Splash Screen
description
Transcript of Splash Screen
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What types of actions can members of Congress take to represent voters’ interests, and what rules govern congressional activities?
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Types of Bills and Resolutions• Two types of bills:
1. Private bills: Individual people or places
2. Public bills: General matters (nation-wide)
• Two types of Resolutions:
1. Simple: covers matters affecting only one house of Congress
• Example: Election of Committee Members
2. Joint: Passed in the same form by both houses
• Example: Declaration of War
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• Earmarks: Specifying that some part of a funding bill will go towards a certain purpose.
• Rider: A provision on a subject other than the one covered in the bill. Usually attached to bills that are likely to pass.
Types of Bills and Resolutions (cont.)
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• Key Facts:• 3 to 5 percent of all bills become laws
• Reasons: Creating law is long and complicated Sponsors must be willing to compromise with
others. Many bills are introduced to make a statement
only!
Types of Bills and Resolutions (cont.)
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Introducing a Bill1. House: Bill placed in hopper (box)
2. Senate: Presiding officer must first recognize the senator, who then formally introduces it.
Role of Committees:• Hearings: Committee listens to testimony from
experts on the bill’s subject, as well as, government officials and interest groups
• Markup Session: Decide what changes, if any, to make to the bill.
• Final Vote: Committee votes to either kill the bill or report it
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Floor Action in Congress
• Floor Debate: Few lawmakers take part in a floor debate (completed in Committee)
• Vote: Follows debate – “Aye” or “No”
• 4 ways to vote:
1. Voice Vote
2. Standing Vote
3. Roll Call: Alphabetical Order
4. Recorded Vote: Electronic (House)
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Final Steps in Passing Bills• Bill must pass Congress (identical form)• Conference Committee: Work out differences of bill
• Approved bills must be signed by the President
• Presidential Veto (Returns Bill)
• Pocket Veto – Refusal to sign during last 10 days of session
• Congressional Override: 2/3 vote of Congress
• Laws: Registered with the National Archives and Records Service.
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Content Vocabulary• tax• closed rule• appropriation• authorization bill• entitlement
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Reading StrategyCreate a graphic organizer to show the role of Congress in making and passing tax laws.
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A. AB. B
A. the House Ways and Means Committee
B. the Senate Committee on Finance
Who has the greatest influence on tax law?
A B
0%0%
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Making Decisions About Taxes• The national government gets most of its
revenues from taxes—money that people and businesses pay to support the government.
• Most important work on tax laws occurs in the House of Ways and Means Committee.
Comparing Governments
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• For many years, the committee’s tax bills were debated on the House floor under a closed rule which forbids members from offering any amendments to a bill from the floor.
• In the Senate, the Committee on Finance has primary responsibility for tax matters.
Making Decisions About Taxes (cont.)
Comparing Governments
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A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Almost all important work on tax laws occurs in
A. the Senate.B. the Special Committee
on Tax Law.C. the House Ways and
Means Committee.D. the Senate Ways and
Means Committee.
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Appropriating Money• The power of appropriation, or approval of
government spending, belongs to Congress.
• Congress follows a two-step procedure in appropriating money—an authorization bill and an appropriations bill.
– An authorization bill sets up a federal program and specifies how much money can be appropriated for it.
– An appropriations bill is necessary to receive the money that was authorized.
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• Both House and Senate appropriations committees have 12 subcommittees covering the same policy areas.
• Uncontrollables are expenditures the government is legally committed to.
– Some uncontrollables are known as entitlements because they are social programs that entitle individuals to a certain program or monetary benefit.
Appropriating Money (cont.)
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A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
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Some expenditures to which the government is legally committed are called
A. distributions. B. entitlements.C. taxes.D. dividends.
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Reading StrategyAs you read, fill in a chart like the one below to list the different influences on lawmakers in Congress.
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A. AB. B
A. what their constituents want
B. what they believe is right
Should lawmakers vote based on what their constituents want or based on what the lawmaker believes is right?
A B
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Influences on Lawmakers• There are several factors that influence how
a lawmaker votes:
– temperament—some may be willing to take risks while others “play it safe”
– the nature of the issue
– congressional staffers
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A. AB. BC. C
How might congressional staffers influence decisions made by lawmakers?
A. they provide research B. they vote on issues
when lawmakers are unavailable
C. they represent lawmakers at their request
A B C
0% 0%0%
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The Influence of Voters• Lawmakers’ decisions (and political careers)
are influenced by voters in several ways, including:
– voter expectations based on lawmakers’ voting records,
– visiting the districts of their constituents to gauge their opinions,
– messages from voters to find out what issues concern them most, and
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– the opinions of their key supporters, including those who work in their campaigns and contribute money.
The Influence of Voters (cont.)
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A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How can voters influence decisions made by lawmakers?
A. voter expresses expectation
B. constituents in lawmakers district voice their opinion
C. e-mails and letters expressing key concerns
D. A, B, and C
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The Influence of Parties• Both major political parties—Republicans and
Democrats—take stands on major issues and come out for or against certain legislation.
• Both Democrats and Republicans tend to vote with their parties.
• Very few issues are unaffected by party identity.
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A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
How might a lawmaker’s party influence their votes?
A. party members often have different political views
B. requirement of party membership
C. pressure from party leaders
D. pressure from special-interest groups
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Other Influences on Congress• The president can influence Congress in
several ways:
– by influencing public opinion through speeches and television appearances, and
– by supporting legislative goals of individual members of Congress.
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Other Influences on Congress (cont.)
• Lobbyists try to convince members of Congress to support policies favored by the groups they represent.
• Lobbying is their effort to persuade officials to support their point of view.
• Political Action Committees are political fund-raising organizations established by corporations, labor unions, and other special-interest groups.
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A. AB. BC. CD. D
A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Those who try to convince members of Congress to support policies favored by the special-interest groups they represent are called
A. PACs.B. lobbyists.C. party leaders.D. congressional aides.
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A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
A. pork-barrel legislation
B. logrollingC. bothD. neither
Which, if any, of these practices do you find unfair in the creation of law?
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Handling Problems• Caseworkers: Help constituents with problems
• Casework serves three important purposes:
1. It helps lawmakers get reelected.
2. It is one way in which Congress monitors the performance of the executive branch.
3. Casework provides a way for the average citizen to cope with the huge national government.
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Helping the District or State• 3 ways to bring federal projects to districts and states:
1. Pork-barrel legislation: (Voted on by Congress)
• Federal Treasury helps out a locality
2. Federal grants and contracts (Awarded by Agencies)
• Federal $ awarded to states
3. Keep existing federal projects
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