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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Converging Cultures

Section 2: A Diverse Society

Section 3: The American Revolution

Section 4: The Constitution

Visual Summary

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Chapter Intro

Why Do People Rebel?Even today, Americans grow frustrated when the government raises taxes. In the early colonial era, Americans grew accustomed to running their own affairs. So when Britain tried to reestablish control, tensions mounted over taxes and basic rights.

• Why do you think colonist became angry at Britain?

• When do you think it is acceptable to rebel against

a government?


Chapter Timeline


Chapter Intro 1

Converging Cultures

How did contact among the cultures of three continents change the society of each culture?


Chapter Intro 2

A Diverse Society

How did new ideas and religious fervor brought to the colonies by increased immigration affect settlers’ attitudes toward slavery and women’s rights?


Chapter Intro 3

The American Revolution

What led to the American Revolution and the establishment of the United States?


Chapter Intro 4

The Constitution

What provisions of the U.S. Constitution make it envied by other countries?


Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society European settlers established colonies in land inhabited by Native Americans and developed new forms of government.


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• joint-stock company

• Pilgrim

• subsistence farming

• proprietary colony

• indentured servant

Academic Vocabulary

• cultures • immigrate


Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify

• Jamestown

• William Penn


A. A

B. B

Section 1-Polling Question

Do you believe that influences from early cultures in the Americas still exist today?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 1

The Earliest Americans

Native Americans adapted to their environments and developed diverse cultures.


Section 1

• Anthropologists think the earliest civilization in the Americas arose between 1500 B.C. and 1200 B.C. among the Olmec people in southern Mexico.

• Around A.D. 300, the Hohokam began farming in what is today Arizona.

The Earliest Americans (cont.)


Section 1

• The Hopewell of North America’s eastern woodlands also developed their own culture around 1500 B.C.

– Between A.D. 700 and 900, the Mississippian people created Cahokia.



Section 1

• The Native American cultures varied depending on the region.

– Eastern Woodlands—hunting and fishing combined with farming

– Southeast—women did most of the farming, while the men hunted

– Southwest—Zuni, Hopi, and Navajo farmed while the Apache remained nomadic hunters


Native American Cultures, c. 1500


Section 1

– Western Great Plains—hunting while camping in tepees

– Pacific Coast—fishing

– Southern Pacific Coast—trapping small game and gathering acorns

– Far North—hunting seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, and caribou


Native American Cultures, c. 1500


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The Sioux were from which region?

A. Eastern Woodlands

B. Southeast

C. Western Great Plains

D. Far North


Section 1

European Explorations

European countries began to explore the world and established colonies in the Americas.


Section 1

• Rulers of Portugal, Spain, France, and England wanted to find a sailing route to Asia that would bypass the merchants and traders from Italy and the Middle East.

• In the early 1400s, Spain funded an expedition by Christopher Columbus to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean.

European Explorations (cont.)

– He landed on present-day San Salvador Island, but believed he had reached Asia.


Section 1

– Europeans soon realized he had not reached Asia.

– They easily defeated the Native Americans.


• After the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, conquistadors began building a Spanish Empire in the Americas.


Section 1

• Native Americans introduced the Europeans to the following:

– New farming methods

– Corn, potatoes, squash, pumpkins, beans, and chocolate

– Canoes

– Snowshoes

– Ponchos



Section 1

• The Europeans introduced the Native Americans to the following:

– Wheat, rice, coffee, bananas, citrus fruits

– Domestic livestock (chickens, cattle, pigs, sheep, and horses)

– Better metal-working methods

– New diseases



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

The continent of America is named after which explorer?

A. Amerigo Vespucci

B. Christopher Columbus

C. Hernan Cortes

D. Francisco Pizarro


Section 1

Early French and English Settlement

The French and English settled in North America, and English colonists began their own local governments.


Section 1

• In 1607 the English established the colony of Jamestown in Virginia.

– It was funded by a joint-stock company.

– Virginia became a royal colony run by a governor appointed by the king.

Early French and English Settlement (cont.)


Section 1

• In 1608 French geographer Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec.

– This region was expanded and became known as Louisiana.



Section 1

• In 1620 the Pilgrims landed off the coast of Cape Cod in the Mayflower.

– They drew up a plan for self-government called the Mayflower Compact.

– Many more Puritans fled persecution in England.

– Massachusetts set up a representative government with an elected assembly to make laws.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which colony celebrated the first Thanksgiving?

A. Quebec

B. Jamestown

C. Plymouth

D. Boston


Section 1

The Thirteen Colonies

As English settlements grew, colonists developed different forms of government.


Section 1

• New England

– Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were both exiled from Massachusetts because of their religious views.

The Thirteen Colonies (cont.)

• Rhode Island was eventually founded as a place of religious freedom.


Section 1

– Reverend Thomas Hooker moved his congregation from Massachusetts to Connecticut because he disagreed with the political system.

• The new colony adopted America’s first written constitution, the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.



Section 1

– New England Puritans valued the following:

• Religious devotion

• Hard work

• Obedience to strict rules

• Town life



Section 1

– From Connecticut to Maine, colonists practiced subsistence farming.

• Maritime activity brought prosperity to New England.

• A thriving lumber industry developed as well.


– By the end of King Philip’s War in 1678, few Native Americans were left in New England.


Section 1

• The Middle Colonies

– Charles the II seized New Netherland from the Dutch and granted the land to his brother, James, the Duke of York.


• He renamed it New York.

• The rest of the land became New Jersey.


Section 1

– In 1681 King Charles gave William Penn permission to create a new colony—Pennsylvania.

• Coastal land to the southeast of his land later became Delaware.


– The Middle Colonies were blessed with fertile land and a long growing season.


Section 1

• The Southern Colonies

– Tobacco helped Virginia to thrive.

– Maryland was a proprietary colony, and passed the Toleration Act of 1649.


Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750


Section 1

– After the end of the English Civil War, the following new settlements sprang up south of Virginia:

• North Carolina

• South Carolina

• Georgia




Section 1

– Agriculture was the focus of the Southern economy.

• There was plenty of land, but not enough people to work it.


– Many poor English people came to America as indentured servants.

• Southern farmers also relied on the labor of enslaved Africans.



Section 1

– Southern society was organized in the following way:

• Large landowners—few in number, but dominated Southern society

• Small farmers living inland in the backcountry—the majority of Southern society

• Tenant farmers




Section 1

– Bacon’s Rebellion achieved the following results:

• Many wealthy planters were convinced that land should be made available to backcountry farmers.

• Virginia’s reliance on enslaved Africans rather than indentured servants was increased.

• King Charles II granted a charter to the Royal African Company to engage in slave trade.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following states began as a colony where the English in prison for debiting could start over?

A. Georgia

B. North Carolina

C. Pennsylvania

D. Delaware


Section 1-End


Section 2-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Culture and Beliefs Immigrants from Europe or those brought by force from Africa greatly increased the population of the American colonies in the 1700s.


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• triangular trade

• slave code

Academic Vocabulary

• hierarchy


Section 2-Key Terms


• John Locke

• Great Awakening


A. A

B. B


Is a social structure present in our society?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 2

Growth of Colonial America

The different colonies created new social structures that were more open than those of aristocratic Europe.


Section 2

• Early colonial merchants developed systems of triangular trade because settlers produced few goods that England wanted in exchange for goods they purchased.

• Soon, factories fostered the growth of cities in the North.

Growth of Colonial America (cont.)

Triangular Trade and Rise of Cities


Section 2

• A new hierarchical society developed, organized in the following manner:

– Wealthy merchants

– Artisans

– Innkeepers and retailers

– People without skills or property

– Indentured servants and enslaved Africans




Section 2

• Between 1700 and 1775, hundreds of thousands of Germans, Scots-Irish, and Jews immigrated to America.

• Women did not have equal rights in colonial America, but in the 1700s the status of married women improved.

• Historians estimate that some 10 to 12 million Africans were enslaved and sent to the Americas between 1450 and 1870.




Section 2

• Laws called slave codes kept African captives from the following activities:

– Owning property

– Testifying against whites in court

– Receiving an education

– Moving about freely

– Meeting in large groups


The Atlantic Slave Trade, c. 1500–1800


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following classes constituted most of colonial society?

A. Wealthy merchants

B. Artisans

C. Innkeepers and retailers

D. Indentured servants


Section 2

New Ideas

The ideas of justified revolutions, the Enlightenment, and the Great Awakening made the colonists question their role as English subjects and their limited freedom under mercantilist policies.


Section 2

• Charles II was determined to use the colonies to generate wealth for England.

– He passed the Navigation Acts of 1660.

– He also deprived Massachusetts of its charter in 1684 and declared it a royal colony.

New Ideas (cont.)


Section 2

• Three years later Parliament passed the Staple Act.

• James II created a new royal province called the Dominion of New England.

• In 1688, William and Mary became the new rulers of England. This change of power is known as the Glorious Revolution.

New Ideas (cont.)

– They had to accept the English Bill of Rights before assuming the throne.


Section 2

• The Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights suggested that revolution was justified when individual rights were violated.

• During the late 1600s and 1700s in Europe, a period known as the age of Enlightenment emerged.

New Ideas (cont.)


Section 2

• Influential writers from the Enlightenment are:

– John Locke—Two Treatises of Government, Essay on Human Understanding

– Jean Jacques Rousseau—The Social Contract

– Baron Montesquieu—The Spirit of Laws

New Ideas (cont.)


Section 2

• While some Americans turned away from a religious worldview in the 1700s, others renewed their Christian faith.

– This widespread resurgence of religious fervor was known as the Great Awakening.

New Ideas (cont.)

• Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were popular preachers of the time.

• Both the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening emphasized an individualism that inclined American colonists toward political independence.


A. A

B. B

C. C

Section 2

Which Enlightenment writer suggested that there were three types of political power?

A. John Locke

B. Jean Jacques Rousseau

C. Baron Montesquieu

0% 0%0%


Section 2-End


Section 3-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Struggles for Rights American colonists became dissatisfied with Britain’s rule and fought to gain independence.


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• customs duty

• committee of correspondence

• minutemen

Academic Vocabulary

• communicate


Section 3-Key Terms


• Stamp Act

• Townshend Acts

• Intolerable Acts

• Lexington

• Concord

• George Washington

• Yorktown


A. A

B. B


Have you ever disagreed with a policy enacted by the government?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 3

Growing Rebelliousness

Unpopular British laws and taxes led to colonial protests and violence.


Section 3

• From 1754 to 1759, the French and Indian War raged along the North American frontier.

• The fighting between Great Britain and France in Europe was known as the Seven Years War.

Growing Rebelliousness (cont.)

– The Treaty of Paris in 1763 made Great Britain the dominant power in North America.

• Many British leaders thought that the colonies should share in the costs leftover from the war.

The French and Indian War, 1754–1763


Section 3

• The British government had learned that the colonist were smuggling goods without paying customs duties—taxes on imports and exports.

• The British passed the following unpopular acts:


– The Proclamation Act of 1763

– The Sugar Act of 1764

– The Quartering Act of 1765

– The Stamp Act of 1765


Section 3

– The Townshend Acts of 1767

• In October 1765 representatives from nine colonies met for what became known as the Stamp Act Congress.


– They issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances.

– They also boycotted all goods made in Britain, forcing the British to repeal the Stamp Act.

Countdown to Revolution, 1763–1776


Section 3

• After the Boston Massacre, tensions were calmed temporarily by news that the British had repealed almost all of the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea.


Countdown to Revolution, 1763–1776


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following acts obligated colonists to provide shelter for British troops?

A. The Proclamation Act of 1763

B. The Sugar Act of 1764

C. The Quartering Act of 1765

D. The Stamp Act of 1765


Section 3

The Road to War

When Britain introduced new laws to assert its authority, the colonists decided to declare their independence.


Section 3

• When some 150 colonists seized and burned the stranded customs ship Gaspee, the British gave investigators the authority to bring suspects back to England for trial.

– Colonists created committees of correspondence to communicate with one another and coordinate strategy.

The Road to War (cont.)


Section 3

• In May 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act.

– The colonist revolted in what became known as the Boston Tea Party.


• Parliament passed the following new laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, in response to the Boston Tea Party:

– The Coercive Acts

– The Quebec Act


Section 3

• The First Continental Congress met in response to the Intolerable Acts.

– They agreed to boycott British goods and to hold a second Continental Congress in May 1775.


• Great Britain suspended the Massachusetts assembly, and Massachusetts lawmakers responded by naming John Hancock as their leader.


Section 3

– The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen to fight the British.

• Two factions formed as the revolution began:


– Loyalists, or Tories, supported England

– Patriots, or Whigs, supported America


Section 3

• In April 1775 General Gage decided to seize patriot arms and ammunition being stored in Concord.

– When the British reached Lexington, 70 minutemen were waiting for them.

– The British were not stopped, and headed to Concord, only to meet with more gunfire and most of the supplies removed.

– They fled to Boston, where they were surrounded by militia troops.



Section 3

• George Washington became general and commander in chief of the Continental Army

• In July 1775, the Continental Congress sent King George III a document known as the Olive Branch Petition.


– He rejected it, and fighting spread.


Section 3

• Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense, helped sway public opinion in favor of breaking with England.

• On July 4, 1776, the congress issued the Declaration of Independence.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which colony did not partake in the First Continental Congress?

A. Virginia

B. Philadelphia

C. Georgia

D. South Carolina


Section 3

War for Independence

With the help of allies, the Americans defeated the British in the Revolutionary War.


Section 3

• After a failed British campaign to defeat northern colonies, the French became the first country to recognize the United States as an independent nation.

– In 1779 Spain entered the war as an ally of France.

War for Independence (cont.)

• On May 8, 1780, nearly 5,500 American troops surrendered to the British in Charleston, South Carolina.

North America Following the Treaty of Paris, 1783


Section 3

– The tide turned on October 7, 1780 at the Battle of Kings Mountain when Patriot forces drove the British out of most of the South.

• The last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought in Yorktown, Virginia, in the fall of 1781.


– On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis and approximately 8,000 troops surrendered to Washington and his troops.


Section 3

• The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, ending the Revolutionary War.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the following battles played a key role in determining the outcome of the Revolutionary War?

A. The Battle of Saratoga

B. The Battle of Brandywine Creek

C. The Battle of King’s Mountain

D. The Battle at Yorktown


Section 3-End


Section 4-Main Idea

Big Ideas

Government and Society American leaders created a new Constitution based on compromise that promised a Bill of Rights.


Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• popular sovereignty

• federalism

• separation of powers

• checks and balances

• veto

• ratification

Academic Vocabulary

• framework

• interpret

• revise


Section 4-Key Terms


• Federalist

• Anti-Federalist


A. A

B. B


Is the Constitution an effective document?

A. Yes

B. No

0%0%


Section 4

The Young Nation

The States created constitutions that gave people more rights, but the national framework could not address all the problems of the new nation.


Section 4

• Before the war ended, each state had drawn up its own written constitution.

– Virginia’s and Massachusetts’s became models for other states to follow.

The Young Nation (cont.)

• Their constitutions called for the following:

– A separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government

– A bicameral legislatureWealth of Elected Officials


Section 4

– A list of rights guaranteeing essential freedoms

• The concern for individual liberty led to many changes, such as:


– Greater separation of church and state

– Expansion of voting rights

– Relaxed restrictions on running for office

Wealth of Elected Officials


Section 4

• Women and African Americans were denied political rights, but made some advances.

• American leaders also had to plan a central government for the new nation.


– On March 2, 1781, the Articles of Confederation loosely unified the states under a single governing body, the Confederation Congress.

The Northwest Ordinance, 1787


Section 4

– However, Congress lacked the power to effectively handle most challenges.

• Shay’s Rebellion showed the weakness of the Congress to solve the nation’s problems.


The Northwest Ordinance, 1787


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Although Congress lacked the power to handle most challenges, what did it accomplish?

A. Emancipated the slaves

B. Gave women voting rights

C. Passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

D. Established an effective way to pay off war debts


Section 4

A New Constitution

American leaders created a new constitution based on compromise.


Section 4

• In May 1787, 55 of Americas most distinguished leaders met at the Constitutional Convention.

– George Washington was their presiding officer.

A New Constitution (cont.)

• The new Constitution was based on the principle of popular sovereignty.


Section 4

– To strengthen the central government but still preserve the rights of the states, the Constitution created a system known as federalism.

• The Constitution also provided for a separation of powers in the new government by dividing power among the three branches.



Section 4

– The framers of the Constitution created a system of checks and balances to prevent any one of the three branches from becoming too powerful.

• The president could check Congress by deciding to veto, or reject, a proposed law.

• The delegates also created a clear two-step system for making amendments to the Constitution.


Comparing Constitutions


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B C D

0% 0%0%0%

Which of the states did not participate in the Constitutional Convention?

A. Pennsylvania

B. Rhode Island

C. Massachusetts

D. Georgia


Section 4

Ratification

The promise of the Bill of Rights guaranteed the ratification of the Constitution.


Section 4

• To go into effect, the Constitution required the ratification of 9 of the 13 states.

• Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists.

• Opponents of the Constitution called themselves Anti-Federalists.

Ratification (cont.)

The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–1790


Section 4

• To persuade the Anti-Federalists, Federalists promised to attach a bill of rights to the Constitution once it was ratified.

– They also agreed to support an amendment that would reserve for the states or the people all powers not specifically granted to the federal government.




Section 4

• Virginia and New York narrowly ratified the Constitution.

– North Carolina and Rhode Island were the last two states to ratify the Constitution.


• George Washington was chosen as the first president under the new Constitution.



A. A

B. B

Section 4

Merchants and artisans in large coastal cities would fall under which label?

A. Federalist

B. Anti-Federalist

0%0%


Section 4-End


VS 1

Causes of European Colonization• The wealth Spain acquired from

conquering the Aztec and mining gold encourages others to consider creating colonies.

• The Protestant Reformation in England leads to the rise of Puritans who are persecuted by the English government, as are Catholics and others who disagree with the Anglican Church.

• Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters, such as the Quakers, seek religious freedom by migrating to America.

• The growth of trade and the rising demand for English wool leads to landowners evicting peasants so as to raise sheep. Some of the peasants migrate to America to escape poverty and obtain land.


VS 2

Causes of the American Revolution

• Defending the colonies in the French and Indian War costs Britain a great deal of money; Britain seeks ways to cover the costs incurred.

• Britain issues the Proclamation Act of 1763, banning colonists from moving west of the Proclamation line.

• The British crack down on smuggling by enforcing customs duties and creating a vice-admiralty court to try smugglers; merchants are angered, and colonists believe their rights are being violated.

• The Sugar Act is attacked by colonists as taxation without representation.


VS 3

Causes of the American Revolution (cont.)

• The Currency Act banning paper money angers farmers and artisans.

• The 1765 Stamp Act leads to widespread colonial protests.

• The 1767 Townshend Acts lead to further protests.

• The Boston Massacre convinces many that the British are tyrants.

• In 1773, British efforts to help the East India Company leads to the Boston Tea Party and other protests against the tea shipments.


VS 4

Causes of the American Revolution (cont.)

• Britain bans Massachusetts town meetings, closes Boston’s port, and begins quartering troops in private homes.

• Neither King George nor British officials agree to compromise with the Continental Congress, and Congress orders a boycott of British goods.

• British troops fire on militia at Lexington and Concord; the revolution begins; and the Declaration of Independence is issued, July 4, 1776.


VS-End


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Vocab1

joint-stock company

form of business organization in which many investors pool funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects

Vocab2

Pilgrim

a Separatist who journeyed to the American colonies in the 1600s for religious freedom

Vocab3

subsistence farming

farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing

Vocab4

proprietary colony

a colony owned by an individual

Vocab5

indentured servant

an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter

Vocab6

cultures

the predominating attitudes and behavior that characterize the functioning of a group or organization

Vocab7

immigrate

to enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native

Vocab8

triangular trade

a three-way trade route for exchanging goods between the American colonies and two other trading partners

Vocab9

slave code

a set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people

Vocab10

hierarchy

categorization of a group of people according to ability or status

Vocab11

customs duty

a tax on imports and exports

Vocab12

committee of correspondence

committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies

Vocab13

minutemen

companies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute’s notice

Vocab14

communicate

to convey information about; make known; impart

Vocab15

popular sovereignty

government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be allowed there

Vocab16

federalism

political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Vocab17

separation of powers

government principle in which power is divided among different branches

Vocab18

checks and balances

the system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit the power of the other branches to prevent any from becoming too powerful

Vocab19

veto

power of the chief executive to reject laws passed by the legislature

Vocab20

ratification

is the act of giving official sanction to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution

Vocab21

framework

a set of guidelines to be followed

Vocab22

interpret

to explain the meaning of complex material

Vocab23

revise

to make changes to an original document

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