Jangka Panjang

Langkah 4: Selesai Maklumat Tambahan melalui Pendekatan CB / ID

Langkah 5: Ambil butiran akaun dalan ID terselaras dan catat dalam komponan / format disediakan

*Nota: Pengiraan tidak perlu ditunjukkan dalam kertas jawapan anda.

Kecuaian yang pelajar selalu buat dalam peperiksaan

Beberapa kelemahan atau kesalahan umum calon di dalam peperiksaan kertas Prinsip Akaun yang telah dikenal pasti. Antaranya ialah:

1. Menjawab soalan dengan terlalu gopoh.

2. Tidak memahami kehendak/tugasan soalan terutamanya bagi pelarasan.

3. Cuai dalam membuat pengiraan.

4. Tidak dapat menguasai format akaun yang betul.

5. Tidak mempunyai kaedah penyelesaian yang sistematik dan teratur.

6. Lemah dalam kemahiran mengira dengan cepat.

7. Tidak menjawab mengikut kehendak soalan.

8. Kurang membuat latihan/latih tubi yang mencukupi.

9. Membuang masa atau tidak pandai merancang dan mengagihkan masa mengikut kehendak soalan dan peruntukan markah.

10.Tidak berkebolehan menggunakan maklumat dan butir-butir yang disediakan di dalam soalan dengan teliti.

11. Tulisan tidak kemas dan sukar dibaca. Angka-angka tidak ditulis dengan jelas.

12.Catatan-catatan dalam jurnal dan lejar tidak dibuat dengan teratur.




Bil BIL Topic

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

K1 K2 K1 K2 K1 K2 K1

1 Pengenalan Kepada Perakaunan

2 2 2 2

2 Klasifikasi Akaun: Aset, Liability, Ekuiti Pemilik, Hasil, Belanja & Akaun Kontra

3 4 2 5

3 Dokumen Perniagaan Sebagai Sumber Maklumat

1 1 1

4 Journal Sebagai Buku Catatan Pertama

2 1a 1 1a 2 1a 1

5 Lejar 3 1c 6 1c 5 4 1b

6 Imbangan Duga 3 1c 2 1c 5 1c 1

7 Penyata Kewangan - Milikan Tunggal

8 3 5 7 2 3

8 Perakaunan untuk Tunai 2 3 4 6 3

9 Perakaunan untuk Penggajian

10 Perkongsian 2 3 4 6 3

11 Syarikat Berhad 2 3 4 1 4

12 Kelab & Persatuan 2 5 3 2 4 2

13 Rekod Tak Lengkap 3 6 3 5 1 4

14 Perakaunan Untuk Pengurusan

2 4 2 6 2 5 2

15 Maklumat Untuk Membuat Keputusan

3 1 4 1

Jumlah Soalan 40 6 40 6 40 6 40

SPM 2015 Perdagangan Tips

Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013)

QUICK NOTES, MUST STUDY CHAPTERS

SPM PERDAGANGAN

Paper 1 1 hr 15 min Answer ALL 40 questions 40%

Paper 2 2 hrs Section A: Answer THREE questions

60%Section B: Answer ALL questions

TOTAL 100%


P1 P2

Asas Kepada Perdagangan D D

Unsur Perdagangan C C

Perniagaan Dalam Negeri D D

Perniagaan Antarabangsa C C

Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS) D D

Pemilikan Perniagaan D D

Pelaburan D D

Perbankan dan Institusi Kewangan lain D D

Insurans D D

Pengangkutan D D

Komunikasi D D

Pergudangan D C

Promosi D C

Peranan Kerajaan Dalam Perniagaan C C

Konsumerisme D D

Looking for a university and course to study? Use UniDigest.com to compare university courses and apply for free.


1)PERBANKAN DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN LAIN

! Sistem Perbankan Konvensional○ Sistem perbankan British yang diubahsuai mengikut peraturan yang

ditetapkan oleh Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)○ Berlandaskan prinsip komersial iaitu keuntungan dan kecekapan

! Sisterm Perbankan Islam○ Berdasarkan prinsip Islam○ Tiada mengamalkan riba dan faedah

! Perbezaan Sistem Pembankan

! Jenis Bank○ Bank Pusat○ Bank Perdagangan dan Bank Islam

Konvensional Islam

Mengandungi unsur riba Mengharamkan unsur riba

Mengikuti peraturan BNM Mengikuti peraturan BMN dan hukum syarah

Bebas melabur dalam semua sektor Hanya melabur di sektor halal

Pakar pembankan konvensional sebagai penasihat Ulama, ahli akademik, pakar permbankan Islam sebagai penasihat



○ Bank Saudagar○ Bank Badan Berkanun○ Bank Koperasi

! Fungsi Bank Negara Malaysia○ Mengeluarkan dan mengawal mata wang Negara○ Menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan○ Laksanakan dasar kewangan kerajaan○ Menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan

! Fungsi Bank Perdagangan○ Terima simpanan (akaun simpanan / tetap/ semasa)○ Beri kemudahan pembiayaan (pinjaman / overdraf)○ Beri kemudahan pembayaran (pindahan kredit / arahan tetap)○ Beri perkhidmatan lain (kad kredit / peti simpanan selamat)

! Fungsi Bank Saudagar○ Terima simpanan dari syarikat besar○ Beri pinjaman○ Beri khidmat nasihat korporat○ Urus pelaburan syarikat berhad○ Tangung jamin terbitan syer

! Fungsi Bank Badan BerkanunBank Simpanan Nasional

! Terima simpanan ! Beri pinjaman ! Tawar kad kredit ! Sedia perkhidmatan perbankan Islam

Bank Pembangunan dan Infrastruktur Malaysia Berhad! Biaya aset tetap ! Biaya modal kerja! Sedia skim kilang bimbingan! Sedia tabung usahawan baru ! Sedia modal asas untuk Industri Kecil dan Sederhana (IKS)

Bank Pertanian Malaysia



! Beri pinjaman ! Terima simpanan ! Beri kemudahan sewa jentera! Anjur kursus / latihan kepada usahawan bumiputera

! Fungsi Bank Badan Berkanun○ Terima simpanan○ Beri pinjaman○ Tawar perkhidmatan perbankan Islam

! Ciri-Ciri Bank Islam○ Berdasarkan hukum Islam dan peraturan syariah.○ Tertakluk kepada Akta Bank Islam 1983.○ Riba (bunga atau faedah) tidak dibenarkan○ Mudharabah dan musyarakah (amalkan konsep perkongsian untung rugi)○ Maisir iaitu perjudian tidak dibenarkan○ 3 konsep (Wadiah, Mudharabah, Musyarakah)

! Cek ○ Dokumen perintah bertulis oleh penyimpan akaun semasa kepada pihak

bank. Cek ini bertujuan mengarahkan bank untuk membuat sejumlah bayaran pada tarikh tertentu kepada menerima pembawa cek apabila dituntut.

! Pihak-pihak dalam sekeping Cek○ Pesuruh bayar - bank yang mengeluarkan cek○ Penyuruh bayar - orang / pihak yang menandatangani cek○ Penerima - orang / pihak yang menerima bayaran

! Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Cek

Kelebihan Kekurangan

Selamat Bukan wang sah

Boleh tangguh pembayaran Melambatkan proses penerimaan wang

Boleh batalkan pembayaran Penerima cek berisiko menerima cek tak sah

Murah Kos dikenakan di atas penggunaan cek



2) INSURANS

! Istilah○ Insurer - Syarikat insurans yang memberi perlindungan○ Insured - Orang yang membeli polisi insurans○ Premium - Bayaran yang dijelaskan oleh insured untuk mendapatkan

perlindungan○ Polisi - Perjanjian antara insurer dan insured○ Pampasan - gantirugi yang dibayar jika berlaku risiko

! Peranan Insurans

! Risiko Boleh Insurans○ Risiko boleh dikira secara statistik. Ada rekod kejadian lalu○ Kadar premium boleh ditetapkan○ Cth: Kebakaran,kecurian

! Risiko Tidak Boleh Diinsuranskan○ Tidak doleh dikira. Tiada rekod kejadian○ Kadar premium sukar ditetapkan

Tidak perlu mengira duit

Boleh dihantar melalui pos

Kepada Peniaga Kepada Individu Kepada Negara

Melindungi daripada risiko Melindungi individu dan keluarga dari risiko

Membangunkan ekonomi negara

Dapat pampasan jika risiko berlaku

Jaminan masa depan Memberi peluang pekerjaan

Lebih yakin untuk memajukan perniagaan

Dapat pampasan jika berlaku risiko

Taraf hidup rakyat meningkat

Satu cara menabung



! Prinsip Insurans○ Penuh Percaya Mutlak○ Indemniti

■ Sumbangan■ Subrograsi■ Doktrin punya hampiran

! Jenis Insurans○ Insurans Am

■ Insurans Kemalangan! Insurans Kenderaan Bermotor

○ Insurans motor pihak ketiga○ Insurans Motor Komprehensif

! Insurans Kemalangan Peribadi! Insurans Liabiliti Am! Insurans Liabiliti Majikan! Insurans Kebakaran

■ Insurans Kebakaran■ Insurans Marin/Penerbangan/Perkapalan■ Insurans lain

○ Insurans Hayat■ Insurans Hayat Seumur Hidup■ Insurans Hayat Sementara■ Insurans Endowmen

○ Insurans Islam■ Konsep Takaful

! Diuruskan berdasarkan hukum syariah! Guna 3 prinsip insurans biasa, ditambah:

○ Mudharabah - Perkongsian untung○ Tabaruk - Derma dengan ikhlas/wujud dana bersama

! Dijalankan dengan asas:○ Tiada Gharar - ketidakpastian○ Tidak Maisir - perjudian○ Tiada Riba - faedah

! Produk Skim Takaful○ Takaful keluarga



○ Takaful Am

3)PENGANGKUTAN

! Definisi: Proses pemindahan barang dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain dengan menggunakan kenderaan

! Jenis Pengangkutan○ Pengangkutan Darat

■ Jalan raya■ Rel

○ Pengangkutan Laut■ Kapal Kargo■ Kapal Kerentan■ Feri■ Kapal Pesisir Pantai

○ Pengangkutan Udara■ Kapal terbang■ Helikopter

○ Saluran Paip

! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya○ Boleh serah barang dari pintu ke pintu



○ Menjimatkan masa○ Mengurangkan kerja pemunggahan○ Risiko barang rosak lebih kurang○ Murah dan cepat untuk jarak dekat○ Sesuai bawa barang diperlukan segera○ Tiada jadual perjalanan○ Kemudahan kenderaan mudah didapati dan banyak○ Mudah hubungi kawasan pendalaman

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Jalan Raya○ Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak jauh ○ Ruang muatan terhad○ Tidak sesuai mengangkut barang mudah pecah (contoh: kaca, seramik)○ Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi○ Pembaziran tenaga buruh

! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Rel○ Murah dan cepat bagi jarak jauh ○ Ruang muatan lebih luas○ Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal / berat / kuatiti banyak / bernilai rendah

seperti kayu balak , simen, pasir○ Lebih selamat / kurang kemalangan dan selesa○ Masa bertolak dan tiba diketahui mudahkan peniaga hantar / tunggu

barang

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Rel○ Mahal dan lambat bagi jarak dekat○ Tiada perkhidmatan pintu ke pintu○ Banyak kerja pemunggahan○ Risiko barang rosak / hilang tinggi○ Tidak fleksibel kerana arah dan masa perjalanan ditetapkan○ Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi○ Rangkaian perkhidmatan keretapi terhad – tidak semua bandar

dihubungkan dengan perkhidmatan kereta api

! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Darat○ Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan (JPJ)○ Lembaga Pelesenan Kenderaan Perdagangan (LPKP)



○ Pusat Pemeriksaan Kenderaan Berkomputer (PUSPAKOM)○ Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB)

! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Laut○ Boleh bawa muatan banyak○ Tambang lebih murah○ Sesuai untuk bawa barang pukal seperti kayu balak dan bijih timah○ Lebih selamat sebab kadar kemalangan rendah○ Tiada kesesakan lalu lintas○ Kos penyelenggaraan sedikit○ Banyak pilihan kapal seperti kapal kontena, kapal kargo○ Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - cepatkan urusan kastam

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Laut○ Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu dan memerlukan pengangkutan lain seperti

lori untuk bawa barang dari atau ke pelabuhan○ Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak meningkatkan risiko kecurian dan

kerosakan○ Perjalanan lambat sampai○ Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan pelabuhan / jeti

sahaja

! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Laut○ Perbadanan Perkapalan Antarabangsa Malaysia (MISC)○ Jabatan Laut○ Lembaga Pelabuhan

! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Udara○ Sesuai bawa barang mahal dan ringan kerana kadar tambang tidak

dipengaruhi oleh nilai barang○ Sesuai bawa barang yang diperlukan segera yang memerlukan

pengangkutan yang cepat / pantas○ Sesuai bawa barang yang tidak tahan lama untuk menjamin agar barang

segar dan baik○ Sesuai hubungi kawasan pendalaman – gunakan helikopter○ Barang lebih selamat sebab kawalan keselamatan ketat risiko kecurian

kurang oleh itu kos insurans lebih rendah○ Kos pergudangan rendah sebab barang segera dihantar



○ Ada kemudahan kontenarisasi - mencepatkan urusan kastam

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Udara○ Tambang mahal ○ Saiz dan berat kargo dihadkan○ Tiada serahan pintu ke pintu perlukan pengangkutan lain○ Kerja pemunggahan yang banyak tingkatkan risiko kecurian dan kerosakan○ Perkhidmatan terhad di kawasan yang ada kemudahan lapangan terbang

sahaja○ Penerbangan mudah tergendala jika cuaca buruk○ Kos penyelenggaraan tinggi

! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Udara○ Penerbangan Malaysia (MAS)○ Jabatan Penerbangan Awam (DCA)

! Kelebihan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip○ Barang selamat daripada risiko kecurian○ Barang segera sampai○ Jimat kos pengangkutan kerana tidak guna bahan api○ Kos penyelenggaraan rendah sebab kurang berlaku kerosakan

! Kekurangan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip○ Kos pemasangan saluran paip tinggi○ Penggunaannya terhad kepada barang cecair dan gas seperti petrolium,

gas dan air○ Kebocoran mengganggu penggunaan dan sukar dibaiki

! Badan Berkaitan Dengan Pengangkutan Saluran Paip○ Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)

! Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Pengangkutan○ Kos pengangkutan○ Jenis barang yang dibawa○ Jarak perjalanan○ Kesegeraan ○ Risiko kerosakan○ Nilai barang yang dibawa



4)KOMUNIKASI

! Fungsi Komunikasi○ Memudah dan mempercepatkan proses penyebaran maklumat.○ Memudahkan peniaga menjalankan aktiviti perniagaan.○ Memudahkan kegiatan promosi.○ Meluaskan pasaran barangan.○ Memudahkan pentadbiran dan pengurusan.○ Mengelakkan kerugian dan kerosakan.

! Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi○ Televisyen dan radio.○ Perkhidmatan Pos

■ Perkhidmatan Mel.■ Perkhidmatan kaunter.■ Perkhidmatan Lain.

○ Perkhidmatan Telekomunikasi■ Perkhidmatan lisan■ Perkhidmatan bercetak■ Perkhidmatan Audiovisual

○ Perkhidmatan Kurier.■ EMS■ Poslaju Malaysia

! Faktor Pemilihan Jenis Perkhidmatan Komunikasi○ Kesegaran○ Jenis Maklumat○ Kos○ Mudah didapati dan berhampiran○ Jarak

5)KONSUMERISME

! Maksud Konsumerisme○ Satu perjuangan bagi melindungi hak dan kepentingan pengguna



○ Satu usaha bagi menyedarkan pengguna tentang hak mereka supaya taraf hidup meningkat

! Matlamat Konsumerisme○ Melindungi hak pengguna○ Mewujudkan iklim perniagaan yang harmoni○ Membina kualiti kehidupan yang lebih baik

! Pengguna

○ Orang yang menggunakan barang untuk penuhi keperluan dan kehendak

! Amalan perniagaan yang tidak sihat○ Letak harga tidak berpatutan○ Buat iklan mengelirukan○ Tawar barang berkualiti rendah○ Jual barang yang tidak selamat

! Hak pengguna

○ Hak mendapat keperluan asas○ Hak mendapat keselamatan○ Hak mendapat maklumat○ Hak membuat pilihan○ Hak mendapat ganti rugi○ Hak bersuara○ Hak mendapat pendidikan pengguna○ Hak mendapat alam sekitar yang sihat

! Lima Tanggungjawab pengguna

○ Kesedaran mengkritik○ Penglibatan dan tindakan○ Tanggungjawab sosial○ Tanggungjawab alam semulajadi○ Bersatu padu

! Enam Tanggungjawab pengeluar○ Praktikkan amalan perniagaan yang baik○ Amal pengiklanan yang beretika○ Sedia terima rungutan



○ Membantu menyebarkan pendidikan konsumerisme○ Memelihara alam sekitar○ Menjalankan tanggungjawab sosial

! Lima prinsip asas membeli dengan bijak○ Menentukan jenis barang○ Menentukan sebab membeli○ Menentukan masa membeli○ Memilih tempat membeli○ Mengetahui teknik membeli

! Peranan kerajaan dalam melindungi pengguna○ Tubuh kementerian yang menjaga hal-ehwal pengguna○ Beri kesedaran tentang konsumerisme○ Wujudkan akta/peraturan○ Tubuh kementerian / jabatan untuk kuatkuasa undang-undang

! Agensi lain dan peranannya dalam melindungi pengguna

○ Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK) @ Majlis Pengguna

○ Tribunal Tuntutan Pengguna○ Persatuan Pengguna○ Persatuan Pengeluar○ Persatuan Profesional○ Persatuan Peniaga

! Etika Amalan Perniagaan

○ Diperkenalkan tahun 1982○ Digubal oleh Majlis Penasihat Pelindung Pengguna Kebangsaan (MPPPK)○ Bertujuan mewujudkan perpaduan di kalangan peniaga, pengeluar,

pengguna dan kerajaan○ mengandungi Etika Penjual dan Etika Pembeli○ Mempunyai 5 prinsip:

■ Kenalpasti dan akui hak-hak pengguna■ Tidak menyampaikan maklumat yang mengelirukan■ Patuhi prinsip perniagaan secara adil■ Tidak burukkan pesaing



■ Amal perniagaan yang jujur

! Etika Pembeli (mengandungi dua tanggungjawab pembeli)

Tanggungjawab terhadap penjual○ patuhi syarat kontrak○ jelaskan hutang mengikut tempoh○ tidak boleh paksa penjual sediakan perkhidmatan yang melebihi bayaran○ tidak menawarkan harga terlalu rendah sehingga peniaga rugi○ tidak kembalikan barang tanpa alasan yang kukuh/ tanpa tunjuk kad

jaminan○ amalkan sifat sopan santun○ beri pandangan untuk tingkatkan kualiti barang

Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat○ libatkan diri dalam persatuan pengguna○ jaga persekitaran tempat tinggal/ pelihara alam sekitar○ elak aktiviti pembakaran secara terbuka/ yang cemarkan alam sekitar○ tidak sebarkan khabar angin seperti kenaikan harga barang/ kekurangan

bekalan

! Etika Penjual (Mengandungi enam tanggungjawab penjual)Tanggungjawab terhadap pekerja

! jaga kebajikan pekerja dengan kemudahan tempat tinggal/pengangkutan! beri bimbingan /latihan untuk meningkatkan produktiviti! memberi ganjaran setimpal seperti gaji/bonus

Tanggungjawab terhadap pelanggan

! sediakan barang berkualiti! sentiasa berusaha tingkatkan kualiti barang! tepati keperluan dan kehendak pengguna! jual barang pada harga berpatutan! bermaklumat yang lengkap! adakan kempen promosi yang jujur! sediakan khidmat lepas jualan / khidmat nasihat! beri layanan sama rata

Tanggungjawab terhadap pemodal



! maklumkan kedudukan pelaburan / perniagaan! beri kadar pulangan yang memuaskan! jalankan pengurusan yang cekap

Tanggungjawab terhadap pembekal

! layanan adil kepada semua pembekal! patuhi segala syarat kontrak! berusaha jual barang dengan segera! amalkan ‘sistem payung’! pastikan syarat kontrak jelas

Tanggungjawab terhadap masyarakat

! pelihara alam sekitar! guna sumber yang manfaatkan masyarakat! beri sumbangan kepada pembangunan / penyelidikan melalui biasiswa /

subsidi

Tanggungjawab terhadap kerajaan! bayar cukai! sedia peluang pekerjaan! guna sumber bahan mentah tempatan dengan cekap! adakan rundingan dengan kerajaan mengenai penggubalan / perlaksanaan

dasar


SPM 2015 Ekonomi Asas Tips

Questions Analysis (2007 - 2013):

SPM EKONOMI ASAS

Paper 1 1 hr 30 min Answer all 40 questions 40%

Paper 2 2 hrs Section A: Answer all THREE questions 60%

Section B: Answer ALL questions

TOTAL 100%


P1 P2

Pengenalan Kepada Ekonomi D D

Pendapatan dan Penggunaan Pendapatan Individu D D

Isi Rumah Sebagai Pengguna D D

Firma Sebagai Pengeluar D D

Pasaran D D

Wang dan Institusi Kewangan D D

Ekonomi Malaysia a) Struktur Ekonomi Negara

D C

Ekonomi Malaysia b) Belanjawan Negara

D D

Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa a. Perdagangan Antarabangsa

C D

Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa b. Imbangan Pembayaran

D D

Hubungan Ekonomi Antarabangsa c. Pertukaran Asing

D D



QUICK NOTES AND TIPS FOR PAPER ONE & TWO

1) PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI! Ekonomi

○ Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.

! Sumber ekonomi terhad terdiri daripada:○ Buruh○ Tanah○ Modal ○ Usahawan

! Unit ekonomi terdiri daripada;○ Isi rumah○ Firma○ Kerajaan

! Masalah ekonomi :○ Kekurangan○ Pilihan○ Kos Lepas

! Jenis-jenis barang:○ Barang Percuma○ Barang Awam○ Barang Ekonomi



! Masalah asas ekonomi terdiri daripada:○ Apa yang hendak dikeluarkan○ Berapa yang hendak dikeluarkan○ Bagaimana hendak dikeluarkan○ Untuk siapa dikeluarkan

! Empat sistem ekonomi:○ Kapitalis○ Perancangan Pusat○ Ekonomi Campuran○ Islam

2) PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU DAN PENGGUNAAN PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU! Ekonomi

○ Tingkah laku manusia dalam menggunakan sumber ekonomi yang terhad untuk memenuhi kehendak yang tidak terhak.

! Tiga sektor ekonomi:○ Sektor Utama/ Sektor Primer

■ Melibatkan pengeluaran secara langsung daripada alam semula jadi sama ada dari darat atau laut

■ Contoh: Pertanian, penternakan, perhutanan dan lain-lain○ Sektor Kedua

■ Melibatkan pemprosesan bahan mentah dari sektor utama untuk menghasilkan barang

■ Contoh: Arkitek, Kontraktor,Juruteknik Kilang dan lain-lain○ Sektor Ketiga

■ Penyediaan perkhidmatan secara langsung kepada pengguna■ Contoh: Doktor, peguam, guru, jururawat

! Faktor Pemilihan Pekerjaan○ Upah Wang○ Faedah Sampingan○ Faktor Lain (minat, jarak, prospek pekerjaan, suasana tempat kerja,

kelayakan akademik, keadaan ekonomi semasa)! Jenis Pendapatan Individu

○ Upah/Gaji■ Upah Benar = Upah Wang / Harga Purata Barang

○ Faedah



■ Faedah = Pokok x Kadar Faedah x Tempoh○ Dividen○ Untung

■ Untung = Hasil - Kos○ Sewa○ Bayaran Pindahan

! Pendapatan Boleh Guna = Jumlah pendapatan - Potongan wajib! Potongan Wajib terdiri daripada:

○ Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja (KWSP)○ Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO)○ Zakat○ Cukai Pendapatan

! Perbelanjaan penggunaan terdiri daripada:○ Keperluan

■ Keperluan asas■ Keperluan lain

○ Kehendak! Tabungan

○ Tabungan = Pendapatan Boleh Guna - Perbelanjaan Penggunaan

3) ISI RUMAH SEBAGAI PENGGUNA

! Isi Rumah ○ Isi Rumah = Individu atau keluarga yang tinggal dalam satu rumah dan

akan membuat keputusan ekonomi untuk kepentingan bersama! Peranan Isi Rumah:

○ Sebagai pembekal faktor-faktor pengeluaran○ Sebagai pengguna barang dan perkhidmatan

! Konsep Utiliti:○ Tingkat atau ukuran kepuasan yang diperoleh oleh isi rumah daripada

penggunaan barang dan perkhidmatan! Hukum Permintaan

○ Dengan andaian ceteris paribus, semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang, semakin kurang kuantiti yang diminta. Semakin rendah harga barang, semakin banyak kuantiti yang diminta.

! Penentu Pemintaan○ Harga Barang Itu○ Harga Barang Lain



○ Pendapatan Individu○ Cita Rasa Pengguna○ Jangkaan Harga Pada Masa Depan○ Musim○ Dasar Kerajaan

! Keanjalan harga ○ Keanjalan harga = Peratus perubahan dalam kuantiti yang diminta

terhadap sesuatu barang atau perkhidmatan kesan daripada peratus perubahan harga barang itu

! Strategi Perubahan Harga:○ Anjal

■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot

○ Tidak Anjal ■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil merosot■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil meningkat

○ Anjal Satu■ Strategi: Menurunkan harga; Kesan = Jumlah hasil tidak berubah■ Strategi: Menaikkan harga; Kesan = Tidak berubah

4) FIRMA SEBAGAI PENGELUAR! Firm ialah satu unit ekonomi atau sebuah organisasi yang merancang bagaimana

menggunakan input (faktor-faktor pengeluaran) untuk, menghasilkan output (barang dan perkhidmatan)

! Objektif Firma adalah untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan! Konsep Pengeluaran ialah aktiviti menggabungkan faktor-faktor pengeluaran

(input) untuk menghasilkan keluaran (output)! Dua jenis input:

○ Input tetap○ Input berubah

! Jangka masa pengeluaran○ Jangka masa pengeluaran ialah jangka masa apabila firma mampu

mengubah input tetap menjadi input berubah! Jumlah keluaran

○ Jumlah unit barang yang mampu dikeluarkan daripada gabungan input tetap dan input berubah

! Keluaran Purata



○ Jumlah keluaran yang boleh dihasilkan oleh setiap unit input berubah○ Keluaran Purata = Jumlah keluaran/Input berubah

! Keluaran Sut○ Pertambahan jumlah keluaran akibat pertambahan satu unit lagi input

berubah○ Keluaran Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran/ Perubahan Jumlah Input

Berubah! Jumlah Kos

○ Jumlah perbelanjaan yang terpaksa ditanggung untuk menghasilkan output○ Jumlah Kos = Kos tetap + Kos berubah

! Kos Purata○ Perbelanjaan (kos) bagi setiap unit keluaran yang dihasilkan○ Kos Purata = Jumlah Kos / Jumlah Keluaran

! Kos Sut○ Pertambahan kos akibat daripada pertambahan satu unit keluaran○ Kos Sut = Perubahan Jumlah Kos / Perubahan Jumlah Keluaran

! Hukum penawaran menyatakan bahawa semakin tinggi harga sesuatu barang, semakin banyak kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh firma.

! Faktor penawaran:○ Harga barang itu○ Harga barang lain○ Harga faktor pengeluaran○ Tingkat teknologi○ Jangkaan harga pada masa depan○ Cuaca○ Matlamat pengeluar○ Dasar kerajaan

5) PASARAN

! Pasaran merupakan suatu situasi yang membolehkan para pembeli dan penjual berinteraksi antara satu sama lain dengan tujuan berjual beli barang atau perkhidmatan

! Dua jenis pasaran:○ Pasaran langsung○ Pasaran tidak langsung

! Pasaran barangan merupakan institusi yang membolehkan penjual dan pembeli berinteraksi dengan tujuan untuk berjual beli barang dan perkhidmatan



! Permintaan pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar semua kuantiti barang yang diminta oleh semua individu di pasaran pada setiap tingkat harga bagi suatu jangka masa tertentu

! Penawaran pasaran diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan secara mendatar kuantiti yang ditawarkan oleh setiap firma pada tingkat harga tertentu dan dalam jangka masa tertentu

! Keseimbangan pasaran dicapai apabila jumlah kuantiti yang diminta sama dengan jumlah kuantiti yang ditawarkan pada suatu tingkat harga tertentu

! Pasaran faktor merupakan tempat faktor-faktor pengeluaran diuruskan! Pasaran faktor terdiri daripada:

○ Pasaran Buruh○ Pasaran Modal○ Pasaran Tanah

! Aliran pusingan pendapatan dalam ekonomi dua sektor ditakrifkan sebagai aliran pendapatan faktor daripada sektor firma kepada sektor isi rumah dan aliran perbelanjaan penggunaan daripada sektor isi rumah kepada sektor firma

! Aliran fizikal melibatkan pergerakan barang dan perkhidmatan serta faktor-faktor pengeluaran antara sektor isi rumah dan sektor firma

! Aliran wang melibatkan aliran pendapatan faktor-faktor pengeluaran dan aliran perbelanjaan isi rumah

6) WANG DAN INSTITUSI KEWANGAN

! Wang merupakan sebarang benda yang diterima umum sebagai alat perantaraan pertukaran

! Sistem barter ialah sistem pertukaran barang secara langsung antara seorang individu dan individu lain

! Kelemahan Sistem Barter:○ memerlukan dua kehendak serentak○ barang sukar dibahagikan kepada unit kecil○ barang tidak mempunyai simpanan nilai yang bail○ barang tidak mempunyai ukuran nilai

! Ciri-Ciri Wang○ Diterima umum○ Penawaran yang terhad○ Kestabilan nilai○ Tahan lama



○ Mudah dibawa○ Boleh dibahagikan kepada unit-unit yang kecil

! Jenis Wang○ Duit Syiling○ Wang Kertas○ Deposit Semasa

! Fungsi Wang○ Alat perantaraan pertukaran○ Alat simpanan nilai○ Alat bayaran tertunda○ Alat ukuran nilai

! Bank ialah institusi kewangan yang menawarkan perkhidmatan kewangan kepada orang ramai

! Jenis Bank:○ Bank perdagangan○ Bank pusat○ Bank saudagar○ Syarikat kewangan

! Fungsi Bank Perdagangan○ Menerima simpanan○ Mengurus pertukaran asing○ Memberikan pinjaman○ Membuat dan menerima bayaran

! Skim Perbankan Islam bertujuan memenuhi keperluan kewangan masyarakat Islam

! Prinsip Skim Perbankan Islam○ Wadiah○ Mudharabah○ Murabahah○ Musyarakah○ Bai Bithaman Ajil

! Bank Pusat merupakan bank induk yang ditubuhkan untuk mengawasi dan mengawal pelaksanaan segala dasar serta peraturan kewangan yang telah ditetapkan

! Fungsi Bank Pusat○ mengeluarkan mata wang○ mengawal kestabilan nilai mata wang○ menjadi jurubank kepada bank perdagangan



○ menjadi jurubank kepada kerajaan! Cara Bank Pusat mengawal inflasi dan kemelesetan ekonomi:

○ rizab berkanun○ rizab tunai○ kadar faedah○ jual beli surat jaminan kerajaan○ kawalan syarat sewa beli

! Jenis Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank○ Syarikat Insurans○ Bank Simpanan Nasional○ Lembaga Tabung Haji○ Kumpulan Wang Simpanan Pekerja

! Fungsi Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank○ Menerima deposit○ Menggalakkan tabungan○ Menggalakkan pelaburan○ Sumber kewangan kepada pasaran modal negara

! Sumbangan Institusi Kewangan Bukan Bank kepada Perkembangan Ekonomi Negara

○ Menggembleng dan menggerakkan dana○ Menyediakan peluang pekerjaan○ Mengurangkan pinjaman kerajaan dari luar negara○ Menstabilkan ekonomi


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