Splash Screen Contents Chapter Focus Section 1Section 1Democratic Governments Section 2Section...

Chapter Focus

Section 1 Democratic Governments

Section 2 Authoritarian Governments

Section 3 International Organizations

Section 4 Global Issues

Chapter Assessment

http://www.gov.glencoe.com/

• Democratic Governments Compare parliamentary government and presidential government.

Chapter Objectives

• Authoritarian Governments Discuss the traits that authoritarian governments have in common.

• International Organizations Evaluate the impact of international organizations on global affairs.

• Global Issues Understand the major global issues facing the world today.


Democratic Governments

Key Terms

consolidated democracies, parliamentary government, life peers, presidential government, apartheid, sanctions

Find Out

• What are the challenges for democracy in Western Europe and Japan?

• What are the forms that democratic governments take today?


Democratic Governments

Understanding Concepts

Comparative Government How does parliamentary government differ from presidential government?

Section Objective

Compare parliamentary government and presidential government.


Margaret Thatcher was prime minister of Great Britain from 1979 until 1990. Thatcher made sweeping reforms in the economy, such as the privatization of many of Britain’s state-owned businesses and industries, effectively ending major socialist policies of previous Labor governments. She also strengthened British and U.S. ties, which helped spur the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.


A. One form of democratic government is parliamentary government, which combines executive and legislative functions in an elected assembly.

I. Parliamentary Systems (pages 689–691)

B. In Great Britain, Parliament holds almost all governmental authority.

C. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons becomes the prime minister.

D. Other ministers head executive departments and serve as Cabinet members.


E. Japan’s parliament, the National Diet, has two houses. The House of Representatives elects the prime minister.

F. If the parliament votes “no confidence,” the prime minister may dissolve the House and call for elections.



Of the parliamentary governments discussed, which one would you consider most democratic? Explain.

Answers will vary. Before answering, have students define democracy.



A. Another way to organize a democracy is by presidential government, which separates executive and legislative powers.

II. Presidential Government (pages 691–692)

B. The president of France1) negotiates treaties;

2) appoints high officials;

3) acts as chair in high councils of the armed forces;

4) may dissolve the National Assembly and call for elections.

C. The President appoints the premier, who appoints the ministers and maintains contact with the National Assembly.



Do you think the different branches of the French government have enough checks and balances?

Answers will vary. Point out the special powers of the French president.


A. Poland was the first eastern European nation to overthrow its Communist government; Lech Walesa, the leader of a trade union called Solidarity, became the first freely elected president in 1990, though a new constitution was not approved until 1997.

III. Emerging Democracies (pages 692–694)

B. Beginning in 1948, South Africa followed a policy of apartheid, or strict government-enforced racial segregation; after years of resistance from the African National Congress and others, apartheid laws were repealed during the 1990s, and Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994.


C. Despite its 1917 constitution, the Mexican government was more authoritarian than democratic because of the power of the president and control of a single political party. Nationwide electoral reforms introduced in the 1990s allowed other parties to compete fairly in Mexico’s political process.

III. Emerging Democracies (pages 692–694)


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to compare the most powerful parts of the British and French governments.

Checking for Understanding

British—Parliament serves the legislative and executive functions of government; French—the president appoints the premier, negotiates treaties, may appeal to the people through referendum and dictatorial powers, may dissolve the National Assembly.


___ consolidated democracies

___ life peer

___ apartheid

___ sanctions

___ presidential government

A. a person who has been awarded a title in the House of Lords for outstanding achievement

B. a form of democratic government in which a president heads the executive branch

C. measures such as withholding economic aid, intended to influence a foreign government’s actions

D. nations that have democratic elections, political parties, a constitutional government, an independent judiciary, and usually a market economy

E. strict segregation of races


D

A

E

C

B

Match the term with the correct definition.


3. Identify House of Commons, House of Lords, National Diet, Solidarity.


The House of Commons is the British legislative body of elected representatives.

The House of Lords has historically been an aristocratic body of British parliament; it now amends legislation or votes down bills passed by the Commons.

The National Diet is the Japanese parliament of two houses.

Solidarity was a trade union that emerged from an underground resistance movement to become a political party in Poland.


4. What happens when the majority party in Britain loses a vote in Parliament?


It must resign. Parliament is then dissolved, and new general elections are held.


5. Why is most of the legislation introduced in the Japanese National Diet ultimately passed?


Because the majority party members either approve the legislation or abstain, and the opposition party members are usually not strong enough to stop legislation.


6. Understanding Cause and Effect What recent events in Mexico have contributed to making the country more democratic?

Critical Thinking

In 1994, PRI president Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon introduced electoral reforms, and since Vicente Fox became president in 2000, he has worked to institute more democratic policies.


Comparative Government Choose one of the countries with a parliamentary system of government discussed in this section. Draw a diagram that compares the organization of the United States government with the parliamentary system of government that you choose.


Authoritarian Governments

Key Terms

Muslim, mullah, shah

Find Out

• How is the role of religion different in Islamic governments than in democratic ones?

• How does China’s Communist Party control the government?


Authoritarian Governments


Comparative Government What are the differences and similarities among the governments of China, North Korea, and Saudi Arabia?

Section Objective

Discuss the traits that authoritarian governments have in common.


In 1997 the president of China, Jiang Zemin, visited the White House, the first such visit to the United States by a Chinese president since the Tiananmen Square bloodshed in 1989. The visit resulted in important commercial agreements between the United States and China, but human rights issues remain unresolved.


A. China became a republic in 1912; Communists led by Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

I. The People’s Republic of China(pages 696–

698)

B. Today China has two parallel systems of government; the ceremonial national government is actually controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).


C. The Chinese government suppresses criticism, oppresses minorities, and maintains tight control over sources of information such as the Internet.


698)

D. The United States has recognized the Communist government in China since 1979; however, tensions remain over China’s human rights abuses.


What do you think the Tiananmen Square massacre revealed about communism in China?

It revealed that the country’s Communist leadership would resist the rising call for democracy.


698)


A. In 1959 Fidel Castro established a Communist dictatorship in Cuba that maintained tight control over the people.

II. Communism in Cuba (pages 698–699)

B. Castro’s policies provoked the unsuccessful U.S. Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the 1962 Cuban missile crisis.

C. Since the 1990s, Cuba has experienced a deep economic crisis caused in part by the loss of Soviet aid and the U.S.’s 40-year trade embargo.


II. Communism in Cuba (pages 698–699)

How well do you think American policy toward Cuba has worked to move Castro toward democracy?

Answers will vary; students should assess Cuba’s political climate today.


A. North Korea’s totalitarian government, led by Kim Jong Il, controls all aspects of the lives of North Koreans and demands “absolute devotion” to Kim despite great national suffering.

III. North Korea (page 699)

B. The United States has tried to limit North Korea’s development of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons.


III. North Korea (page 699)

Why do you think that people are willing to pledge devotion to a totalitarian leader despite their own personal suffering?

Answers will vary. Students may mention tradition or fear of punishment as possible reasons for supporting totalitarian leaders.


A. Muslim secularists believe that religious and secular law should be kept separate; these moderate Muslims desire friendly relations with Western nations.

IV.Islamic Governments (pages 699–701)

B. Muslim fundamentalists believe that Islamic countries should base their legal system strictly on the law of the Quran; many fundamentalist Muslims are anti-Western and see Western culture and society as a threat to Islamic culture.


C. In 1979 Muslim fundamentalists, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, overthrew the pro-capitalist shah, or king, and forced the shah to flee to the United States. Since the Islamic revolution, relations between the United States and Iran have been strained.

D. Since 1932 the government of Saudi Arabia has been based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam with no separation of religion and the state. Despite increasing Saudi demands for a modern economy and government, many Americans have accused the Saudi government of indirectly supporting terrorist attacks against the United States.




How should the United States deal with authoritarian governments?

Answers will vary. Students should consider the key political differences.


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to profile each of the countries covered in this section, and indicate whether the country is moving toward or away from democracy.


Students should list each country and leader discussed in the section, but their opinions may vary as to whether the countries are moving toward or away from democracy. Students should support their answers with evidence from the text.


2. Define Muslim, mullah, shah.


A Muslim is a follower of the religion of Islam.

A mullah is a specially trained Islamic religious leader.

A shah is a king.


3. Identify Politburo, Falun Gong, Bay of Pigs.


The Politburo is an elite group of members of the Chinese Communist Party that sets national policy in China.

Falun Gong is a spiritual movement that combines physical exercise with Buddhism and Taoism.

The Bay of Pigs was a failed invasion of Cuba by the United States in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro.


4. What events in 1979 returned Iran to Muslim control?


Fundamentalist Islamists rallied around Ayatollah Khomeini and forced the shah of Iran to flee the country; they then set up a new government based on Islamic principles.


5. Why is China not a democratic nation?


China is not a democratic nation because the Chinese Communist Party controls the government through the Politburo.


6. Recognizing Ideologies How does the North Korean government promote its state leader to the people?

Critical Thinking

North Korea’s government promotes Kim Jong Il as the “Great Leader” and demands unquestioning loyalty to him from the people.


Comparative Government Choose a country discussed in this section. Research recent political developments in this country. Imagine that you are traveling to the country that you chose. Write a letter to a friend describing the country, its government, and the extent to which the government affects people’s lives.


International Organizations

Key Terms

nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, supranational organizations

Find Out

• What is the history of the European Union’s development?

• What is the basic structure of the United Nations?


International Organizations


Political Processes How does the UN Security Council operate and guide the decisions of the General Assembly?

Section Objective

Evaluate the impact of international organizations on global affairs.


The idea of the European Union was conceived to prevent the killing and destruction of World War II from ever happening again. The idea was first proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman in a speech on May 9, 1950. This date, the “birthday” of what is now the EU, is celebrated annually as Europe Day.


A. The United Nations (UN) provides a forum for nations to settle disputes peacefully through cooperation rather than conflict.

I. The United Nations (pages 702–704)

B. The General Assembly is made up of delegations of five representatives from each member nation.

C. The UN Security Council is composed of 15 nations, 5 of which are permanent members. It has the authority to make peacekeeping decisions for the UN.

D. The Secretariat conducts the UN’s day-to-day business and is headed by the Secretary General, who carries out the instructions of the Security Council.


E. The International Court of Justice settles disputes involving international law.

F. The Economic and Social Council promotes social and economic progress around the world.

G. The UN also has special agencies that carry out humanitarian activities.

H. UN peacekeeping often involves inserting an international force of troops between combatants to calm volatile situations; sometimes lightly armed peacekeeping forces will oversee elections or provide humanitarian aid.



Some Americans object to a nation’s having to surrender any portion of its sovereignty to the United Nations. What is your opinion?

Answers will vary. This has been a sensitive issue in American politics since 1945.



A. The European Union (EU) is a political and economic partnership among 15 European nations.

II. The European Union (pages 704–706)

B. The EU began in 1957 as a trading market among six Western European nations; as more countries joined, the Maastricht Treaty enabled the EU to gain power and begin acting as a political unit.

C. Major EU policy is decided by the Council of the European Union.


D. The European Parliament contains 732 members and is the legislative branch of the EU.

E. The European Court of Justice hears cases and can declare laws of member nations invalid if they conflict with EU treaty obligations.

F. The European Commission does the daily work in the EU; the President of the Commission directs the large EU bureaucracy and oversees the annual budget.




Many Europeans complain that the EU bureaucracy is too large and is not responsive to the needs of the public. What is your opinion?

Answers will vary. Students should demonstrate knowledge of the structure of EU government.


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to summarize the two international organizations described in this section.


UN—191 member nations; wants to preserve world peace, encourage nations to act fairly, and help nations to cooperate in solving problems. EU—25 member nations; formed to allow European nations to band together to cooperate politically and economically.


2. Define nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations, supranational organizations.


Nongovernmental organizations are international organizations comprised of individuals and groups outside the scope of government.

Intergovernmental organizations are organizations comprised of members of national governments.

Supranational organizations are organizations whose authority overrides the sovereignty of its individual members.


3. Identify General Assembly, Security Council, Secretariat, Maastricht Treaty, European Parliament.


The General Assembly is the central council that discusses, debates, and recommends solutions presented to the United Nations.

The Security Council is the executive board of the UN and has the authority to make peacekeeping decisions.

The Secretariat is responsible for the UN’s day-to-day business operations.

The Maastricht Treaty is a treaty that has allowed for greater integration of political and economic power in the EU.

The European Parliament is the legislative branch of the EU.


4. List some incidences where the UN has acted as a peacekeeper in a nonmilitary setting.


Examples may include overseeing elections or providing humanitarian aid.


5. How has European Union expansion affected the European Commission?


It has changed the makeup of the European Commission as far as how many members represent each participating nation.


6. Analyzing Information Should the five permanent members of the UN Security Council be able to override any UN decision? Why or why not?

Critical Thinking

Students’ responses will vary but should be supported by evidence from the text.


Political Processes Identify and find out about the duties, responsibilities, and programs of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. Create a poster that illustrates the work of these agencies. Display completed posters in the classroom.


Global Issues

Key Terms

terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism, nuclear proliferation, human rights

Find Out

• Why has the United States been reluctant to sign the treaty creating the International Criminal Court?

• What is state-sponsored terrorism?


Global Issues


Global Perspective What steps have been taken to halt the global threat of nuclear proliferation?

Section Objective

Understand the major global issues facing the world today.


After the Soviet Union tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, Americans began to prepare for a possible nuclear attack. The Civil Defense Administration was created to inform the public on how to survive a nuclear war. The nation worried that the Cold War would end in a global conflict.


A. Terrorism is the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal.

I. International Terrorism (pages 708–709)

B. Since World War II, most terrorist attacks on Americans have been carried out by Middle Eastern groups; several Middle Eastern nations have been accused of state-sponsored terrorism, or terrorism that is secretly supported by a government.


C. An Afghan resistance movement called al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, was responsible for many terrorist attacks against the United States, culminating in the September 11, 2001,terrorist attacks on America.

D. In response to the 2001 attacks, President George W. Bush launched the war on terrorism; however, many nations will have to work together in order to defeat terrorism on a global scale.



Do you think that President Bush’s goal of eliminating “every terrorist group of global reach” is a realistic one? Explain.

Answers will vary. Students should note the complexities involved in locating and destroying terrorist groups.



A. As nuclear proliferation continues to threaten global security, the international community works to contain the spread of nuclear weapons.

II. Nuclear Weapons Threat (pages 709–710)

B. In the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty, the major nuclear powers agreed:

1. not to provide nuclear weapons technology to other nations;

2. to promote the safe use of nuclear power; and

3. to encourage the general disarmament and destruction of existing nuclear weapons.


C. It is now possible to build small nuclear weapons using readily available products; thus the chance of terrorists obtaining such weapons has increased.

D. North Korea and Iran have nuclear capabilities and have both been accused of sponsoring terrorist groups.




What are the advantages of having an international organization to stop the spread of nuclear weapons?

It is not subject to rivalries between individual countries.


A. International efforts to safeguard human rights have the potential to limit or interfere with the sovereignty of individual nations.

III. Human Rights (pages 710–712)

B. Human rights are the basic freedoms and rights that all people, regardless of age, gender, nationality, or ethnicity, should enjoy.

C. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists the political, civil, economic, social, and cultural rights that all human beings should enjoy.


D. The UN Security Council’s international criminal tribunals and the European Court of Human Rights were established to prosecute violators of international human rights laws.

E. The United States has refused to participate in the International Criminal Court (ICC), established in 2002.




Why did the United States refused to sign the treaty that created the International Criminal Court?

The United States is involved in controversial military actions across the globe and was concerned that American troops and leaders could be tried for war crimes by enemies of the U.S.


A. The environment is threatened by exploding population growth, increasing consumption of natural resources, and growing discharge of pollution.

IV.Protecting the Environment (pages 711–712)

B. Policymakers debate how to attain sustainable development, or continued economic development combined with protection of the environment.


C. In 1999 the United States refused to implement and then later withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, which established timetables for reducing greenhouse emissions, because of the belief that the treaty would harm the U.S. economy and did not do enough to hold developing industrial nations accountable.

D. Governments must balance the economic needs of their nations with the environmental needs of a global society.




Do you agree with the decision of the United States to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol? Explain.

Answers will vary. Students should be aware of the difficulties of balancing economic and environmental needs.


1. Main Idea Use a graphic organizer like the one below to list two international treaties dealing with the environment, along with U.S. objections to these treaties.


Biodiversity Treaty—too many limits on U.S. patents, would damage U.S. economy; Kyoto Protocol—would harm U.S. economy, does not hold developing nations accountable.


___ terrorism

___ state-sponsored terrorism

___ nuclear proliferation

___ human rights

A. terrorism that is secretly supported by a government

B. the spread of nuclear weapons

C. fundamental freedoms

D. the use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal


D

A

B

C

Match the term with the correct definition.


3. Identify Non-Proliferation Treaty, international criminal tribunal, sustainable development.


The Non-Proliferation Treaty is an agreement between the major nuclear powers not to provide nuclear weapons technology to other nations.

The international criminal tribunal is a temporary court convened under UN authority to prosecute violators of international human rights law.

Sustainable development is continued economic development combined with protection of the environment.


4. Identify four of the rights protected by the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


Answers will vary but may include freedom of movement, the right to seek asylum, the right to marry, and the right to own property.


5. Predicting Consequences What could result if the major powers totally abolished their nuclear weapons?

Critical Thinking

Answers will vary.


Global Perspective Research the Kyoto Protocol, and create a poster that illustrates the basic goals of this treaty. Also highlight industrialized nations that have or have not signed the treaty, with a brief statement of each nation’s position on the issue. Display the completed posters in the classroom.


Reviewing Key Terms

1. The European Union has evolved from a regional body into a _______________________.

2. Britain’s House of Lords is partially made up of _______________________, people who have been awarded a title for outstanding service or achievement.

3. In a _______________________ both the executive and the legislative functions are found in the elected assembly.

4. In the late 1970s, Muslims in Iran revolted against the _______________________, or king.

supranational organization

Write the term that best completes each sentence.

apartheid terrorismlife peers consolidated democracymullahs parliamentary governmentsanctions state-sponsored terrorismshah supranational organization

life peers

parliamentary democracy

shah


Reviewing Key Terms

5. To force the end of apartheid, the United States ordered economic _______________________, or withholding of aid, against South Africa.

6. The use of violence by nongovernmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal is known as _______________________.

7. Until recently, the South African government supported _______________________, or the strict segregation of the races.

8. Specially trained Islamic religious teachers called _______________________ interpret Islamic teaching.

sanctions



terrorism

apartheid

mullahs


Reviewing Key Terms

9. A well-established government with fair elections, competing political parties, and some form of market economy is known as a _______________________.

10. Terrorism secretly supported by a government is known as _______________________.

consolidated democracy



state-sponsored terrorism


1. What are the three types of government discussed in this chapter?

Recalling Facts

The three types of government are democratic, authoritarian, and governments in transition.

2. Who holds almost all governmental authority in Great Britain?

Parliament, or the national legislature, holds almost all governmental authority in Great Britain.


3. What are the challenges facing South Africa’s government today?

Recalling Facts

South Africa’s government must raise the standard of living of disadvantaged South Africans while maintaining economic growth, keep diverse groups working together to implement a reconstruction and development plan, expand the economy, reduce crime and violence, and create jobs.


4. What is the real role of China’s National Party Congress?

Recalling Facts

The National Party Congress has no real power, but instead serves as a rubber stamp for the Chinese Communist Party leaders’ policies.

5. What are the three major goals of the UN?The three major goals of the UN are to preserve world peace and security, encourage nations to be just in their actions toward one another, and help nations cooperate in trying to solve their problems.


1. Comparative Government Compare the powers of the president of France to those of the president of the United States.


Both are nationally elected officials who are responsible for negotiating treaties, appointing high officials, and acting as head of the armed forces. The French president can appeal directly to the people by calling a referendum, and holds dictatorial powers in times of national emergencies; the United States president possesses neither of these powers.


2. Global Perspectives What are some reasons why some Islamic extremists began targeting Americans?


Some Islamic extremists began targeting Americans because they view Western culture and society as a threat to traditional Islamic culture.


1. Expressing Problems Clearly Use a graphic organizer like the one below to identify the challenges that Poland faced once its people had overthrown their communist leaders.

Critical Thinking

create a written constitution that supported democratic values, decentralize power by creating local governments, strengthen the economy


2. Recognizing Ideologies How does the role of the Communist Party illustrate its importance in the government of China?

Critical Thinking

The CCP determines governmental policies and ensures that the government carries out the party’s policies and decisions. Most key officials are party members.


1. How is the United Nations portrayed in this cartoon?

Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity

as a nanny, attempting to clean and soothe various crying or troubled infants simultaneously


2. How are various countries portrayed in this cartoon?


Most countries are portrayed as helpless, crying infants that demand immediate attention. Somalia is crying for food, while Iraq is attempting to hamper the efforts in the UN.


3. According to the cartoonist, does the UN seem equipped to effectively handle the world’s crises? Explain your answer.


Answers will vary. Students may note that the UN seems stressed and unable to control the troubled infants. The cartoonist may be implying that the UN is not equipped or has not been granted the authority to effectively deal with crises that need to be resolved.


How many countries were members of the United Nations when the charter went into effect on October 24, 1945?

51


1) Japan, Japan

2) France where the difference is eight years

3) United States, Japan, France, United Kingdom

1) No; the populations vary widely. 2) India ranks first in population.

3) India’s GDP is steadily growing while Zimbabwe’s is shrinking.

1) Answers will vary. 2) to counter economic setbacks 3) Answers will vary.

1) Possible answers include less duplication of equipment and staffing, and a stronger, more coordinated defense.

2) Answers will vary. 3) Answers will vary.

Tracing the Development of Governments Choose a foreign country to research. Look for significant historical events that influenced the country’s government and important or influential periods in that country’s history. Present your research in the form of an illustrated informational brochure or timeline.

More About Preparing for Travel Overseas The United States State Department issues Consular Information Sheets, which are available on every country of the world. They include information on the location of the U.S. embassy or consulate in that country, unusual immigration practices, health conditions, minor political disturbances, unusual currency and entry regulations, crime and security information, and drug penalties. These sheets generally do not include advice, but present factual information so a traveler can make decisions concerning travel to a particular country.

Chartists The Chartists were an important British reform group of the working class who proposed political changes in the early 1800s. Their demands included voting rights for all adult men, no property qualifications for voting, a secret ballot, salaries for representatives so that the middle and lower classes could serve, and equal electoral districts. They submitted two petitions to Parliament but both were rejected. The Chartists and their movement faded by the 1840s.

It may make life twice as confusing, but it is possible for a person to be a citizen of two countries at the same time. A U.S. citizen can become a citizen of another country by marrying a foreign citizen. Dual citizenship is also conferred when a naturalized U.S. citizen keeps the citizenship of his or her country of birth. People with dual citizenships often need two passports and must obey the laws of both nations. On the other hand, you can lose U.S. citizenship if you apply for the citizenship of another country with the intention of giving up U.S. citizenship.

Double Play

Defending Democracy Write a position essay on the following statement: Democracy is the only type of government that will survive the test of time.

Persuasive Writing Review current newspapers and magazines to locate articles on United States relations with China, Cuba, North Korea, Iran, or Saudi Arabia. Then write editorials supporting or opposing the stance of the United States on the issue covered in their selected articles. Read your editorial to the class and/or send it to the local newspaper.

Economics For more than 50 consecutive years the United States has been the largest contributor to the UN, both monetarily and in terms of supplying peacekeeping troops. The United States pays 25 percent of the UN’s budget.

Each year tens of thousands of wheelchairs are discarded in the United States and more than 300,000 are left to collect dust in attics, basements, or closets. United States liability laws and insurance company rules prohibit the use of secondhand wheelchairs. However, other countries, especially developing ones, do not have these restrictions and are in dire need of wheelchairs. Wheels for Humanity’s mission is to “help the disadvantaged disabled around the world to re-enter their societies through the gift of a wheelchair.”

Activity: Organize into small groups to develop your own nonprofit organization. Use Wheels for Humanity as an example and think of a social need that is unfulfilled for their nonprofit to fill. Create a name for your nonprofit and write a mission statement.

Mark, Dennis, and David Richard

Lech Walesa, the leader of Poland’s Solidarity movement, was jailed in 1981 for his trade union activities. He was released in 1982 when all trade unions were dissolved. In 1983 Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize for effectively preventing violence while trying to gain workers’ rights.

Lech Walesa

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