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Contents

CHAPTER FOCUS

SECTION 1 Constantinople

SECTION 2 Justinian I

SECTION 3 The Church

SECTION 4 Decline of the Empire

CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT

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Chapter Focus 1

Overview

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• Chapter 21 describes the Byzantine Empire from the founding of Constantinople to the Turkish conquest. – Section 1 describes Constantinople as

the “New Rome.” – Section 2 discusses the Byzantine

contributions to government and law. – Section 3 discusses the effects of

Orthodox Christianity on Byzantine and eastern European culture.

– Section 4 traces the decline of the Byzantine Empire.

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Chapter Focus 2

Objectives

• explain why the Byzantine Empire survived and prospered for 1,000 years.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

• discuss why Constantinople was important to the empire.

• describe the Eastern Orthodox Church and the role it played in the Byzantine Empire.

• summarize causes of the decline of the Byzantine Empire.


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Chapter Focus 2

Read to Discover

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• Why the Byzantine Empire survived and prospered for 1,000 years

• Why Constantinople was important to the empire

• What role the Eastern Orthodox Church played in the Byzantine Empire

• What forces helped bring about the decline of the Byzantine Empire

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• Byzantium

• Hagia Sophia

Chapter Focus 3

• relics

• theology • Greek fire • icons

• Constantine I

• Justinian • Theodora • Leo III

Terms to Learn People to Know

• Constantinople

Places to Locate

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Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople about 330. About 100 years later, the Roman empire in the West fell. The Roman Empire in the East, however, survived and prospered. It became known as the Byzantine Empire. Its people were called Byzantines. The Byzantines built a civilization based on a blend of Greek, Roman, and Christian ideas.

The empire in the East survived for several reasons. Constantinople was a mighty fortress that needed few soldiers to defend it. This freed soldiers to protect other areas of the empire. The empire’s wealth supported a large army and was used to pay invaders to move farther and farther west.

Chapter Focus 4

Why It’s Important

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End of Chapter Focus

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Section 1-1

Constantinople• When Constantine first chose the old Greek

city of Byzantium as the place for his new capital, he was aware of its advantages.

• Byzantium was located near a waterway between the Black and Aegean seas.

• It was located at the crossroads of the trading routes between Europe and Asia.

• Invaders would not easily be able to take the new capital.

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Section 1-2

Constantinople (cont.)


• Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, took over four years to build and was modeled after Rome except that it was aChristian city.

• Government and church leaders gathered relics, or valued holy objects from the past, to be placed in public monuments, palaces, and churches.

• About 600,000 people lived in Constantinople during Constantine’s rule.

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Section 1-Assessment 1

Section Assessment

Why did Constantine choose Byzantium as the site for the empire’s new capital?

He chose this location because it lay at the crossroads of the trading routes between Europe and Asia.

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Section Assessment (cont.)

How could the influence of Christianity be seen in the city?

Possible responses include: dedicated to God by Constantine, influence of Church leaders on Constantine and everyday life, presence of many churches and relics, and efforts by individuals and organizations to help the needy


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Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment In your opinion, what were some of the good things about living in Constantinople?

Answers will vary.


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Answers will vary.



Recreate the diagram on page 319 of your textbook, and use it to compare the cities of Rome and Constantinople.


End of Section 1

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Section 2-1


Justinian I• After Constantine died, his sons, generals,

and emperors ruled the empire.

• Finally, in 527, a strong, Macedonian ruler named Justinian came to the throne. He came to be considered the greatest Byzantine emperor.

• Justinian was well trained in the army, law, music, architecture, and theology, or the study of religion.

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Section 2-2


• Justinian’s wife, the empress and actress Theodora, was a great help to him.

• Theodora helped fill political offices and convinced Justinian to allow women more rights.

• Women finally were allowed to own land equal in value to their dowry, or the wealth they brought with them when they married.

• In 532, a revolt arose by protesters of high taxes, who were prepared to crown a new emperor.

Theodora

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Section 2-3

• Theodora urged Justinian to stay, and together they crushed the uprising.

Theodora (cont.)

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Section 2-4


• Justinian chose ten men to work out a simpler and better legal system.

• Tribonian developed a legal code, known as the Justinian Code, that became the law of the land.

• Another of Justinian’s greatest accomplishments was the church called Hagia Sophia, or “Holy Wisdom.”

• The church had a gold altar and colorful mosaics, or pictures made up of many bits of colored glass or stone, everywhere.

Law and Public Works

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Section 2-5

• Hagia Sophia, later called St. Sophia, served the Byzantine Empire for more than 900 years and still stands today.

Law and Public Works (cont.)

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Section 2-6


• Justinian appointed an officer named Belisarius to reorganize and lead the Byzantine army to help reunite the eastern and western parts of the empire.

• Belisarius set up loyal and heavily armed cavalry soldiers and developed a series of battle moves that greatly strengthened the army’s striking power.

• During this time, the first secret weapon in history, called Greek fire, was developed.

Conquest

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Section 2-7


• Greek fire was a chemical mixture that ignited when it came into contact with water. Its exact formula is still unknown.

• With army improvements and Greek fire, the Byzantines were able to control more of the Mediterranean.

• The Byzantines also won back much of Italy and North Africa, defeated the Persians, and ensured the security of the empire’s eastern borders.

Conquest (cont.)

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Section Assessment

How did Justinian feel about the old system of Roman laws? What did he do about it?

He felt that it was too complicated and disorganized; he chose 10 men to work out a better system.


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What was Justinian’s goal for the Byzantine Empire?

His goal was to reunite its eastern and western parts and restore Rome’s glory and power.


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Making Inferences What do you think Justinian would say about the state of the American legal system today? Explain.

Answers will vary.


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Recreate the diagram on page 324 of your textbook, and use it to write and support a generalization about Theodora’s role as empress.

Generalizations and supporting details will vary.


End of Section 2

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Section 3-1


The Church• Church and government worked closely

together in the Byzantine Empire.

• The leader of the Church in Constantinople was called the Patriarch, chosen by the emperor.

• Under him were the metropolitans, or church officials in charge of the empire’s important areas.

• Some missionaries, including a man named Cyril, traveled among the Slavs, a people who had settled in eastern Europe.

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Section 3-2


The Church (cont.)

• Religion was very important to the Byzantines and the use of icons, or religious images used in worship, became controversial for over 100 years.

• In 726, Emperor Leo III ordered a stop to the use of icons, but in 843, the emperor once again allowed their use.

• The fight over icons damaged the empire’s relations with western Europe.

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Section 3-3


• The Pope broke his ties with the Byzantine emperor and turned to the Frankish kings for military protection.

• This and other disputes helped pave the way for the break between Western and Eastern Christianity in 1054.

The Church (cont.)

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the answer.

Section 3- Assessment 1

What role did Christianity play in the Byzantine empire?

Christianity was the official religion and the emperor was head of the church and the government.

Section Assessment

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Sample contributions include: they helped the poor, ran hospitals and schools for needy children, sent missionaries to neighboring lands to keep the peace, translated parts of the Bible into several eastern European languages, and developed the Cyrillic alphabet.




What were some of the contributions of monasteries to Byzantine society and culture?


the answer.



Making Inferences Why do you think the Slavs needed an alphabet that was different from the one used in the Byzantine Empire?

Answers will vary. Note that the missionaries would be able to convert the Slavs much more easily if they were not associated with the Byzantine Empire.


the answer.



Recreate the diagram on page 326 of your textbook, and use it to show the causes and effects of conflicts between the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople.

Causes include icons and the power of the Pope. Effects include the Pope’s break with the Byzantine emperor and the ties forged with Frankish kings.

End of Section 3

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Section 4-1


Decline of the Empire• The Byzantine Empire lasted for about

1,100 years.

• Forces from both inside and outside the empire led to the downfall of the Byzantine Empire.

• Early Byzantine farmers served in the army in return for land, but when they lost their land they had little reason to join the army.

• The empire also began to have problems with trade.

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Section 4-2


Decline of the Empire (cont.)

• Meanwhile, when Christians from the West and Muslims from the East attacked the empire, Asia Minor was lost to these invaders.

• The population dropped to less than 100,000, and when Turkish armies attacked Constantinople in 1453, they easily conquered the Byzantines.


the answer.


What problems within the Byzantine Empire helped bring about its decline?

The emperor stopped protecting farmers from rich landlords; aristocrats then took over the farmers’ properties, and the farmers lost their loyalty.

Section Assessment


the answer.



What outside forces helped cause the empire’s downfall?

Venetian merchants gained control of most of the empire’s trade, and the empire was attacked by Christians and Muslims.


the answer.



Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment Do you think the Byzantine emperor was wise in asking Venice for help against the Vikings? Why or why not?

Answers will vary. It is possible that it was wise because the Byzantine Empire could not defend itself against the Vikings. It may have been unwise because it led to the Venetian control of most of the empire’s trade.


the answer.



Recreate the diagram on page 328 of your textbook, and use it to show Byzantine contributions to world civilization.

Contributions include: established Constantinople, preserved the Greek culture, preserved Roman law, spread Christianity to peoples in the East, spurred the growth if trade, and developed new techniques in art.

End of Section 4

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Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Summary & Study Guide• Around 330, Constantine moved the capital

of the Roman Empire to Constantinople, the site of the old Greek city of Byzantium.

• After the fall of Rome, the Roman Empire in the East became known as the Byzantine Empire.

• Although Constantine patterned much of life in Constantinople after Rome, his acceptance of Christianity also helped shape the city.


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Chapter Summary 2

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• When Justinian became emperor in 527, he was influenced in some of his decisions by the empress Theodora, who favored increased women’s rights.

• Two of Justinians’ greatest achievements were development of a system of law known as the Justinian Code and construction of Hagia Sophia.

• Under Justinian, Belisarius reorganized the Byzantine army and expanded the empire’s borders.

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Chapter Summary 3

Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)


• Relations between the Pope and the Patriarch were weakened by the argument over icons, by the patriarch’s refusal to recognize the Pope as the head of the Church, and by the Pope’s crowning of Charlemagne as emperor.

• Both internal problems and outside forces weakened the Byzantine Empire, which was conquered by Turkish armies in 1453.

End of Chapter Summary

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Chapter Assessment 1

Understanding the Main Idea

Why did the Roman Empire in the East survive the fall of Rome?

Most Christians were united; Constantinople was strong and supported a large army and paid invaders.


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How did Constantinople’s location help it become a great trading center?

This location gave Constantinople control of the sea trade to the Mediterranean and a key land route.



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How did Christianity affect Byzantine attitudes toward the care of needy people?

The Byzantines formed organizations to care for the poor.



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How did Theodora help women within the Byzantine Empire?

She convinced Justinian to allow a wife to own land and widows to raise children.



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What led to the separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church in 1054?

Disputes over icons and the power of the Pope led to the separation.



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Why did Byzantine farmers gradually lose their loyalty to the empire?

The empire lost the loyalty of the farmers because the emperor no longer helped protect them.


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What is your opinion of the following statement: “Constantine was wise to model Constantinople after Rome”?

Answers will vary.

Critical Thinking


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What are the advantages for a government to have an official religion? What are the disadvantages?

Answers will vary. An advantage might be that it would end conflict. A disadvantage is that it would end freedom of religion.


Critical Thinking

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What do you think had the most to do with the decline of the Byzantine Empire? Explain.

Answers will vary. It is possible that a loss of trade and invasions contributed to the decline of the Byzantine Empire.


Critical Thinking

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What contribution made by the Byzantines do you think was the most important? Explain.

Answers will vary.


Critical Thinking

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Movement Justinian expanded his empire greatly. Refer to the map on page 323 of your textbook. If you had been Justinian, in which direction would you have sent troops next to gain new territory? Why?

Geography in History

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Imagine you were a citizen of Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire and you met a man named Cyril, about whom everyone was talking. What were people saying about this man?

End of Chapter Assessment

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History Online

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter.

Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

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Global Chronology


527 A.D. Justinian I rules Byzantine Empire

330 A.D.Constantinople becomes capital of Roman Empire

1054 A.D. Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches separate.

726 A.D. Emperor Leo III bans icons

1453 A.D. Turkish armies capture Constantinople

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People in History 1.1

Born in what is now Serbia, Constantine grew up the son of a Roman army officer. In 305 A.D., he became the co-emperor of Rome, but he continued to fight alongside the troops. During one battle, he saw a vision that convinced him to become the first Roman Emperor to accept Christianity. In 324 A.D., he triumphed as sole ruler of Rome and ordered a new capital city built at Byzantium. His rule helped ensure the eastward spread of Christianity.

Constantine I c. 288 A.D.–337 A.D.

Roman Emperor

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Fun Facts 2.1

Although Theodora was the daughter of a bear-keeper with a traveling circus, her strong will took her as far as the royal court. Justinian’s court historian commented: “She never did anything at any time as the result of persuasion… She claimed the right to govern the whole Roman Empire.”

Theodora

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Then & Now 2.1

Hagia Sophia, first built in the reign of Constantine, was twice destroyed by fire. When Justinian rebuilt the church, he ordered it be made fireproof. Earthquakes caused the dome to collapse in 559, but it too was rebuilt. The building became a mosque in 1453 and today is a museum.

Hagia Sophia

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• If you go on to say that the team has not lost a game this season and is the top-rated team, you are providing evidence to support your generalization.

Critical Thinking Skills 2.1

Making Generalizations

• If you say, “We have a good soccer team,” you are making a generalization, or general statement, about your team.


Continued on next slide.

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• When studying history, it is often necessary to put together pieces of information– supporting statements–to arrive at a full picture.

• In some cases, authors provide only supporting statements, and you will need to make generalizations on your own.



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• To make generalizations, follow these steps:

– Identify the subject matter and gather facts and examples related to it.

– Identify similarities or patterns among these facts.

– Use these similarities or patterns to form general ideas about the subject.




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Study the passage on page 321 of your textbook about Hagia Sophia, a cathedral built by Justinian, and study the picture on this same page. Then answer the questions that follow.



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Which of the generalizations on page 321 of your textbook are supported by details in the passage?

Generalizations a and c are supported by details in this passage.




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Which of the generalizations are not supported by the passage? Explain.

Generalization b (there are no facts to support this statement) and generalization d, (it is an opinion) are not supported by the passage.




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Go to pages 322-323. Write three generalizations.

Answers will vary.



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