Splash Screen Contents Chapter Focus Section 1Section 1How Media Impact Government Section 2Section...

Chapter Focus

Section 1 How Media Impact Government

Section 2 Regulating Print and Broadcast Media

Section 3 The Internet and Democracy

Chapter Assessment

http://www.gov.glencoe.com/

• How Media Impact Government Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.

Chapter Objectives

• Regulating Print and Broadcast Media Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.

• The Internet and Democracy Analyze the impact of the Internet on government in the United States.


How Media Impact Government

Key Terms

mass media, news release, news briefing, leak, media event, front-runner, spot advertising

Find Out

• What is news? What is the major purpose of news reporting?

• What are the major forms of print and broadcast media?


How Media Impact Government

Understanding Concepts

Political Processes Television has become a very important part of modern politics, but not without consequences. How has television’s role weakened the traditional role played by political parties?

Section Objective

Discuss the role of mass media in United States politics.


In April 1979 President Jimmy Carter held a treaty-signing ceremony on the White House lawn. With him were President Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Begin of Israel—and nearby recording this historical event were hundreds of reporters, television crews, and photographers from all over the world. This news event ended 30 years of fighting between the two countries and highlighted Carter’s role in trying to bring peace to the Middle East.


A. The president is an important source of news; 80 percent of all media coverage of national government focuses on the president.

I. The President and the Media (pages 527–529)

B. Modern presidents and their staffs try to manage relations with the mass media in various ways in order to sell their policies and programs to the public.

C. The White House uses news releases and briefings, as well as press conferences, to make announcements and to explain policies, decisions, or actions.


D. The president or another top official sometimes gives reporters important pieces of information in a backgrounder, which the media report without naming the source of information.

E. Top government officials also provide the media with information “off the record” and through news leaks.

F. Modern presidents stage news events to reinforce their positions on issues.



How do the president and the press rely on each other in order to do their jobs? In what ways does this interdependency interfere with doing their jobs effectively?

Students should discuss the mutually beneficial relationship of press and president.



A. Television greatly impacts presidential campaigns by 1) requiring that candidates be telegenic, 2) making it possible for unknowns to quickly become serious candidates, and 3) encouraging celebrities from other fields to enter politics.

II. Media and Presidential Campaigns(pages 529–

532)

B. Mass media coverage of nominations, especially primaries presented in horse-race terms, has fundamentally changed the presidential nominating process.


C. Early primaries are covered intensely by the media and so become critically important, establishing the front-runners even though the states involved represent only a small fraction of the national electorate.

D. The front-running candidates are the only ones able to attract the needed funds to succeed in the long nominating process, and the candidates of each party are clearly identified months before the nominating conventions.


532)


E. Television has also affected how candidates communicate with the voters, relying largely on spot advertising, the technique used to sell most products on television.

F. Television advertising campaigns cost candidates huge sums of money.

G. Television has weakened the role of political parties as the key link between politicians and the voters in national politics and has made candidates less dependent on their political party organization.


532)



532)

Do you agree or disagree that media coverage of presidential campaigns would improve if there was a greater focus on issues? Explain.

Answers will vary. Ask: Why do media focus less on issues?


A. Congressional coverage in the news media focuses on individual members and tends to report on the most controversial aspects of Congress, such as confirmation hearings, oversight activities, and the personal business of members.

III. Congress and the Media (pages 532–533)

B. Senate confirmation hearings attract wide media coverage, and the media often conduct their own investigations of those nominated for office.

C. Media coverage of certain congressional investigations, such as Watergate, has created some of the biggest stories in American politics.


D. The news media try to create big stories by looking for scandal in the personal activities of members of Congress.

E. Both the House and Senate allow television coverage of floor proceedings, and both have recording studios where lawmakers prepare radio and television messages for voters back home.




Which part of the mass media do you find most helpful in understanding the issues before Congress?

Students may not be familiar with many forms of media coverage. Discuss press coverage and C-SPAN.


A. The Supreme Court and the lower federal courts receive much less media coverage than the executive and legislative branches because of the remoteness of judges and the technical nature of the issues with which courts deal.

IV.The Court and the Media (page 533)

B. The Supreme Court holds no news conferences and keeps to the tradition that its decisions must speak for themselves.


IV.The Court and the Media (page 533)

In what way is the relationship between the Supreme Court and the news media different from that between the media and the other two branches of government?

Broadcast media do not cover many Court decisions because of their complexity.


A. The public agenda is a list of the societal problems that both political leaders and citizens agree need governmental attention.

V. Setting the Public Agenda (pages 533—534)

B. The news media play a very important role in setting the public agenda by highlighting some issues and ignoring others.

C. Competition between media networks influences which decisions the media should cover; networks try to attract a large audience by focusing on stories that will interest the largest number of viewers.

D. The media also have a major impact on public opinion toward government and issues by influencing people’s attitudes and values.


The mass media tend to play an important role in setting the national agenda. What are some positive or negative effects of this tendency?

Positive: keeps people informed. Negative: focus narrows to popular issues.

V. Setting the Public Agenda (pages 533—534)


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to identify how media impact government.

Checking for Understanding

Answers might include: President—media impact image, communication with public, and campaigns; Congress—media coverage of congressional hearings and debates helps members be aware of constituents’ concerns; Court—largely independent of media coverage and public opinion


___ mass media

___ news release

___ news briefing

___ leak

___ spot advertising

A. the brief, frequent, positive description of a candidate or a candidate’s major themes broadcast on television or radio

B. the release of secret information by anonymous government officials to the media

C. a meeting during which a government official makes an announcement or explains a policy, decision, or action

D. a ready-made story government officials prepare for members of the press

E. means of communication, such as television, newspapers, movies, books, and the Internet


E

D

C

B

A

Match the term with the correct definition.


3. Identify press conference, backgrounder, horse-race coverage.


A press conference is the news media’s questioning of a high-level government official.

A backgrounder is information given by top government officials to a reporter who can use the information in a story but cannot reveal his or her source.

Horse-race coverage is the media approach of focusing on “winners” and “losers” and “who’s ahead,” rather than on issues or policy positions.


4. Why are television networks reducing coverage of nominating conventions?


Since the nominees are already chosen before the convention, the networks feel the conventions are not “news” and therefore deserve less coverage than they used to get.


5. Formulating Questions Write three questions that should be asked in order to determine whether the media challenges government actions effectively.

Critical Thinking

Questions will vary but should ask whether the media truthfully inform the public, protect public interest, influence public opinion, provide a fairly unbiased viewpoint, serve as many people as possible, and so on.


Political Processes Create a political cartoon that describes the role of the mass media in forming your basic ideas about government, politicians, and national and international events. Consider broadcast, print, and Internet media.


Regulating Print and Broadcast Media

Key Terms

prior restraint, libel, shield law, fairness doctrine

Find Out

• What issues did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 address?

• Why does the federal government have more power to regulate the broadcast media than the print media?


Regulating Print and Broadcast Media


Civil Liberties Should all the liberties that are extended to the print media also be extended to the broadcast media? Explain your answer.

Section Objective

Evaluate the role the government plays in regulating the mass media.


Televised debates may have determined the outcome of the 1960 presidential election. The Republican candidate, Richard Nixon, had injured his knee weeks earlier and was still in pain. He also had lost weight and looked haggard. By contrast, John F. Kennedy had just returned from a rest in Florida and looked fit and tanned. Most radio listeners thought Nixon had won the debates, but the far larger television audience perceived Kennedy as the victor. Kennedy won the election by a paper-thin margin of 118,000 votes.


A. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of the press; the press is free from prior restraint.

I. Protecting the Media (pages 536–537)

B. Public officials almost never win libel suits because there is no law against criticizing government officials.


Do you think that public officials should sue for libel if they feel their reputations have been damaged? Explain.

Yes: damage to reputation. No: there is no law against criticizing government officials.

I. Protecting the Media (pages 536–537)


A. Lower courts generally have supported the right of the press to have information about government actions and decisions.

II. The Right to Gather Information (page 537)

B. The media have fought in the courts for shield laws to avoid disclosing sources; no such federal law exists, though more than half the states have them.


II. The Right to Gather Information (page 537)

Why might you support or oppose shield laws for news sources?

Support: to keep sources of information from vanishing. Oppose: criminals may escape unpunished.


A. The federal government has the power to regulate the broadcast media because airwaves are a public resource.

III. Regulating Broadcast Media (pages 537–540)

B. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, telephone, telegraph, cable and satellite.

C. The FCC cannot censor broadcasts, but it can fine stations that violate rules.


D. The extent of FCC content regulation varies in response to changing technology, court rulings, and changes in the political climate. For example, the controversial fairness doctrine, which required broadcasters to guarantee equal airtime to both sides of a controversial issue, was removed during the Reagan administration.

E. Until 1996,the federal government set rules for media ownership to prevent a few owners from gaining control of the news and entertainment in the largest American cities.



F. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 ended or greatly relaxed many of the FCC’s limits on media ownership with the goal of increasing competition, and also tried to control violent and obscene content in the mass media.




Do you think the federal government should be allowed to regulate obscene or violent content in the mass media? Why or why not?

Yes: public interest, because airwaves are a public resource; No: may violate free speech and free press rights


A. National security concerns may conflict with citizens’ need to know, especially in foreign affairs, where weapons, intelligence information, and military secrets often are involved.

IV.Media and National Security (pages 540–541)

B. Government restriction on media coverage of military actions has varied. Media reporting on the Vietnam War and the secret Pentagon Papers in 1991 caused controversy; tensions caused the government to limit access to the battlefield during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.


IV.Media and National Security (pages 540–541)

Do you agree or disagree with the government’s actions in restricting media coverage during a war, such as those in the 1991 Persian Gulf War? Explain.

Answers will vary. Students should balance national security needs against citizens’ right to know.


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to show how the Telecommunications Act of 1996 affected the FCC.


Answers might include that the FCC’s control over media ownership was greatly relaxed and that the FCC was required to conduct studies on media ownership every two years.


2. Define prior restraint, libel, shield law, fairness doctrine.


Prior restraint is government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast.

Libel is false written or published statements intended to damage a person’s reputation.

Shield law is a law that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts.

Fairness doctrine is the rule requiring broadcasters to provide opportunity for the expression of opposing views on issues of public importance.


3. Identify right of access.


Right of access refers to the media’s special rights regarding access to information on the decisions of government.


4. Explain why the federal government regulates broadcast media more than print media.


The federal government has more power to regulate broadcast media because it involves the sharing of public airwaves.


5. Why have regulations on media ownership been loosened in recent decades?


Advancing technology has forced the loosening of regulations.


6. Synthesizing Information Why might the need for national security conflict with the First Amendment protections that are usually given to the media?

Critical Thinking

Students’ answers will vary but should focus on the tension between the need to protect national security and the need of a free society to receive open and accurate information.


Civil Liberties Interview, write, or e-mail a local newspaper editor to find out what precautions the newspaper takes to prevent libel suits. Share the information you obtain with your classmates.


The Internet and Democracy

Key Terms

partisan, electronic mailing list, action alert, electronic petition

Find Out

• Name three ways that the Internet has changed how citizens participate in government.

• What are some of the identifying characteristics of the Internet?


The Internet and Democracy


Public Policy Do you agree with the Supreme Court’s decision that much of the content on the Internet is protected by the First Amendment? Explain your answer.

Section Objective

Analyze the impact of the Internet on government in the United States.


After the controversial 2000 presidential election, the accuracy of voting methods—particularly electronic voting, in which citizens have the opportunity to vote online—was called into question. In coast-to-coast rallies in July 2004, thousands of voters took to the streets to protest paperless electronic voting machines. Civil rights advocates, technology professionals, and others mobilized in “Computer Ate My Vote” rallies that questioned the security of electronic voting, or E-voting. At the 2004 Democratic National Convention, several legislators joined together to address the need for secure voting systems that are reliable and traceable. Howard Dean, former Vermont governor and onetime presidential hopeful, spoke on the importance of establishing a system in which every vote is accurately counted: “If people don’t think votes count, the first thing they’ll do is stop voting. And when people stop voting, elected officials will stop caring about [them].”


A. The Internet is rapidly developing a widespread audience.

I. Key Features of the Internet (pages 543–544)

B. The Internet supports interactive communications among many people at once, which allows political activists to quickly mobilize huge numbers of supporters.

C. Internet organizations and activities are spread around the world; as a result, it is often not clear which national laws govern Internet activities.


How has the Internet changed the delivery of news and political information?

Answers may vary. Answers may include that it is easier to access information or that it is now possible to access information from around the world.

I. Key Features of the Internet (pages 543–544)


A. Thousands of Web sites devoted to politics and government are sponsored by government agencies, Congress, political parties, universities, and interest groups; some of these Web sites may be partisan, meaning that they support only their own point of view on issues.

II. Gathering Information (pages 544–546)

B. Legislation can be tracked online through a government database called THOMAS.

C. Electronic mailing lists alert subscribers to current information on an issue.

D. Local, state, and federal government Web sites provide information and services such as absentee ballot and license applications.



Have you ever used the Internet to obtain a government service, sign up for an electronic mailing list, or learn about a political candidate? Explain.

Answers will vary.


A. Citizens can use e-mail to communicate with government officials.

III. Impact on Citizen Participation(pages 546–

548)

B. Political organizers use online action alerts and electronic petitions to spread information quickly or to gain support for an issue.

C. “Grassroots” Web sites are set up by individual citizens supporting their favorite candidate or issue and provide a way for citizens to become active in election politics at any level of government.


D. Election candidate websites supply information on how to volunteer for an election campaign or political cause; cyber volunteering is a class of volunteer activities that can only be done on the Internet.

E. Many states are currently conducting studies or tests on how to conduct online, electronic voting in primary and general elections.


548)



548)

Do you support or oppose a switch to electronic voting in primary and general elections? Why?

Support: makes voting easier and more efficient. Oppose: possible election fraud, discriminates against voters who cannot afford online access.


A. In Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment guarantees freedom of expression on the Internet.

IV.Challenges for Public Policy (pages 548–549)

B. Controversy exists between state and local governments and some companies about whether to tax E-commerce, or the sale of goods and services online.


IV.Challenges for Public Policy (pages 548–549)

Should government be able to limit children’s exposure to offensive online materials such as pornography? Explain.

Answers will vary. Yes: government has a responsibility to protect its citizens. No: such limitations violate First Amendment rights


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to analyze key features of the Internet.


widespread, interactive, global scope


___ partisan

___ electronic mailing list

___ action alert

___ electronic petition

A. a message that asks the recipient to “sign” his or her name electronically on a request that will be sent to an official

B. an automated e-mail notification that provides subscribers with current information on a topic

C. adhering to or supporting a particular party, faction, cause, or person

D. a message from an interest group to its members, calling upon them to respond immediately by telephone, fax, or e-mail to a specific lawmaker, group of lawmakers, or other official


C

B

D

A

Match the term with the correct definition.


3. Identify E-Government Act.


The E-Government Act established the Office of Electronic Government to help federal agencies work together to provide better online service to the public.


4. Why has it been difficult for media companies to sue Internet file swapping organizations?


It is difficult because Internet activities and organizations are spread around the world, and so it is often not clear which national laws should govern such activities.


5. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment What are some benefits and weaknesses of electronic voting?

Critical Thinking

Benefits include the ease and efficiency of electronic voting; weaknesses include the possibility of sabotage or vote stealing by hackers.


Public Policy Visit your local library and ask the librarians about their opinions on indecent Internet materials versus the right of free speech. Share the opinions you gather with your classmates.


Reviewing Key Terms

1. Government officials prepare _________________, ready-made stories for the press.

2. The _________________ requires television and radio stations to present both sides of a controversial topic.

3. The First Amendment frees the United States print media from _________________.

4. An interest group sends _________________ that call on members to respond quickly to a political development.

news releases

Write the term that best completes each sentence.

action alerts prior restraintfairness doctrine news releases

fairness doctrine

prior restraint

action alerts


1. What are the two traditional types of mass media?

Recalling Facts

The two types of traditional mass media are print and broadcast media.

2. What amendment protects the media?

The First Amendment protects the media.


3. What government agency regulates the number of radio and television stations a single company can own?

Recalling Facts

This is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

4. What steps does the federal government take when attempting to control sensitive national security issues?

The government classifies information as secret and limits press coverage of military actions.


5. How does the Internet assist citizen activists?

Recalling Facts

The Internet makes it easier to gather information, communicate with candidates, and get involved in grassroots movements.


1. Political Processes How has television’s role in the political process developed?


The president and Congress use television to share information with and present a certain image to constituents. Television also helps to set the public agenda by choosing which issues to cover and in how much detail.


2. Public Policy Why is the issue of e-commerce taxation difficult to resolve?


E-commerce taxation is difficult to resolve mainly because of the conflict between state governments—which support taxation as a source of revenue—and online retailers, technology companies, and Congress, who oppose taxes on e-commerce.


1. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Should the media have been limited in its coverage of the 1991 Persian Gulf War? Explain.

Critical Thinking

Possible ‘yes’ response: Because of the incidence of military personnel deaths from capture, “friendly fire,” and the possibility of media personnel becoming POWs; Possible ‘no’ response: It is within the rights of the media to take risks, barring breaches of national security, to cover the war independently.


2. Synthesizing Information Use a graphic organizer like the one below to list two or more arguments for and against this statement: “The media’s greatest power is in the way they define reality for the American people.” Then explain why you agree or disagree with the statement.

Critical Thinking

Answers might include: For: Coverage largely determines which issues people think are important. The media influence people’s attitudes and values. Against: People balance what they hear in the media with personal observations. While the media may determine issues covered, they don’t tell people what to think. Conclusion: Answers should reflect arguments made in the graphic organizer.


1. Who is the “new guy”?

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity

the new president of the United States


2. According to the cartoon, how is the new guy treated by the press and Congress? Explain.


The president is tortured by the press and Congress. He is in the spotlight, and the press and Congress are there to highlight his flaws and criticize his policies.


3. What does the television camera symbolize?


The television camera symbolizes the media. The flaws of the president will be highlighted for the audience—the American public. Uncle Sam, the press, and Congress will “torture” the new guy for all Americans to witness.


What presidential election results were the first to be reported over the radio?

the election of 1920 announcing Warren G. Harding’s defeat of James M. Cox


1) about $620

2) yes; because different age groups have different interests

3) Online/ Internet access services will be most likely answer. Internet usage has increased tremendously

1) that the media favored Bill Clinton over Bob Dole

2) He brings Clinton’s name into each network name.3) He uses the words of the

cameramen.

1) in 19272) Possible answers include telephones, cellular

phones, the Internet, cable systems, radio, and satellite communication.

3) Many telecommunications applications did not exist until the latter half of the century.

Creating a Media Booklet Design a booklet about the mass media. This booklet should include three sections—one for each section of this chapter. As you read through each section in the chapter, collect news articles from magazines or newspapers that reflect the topic of each section, and paste them into their booklets. Write an analysis next to each article.

Fireside Chats

The McCarthy Hearings

Fireside Chats President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tried to give the people the feeling that they were participating in the government’s decision-making process. He did this by taking his programs to the people via radio in the form of “fireside chats.” On Sunday evening, March 12, 1933, just eight days after his inauguration, President Roosevelt broadcast his first fireside chat to announce the reopening of the banks. He began his chats with “my friends,” and then proceeded to seemingly open his heart to millions of Americans. A Brooklyn, New York, resident described Roosevelt’s chats as making him feel “. . . that he [Roosevelt] walked into my home, sat down, and in plain and forceful language explained to me how he was tackling the job I and my fellow citizens gave him.”

The McCarthy Hearings The first major congressional event to be televised live was the McCarthy hearings, which took place from April 22 to June 17, 1954. Joseph R. McCarthy, a second-term Republican senator from Wisconsin, began his quest to ferret out Communists in the government by claiming that he had a list of 205 State Department employees who were members of the Communist Party. McCarthy misjudged the power of television when a televised, emotional outburst confirmed in Americans’ minds that McCarthy was, in fact, nothing but a heartless, brutal bully.

Real-Life Television The 1980s and 1990s television public clamored for slice-of-life television, which mixes news with sensational journalism. Such shows as Cops, Rescue 911, and America’s Most Wanted helped law enforcement officials track down hundreds of fugitive felons. Other mixed fact-with-fiction types of television shows were the semibiographical, made-for-television movies. Such movies as The People vs. Jean Harris (1981) and Baby M (1988) were based on subjects taken from headline news, often before all the facts of the case were revealed. Fictional dramas such as Hill Street Blues and NYPD Blue even began using facts from real-life events as the basis of their story lines. In the 1980s and 1990s, fictional shows borrowed from factual events and factual shows became more sensationalistic.

The Internet When the Internet was created in 1969, it consisted of four connected computers. It was founded as part of the quest to ensure that communication could continue during and after a nuclear war. In 1990 the Federal Networking Council modified the Internet’s membership policy from only organizations with sponsorship by a United States government agency to anyone who wanted membership. This opened the door to commercialization of the Internet and resulted in its exponential growth.

Press conferences

USA Networks

President Richard Nixon held the fewest press conferences—39, or 0.6 per month. Even the president called the “Great Communicator,” Ronald Reagan, held only 53 press sessions, which averaged out to 0.6 per month during his eight-year term as president. John F. Kennedy, who held the first live news conferences, averaged 1.9 a month.

The founder, chairperson, and CEO of the first cable television station to distribute live sports and entertainment programming is a woman. Kay Koplovitz launched USA Networks in 1977. Today USA Networks is worth nearly $20 billion and does business on four continents. Koplovitz believes that being the only woman in “a world that was all men” was to her advantage. “As the only woman,” according to Koplovitz, “everyone knew who I was.”

More About Becoming an Informed Voter Watching or listening to presidential debates is another way of becoming an informed voter. The first televised presidential debate took place during the 1960 election between candidates Richard Nixon, a Republican, and John Kennedy, a Democrat. Most television viewers believed Kennedy won the crucial first debate over a nervous-looking Nixon. Radio listeners were, of course, not influenced by appearances and often scored Nixon higher than Kennedy.

Presidential candidates try as hard as possible to control the rules of televised debates. Sometimes they succeed and sometimes they don’t. Before the first presidential debate of 2004 between John Kerry and George W. Bush, both sides argued over the format of the debate, held in Coral Gables, Florida. One rule they agreed to was that “when a candidate is speaking, either in answering a question or making his closing statement, television coverage will be limited to the candidate speaking.” In other words, the networks couldn’t show a candidate listening to his opponent speak. The networks abided by most of the rules, but not this one. On many channels, a split screen allowed viewers to see both candidates—and their facial reactions—simultaneously. One network executive declared, “We’re not going to allow anyone to dictate how we cover a news event.” In this particular case, his boast was true.

Presidential Face-Off

Television and Elections The majority of Americans rely upon television as their primary source of information, including information on political candidates. Because of this trend, much of the money spent on political campaigns is spent on television advertising and program time. Much of the effort in a campaign is directed toward getting the candidate featured on the nightly news, and on staging media events. Discuss whether controls ought to be placed on television or on campaigns using television. If you think controls ought to be initiated, discuss what types of controls might be implemented and how such controls should be enforced. Predict the future of television and election politics.

Regulation versus Deregulation Discuss the benefits and liabilities of government regulation of any industry. Choose sides and debate the issue of government regulation of mass media.

Regulating Electronic Media After reading the provisions of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, evaluate what current changes should be added to the act to bring it up to date with advancements in technology. Write your recommended changes in the form of an amendment to the act.

Technology Television coverage of the Vietnam War fed public antagonism toward it. Graphic color images of devastation and carnage shown live on television news brought the war into Americans’ living rooms. In January 1991, millions of Americans watched Operation Desert Storm and kept track of the United States’s progress in the Persian Gulf War. News coverage of this war brought a display of high-tech weaponry in action, while viewers watched, glued to their television sets.

LeAlan Jones and Lloyd Newman’s year-long investigation of the Eric Morse murder included interviews with the prosecutors and public defenders involved in the case. They also interviewed the head of the Chicago Housing Authority and housing security officers who knew the killer. Our America draws from more than 100 hours of taped interviews, conversations, and monologues that were not included in the original National Public Radio (NPR) documentaries.

Activity: Write an outline for a book you would propose to publish. Identify issues you could write about from firsthand experience to use as the topic of the book. Think of issues that might interest readers.

Lloyd Newman and LeAlan Jones

Lucinda Franks is the first woman to receive the Pulitzer Prize for national reporting. This freelance writer shared the 1971 Pulitzer Prize with journalist Thomas Powers for The Making of a Terrorist, which consisted of five articles written for United Press International (UPI). At the time Franks received the award, she was also the youngest person to ever win it.

Lucinda Franks

Colin Powell, appointed by President George H.W. Bush, became, at age 52, the youngest Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also the first African American to be named to this position. After declining the Republican Party’s call for him to run for president in 1996, Powell championed the cause for the President’s Summit for America’s Future by serving as general chairperson.

Colin Powell

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