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Intro 1

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Section 1-5

The French and Indian War

The conflict between the French and English over dominance in Europe in the late 1600s and 1700s finally spilled over in America.

*Ohio became a source of struggle-1754 Gov. of Va. Sent George Washington to

survey the area-encountering fire at Fort Duquesne,

Washington built Fort Necessity, which was later captured

(Washington was allowed to leave unharmed)

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Section 1-6

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• For the next two years, the French and Indian War was fought on the frontier.

• The Treaty of Paris finally ended the war in 1763, and for the most part eliminated French power in North America.

(pages 74–75)(pages 74–75)


• Results of the F. & I. War(1)Allowed colonists to spread further

without fear of the Indians -Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited

colonial movement past the Appalachian Mountains

(2) Spanish pulled out of Florida (left only a small number of troops behind)

(3) Indians left without backup (many great leaders were killed )

(4) Allowed some to see our future = one without the British


Section 1-14

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The Colonies Grow Discontented

(pages 76–77)(pages 76–77)

• The 1763 British victory caused an enormous British debt.

-Britain looked to its colonies to help pay for the war.

-desire to keep the colonists under their control prompted the British to pass a controversial act.


Section 1-18

Sugar Act in the colonies

-This act increased tax rates for raw sugar and molasses.

-It placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, and indigo.

-Colonists argued that they were being taxed without representation in Parliament.


Section 1-20

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What were the results of the French & Indian War?

(pages 76–77)(pages 76–77)

The Colonies Grow Discontented(cont.)


Section 1-21

George Grenville, the British prime minister, implemented new tax policies in the colonies to pay for the French and Indian War. One law sent smugglers to a new vice-admiralty court run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers. The Sugar Act in the colonies changed tax rates for raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonies. It placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, and indigo. Parliament also passed the Currency Act of 1784. This banned the use of paper money in the colonies, angering colonial farmers and artisans who used paper money to pay back loans.

(pages 76–77)(pages 76–77)

The Colonies Grow Discontented(cont.)


Section 1-22


The Stamp Act Crisis• To raise more money to pay for the

war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765.

-Stamps were required on most printed materials.

-The stamp tax was the first direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists.

• The Quartering Act, 1765, forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places for British troops in the colonies to stay.

-Why? (pages 77–78)(pages 77–78)


Section 1-24


• When the Stamp Act took effect, the colonists ignored it.

• began to boycott British goods.

• Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation agreement,

-agreeing not to buy any British goods until the Stamp Act was repealed.

• The protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed in 1766.

The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.)

(pages 77–78)(pages 77–78)


Section 1-26



What acts did Parliament pass to raise money to pay for the government’s expenses in America?

To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. Stamps were required on most printed materials. The Quartering Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places for British troops in the colonies to stay.

(pages 77–78)(pages 77–78)

The Stamp Act Crisis (cont.)


Section 1-32


• On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston; this became the Boston Massacre.

-The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing people standing up for their rights.

-In response, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, leaving only one tax on tea to uphold its right to tax the colonies.

The Townshend Acts (cont.)

(pages 78–79)(pages 78–79)


Section 2-8

Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773,

-to help the almost bankrupt East India Tea Company

-which made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch Tea.

-American merchants feared it was the first step by the British to force them out of business.

Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.)


(pages 82–85)(pages 82–85)


Section 2-9

• In December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston Harbor.

-Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor.

-This became known as the Boston Tea Party.

-Britain then passed some very harsh acts which punished the colonists.

Massachusetts Defies Britain (cont.)


(pages 82–85)(pages 82–85)


Section 2-18

• On April 18, 1775, British General Gage and his troops set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord & Lexington

• When the British arrived in Lexington, about 70 minutemen were waiting for them.

• The British fired at the minutemen, killing 8 and wounding 10.

The Revolution Begins (cont.)


(pages 85–87)(pages 85–87)


Section 2-21

• After the battles at Lexington and Concord, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense.

• On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to head the Continental Army.

The Revolution Begins (cont.)


(pages 85–87)(pages 85–87)


Section 2-25


• In July 1775, the Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to the king.

-said that the colonies were still loyal to King George III

-asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be made.

-tried to make peace

-he refused to look at it

(pages 87–89)(pages 87–89)

The Decision for Independence


Section 2-30

• In January 1776, Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, caused many coloniststo call for independence from Britain.

• On July 4, 1776, Continental Congress accepted a document written by Thomas Jefferson.

-stated why the colonies had to separate

-pleaded with other countries to understand and not get involved

• -Sent Declaration of Independence to King George

• .Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

(pages 87–89)(pages 87–89)


Causes and Effects 3


M/C 3-1


Groups in America:

(1) Americans who remained loyal to the king were called Loyalists, or Tories.

(2) The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants.

• What groups of people made up each group?

(3) German Hessians- mercenaries hired to fight Americans


Section 3-7

• The British forces had to fight both the Continental army and local militias.

-These militias often used guerrilla warfare, where they hid among trees and behind walls and then ambushed the British troops.

-British used mercenaries from Germany (Hessians)

The Opposing Sides


(pages 94–95)(pages 94–95)


Section 3-9

What disadvantages did the British forces and the Continental army face in the war?



(pages 94–95)(pages 94–95)

The Opposing Sides (cont.)


Section 3-10

The British forces had to fight the Continental army and local militias. These militias often used guerrilla warfare, which was difficult to defeat. The British were not united at home and needed to win the war quickly and cheaply or opinion in Parliament might shift to oppose the war. The Continental army was inexperienced, poorly equipped, and had difficulty enlisting and keeping soldiers. The Continental army lacked the power to tax, so it had a difficult time paying for the war.

(pages 94–95)(pages 94–95)

The Opposing Sides (cont.)


Section 3-14

• George Washington planned unexpected winter attacks against the British troops at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey.

-crossed the Delaware on Christmas Eve

-Washington and his troops won these attacks - defeated the Hessi

-then headed into the hills of northern New Jersey for the remainder of winter.

The Northern Campaign


(pages 95–97)(pages 95–97)


In 1777, the British tried to achieve the goal of cutting new England off from the rest of the colonies.

• General Burgoyne's large army was surrounded at Saratoga and surrendered.

• The victory at Saratoga led to an alliance with France.

***Both France and Spain worried about American expansion.


• American forces in Pennsylvania were forced to retreat into Valley Forge.

• By the end of 1778, the war remained a stalemate.

• In the West, Ohio Indians allied with the British and attacked American settlements.


Section 3-19

Why was the British surrender at Saratoga a turning point in the war for the Americans?

The American victory was a turning point because it improved American morale and convinced France to send troops to the American cause.



(pages 95–97)(pages 95–97)

The Northern Campaign (cont.)


Section 3-30

• British General Cornwallis was to secure a naval base on the coast, and he headed to the coastal town of Yorktown.

• On September 28, 1781, American and French troops surrounded Yorktown.

• On October 19, 1781, British troops surrendered.

The War is Won


(pages 98–99)(pages 98–99)


Section 3-31

• The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783.

• In the treaty, the British recognized the United States as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border.

• Now what to do? How do we establish a new government?

• That will be answered in the next unit.


(pages 98–99)(pages 98–99)


Section 4-5

New Political Ideas


• America had established a republic, or a form of government where power resides with a body of citizens with the right to vote.

*What would be the perfect republic?

• In an ideal republic, all citizens are equal under the law and the government gets its authority from the people.

(pages 100–102)(pages 100–102)


Section 4-21

The Achievements of theConfederation


• In November 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation.

• This was a plan for a loose union of the states under Congress.

(pages 103–105)(pages 103–105)


Section 4-22

• The Articles of Confederation set up a weak central government.

• The Confederation Congress met just once a year.

• It had the power to declare war, raise armies, and sign treaties.

• It, however, did not have the power to impose taxes or regulate trade.


(pages 103–105)(pages 103–105)


M/C 4-3


Section 4-33

• Many Americans began to see the risk of having a weak central government.

-In 1786, Shays' Rebellion broke out in western Massachusetts when

farmers closed down courts to prevent debt executions.

• This worried Americans & they argued for a stronger central government.


Weaknesses of the Congress


Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4




Section 4-34

What were some of the weaknesses of the AOC?



(pages 105–106)(pages 105–106)


Section 4-35

-Congress could not regulate commerce,. -The federal government had no powers over the states.-national government could not coin money-Congress had no way to raise money to pay these debts..

(pages 105–106)(pages 105–106)

(cnt.)


Section 4-39

Critical Thinking



Analyzing How did fear of tyranny shape new state constitutions andthe Articles of Confederation?

New state constitutions and the Articles of Confederation provided many individual freedoms to prevent tyranny.


A NEW NATIONAL GOVERNMENT• Nationalists argued for a stronger central

government to deal with the economic crisis of the 1780s.

• Representatives from five states met in Annapolis, to have something done about the AOC.

• Have a convention for ONLY REVISING the AOC.

• Delegates from twelve states assembled in Philadelphia in May 1787.


Section 5-7

• Most of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention had experience in government.

-George Washington was presiding officer.

-James Madison kept records of the debates.

-The meetings were closed to the public.


(pages 108–110)(pages 108–110)


Issue #1: Representation in Congress

**The New Jersey Plan proposed

-a one house legislature, with one vote for each state

(This plan favored the small states)

-a weak executive of more than one person elected by Congress

-a national judiciary with limited powers,


**The Virginia Plan proposed

-a strong executive

-a national judiciary

-a strong two-house legislature.

(This plan favored the large, more populous states)


Section 5-11

Solution: Connecticut Compromise, which proposed a legislative branch with two parts:

-a House of Representatives with state representation based on population

-a Senate with two members from each state, regardless of size.

-This compromise gave the large states an advantage in the House and protected the smaller states in the Senate.


Section 5-16

Issue #2: H of R numbers

• The Three-Fifths Compromise came up with a plan for counting enslaved people in a state.

-Every five enslaved people in a = three free persons for determining both representation and taxes.


(pages 110–111)(pages 110–111)


Section 5-17

Issue #3: Regulation of Trade

-Northern delegates wanted a government with control over foreign imports into the United States.

-A compromise over these issues said that the new Congress could not tax exports.

-They also agreed that it could not ban the slave trade until 1808 or impose high taxes on the import of enslaved persons.

A Union Built on Compromise


(pages 110–111)(pages 110–111)


Ratifying the Constitution

-Supporters of the Constitution called themselves Federalists.

-Anti-Federalist opponents feared the Constitution gave too much power to the central government

-James Madison, Alexander, Hamilton, and John Jay published the influential The Federalist Papers that helped secure passage.


Section 1-8

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Protecting Individual Rights

• In 1791 ten amendments to the Constitution went into effect.

-known as the Bill of Rights

offered safeguards for individual rights against actions of the federal government.

(pages 152–153)(pages 152–153)


1st = Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition

2nd = right to keep weapons

3rd = no quartering of troops

4th = no search or seizure w/o a warrant

5th = no double jeopardy

= don’t have to testify against yourself

6th = right to a speedy trial

7th = rt to a trial by jury in civil cases


8th = no cruel & unusual punishment


• REVIEW QUESTION:

If you could keep only ONE of the first 8 amendments, which one

would you keep and why?

Be prepared to share your answer.


13th = abolished slavery

14th = nationalized citizenship

15th = gave all men the right to vote

18th = prohibited the make, sale, & transportation of alcohol

19th = gave women the rt to vote

21st = repealed the 18th

22nd = 2-term or 10 yr limit for President


25th = presidential line of succession

-Pres.

-VP.

-Sp. of the House

-President Pro Tempore

26th = 18 yr olds can vote


Section 5-12

In what ways did the Virginia Plan and theNew Jersey Plan differ?

The Virginia Plan wanted to throw out the Articles of Confederation, while the New Jersey Plan wanted to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia Plan called for two houses of Congress with representation based on a state’s population. The New Jersey Plan called for one house of Congress with equal representation. The Virginia Plan called for three branches of government, the New Jersey Plan did not.



(pages 108–110)(pages 108–110)

The Constitutional Convention (cont.)


Section 5-19

PRINCIPLES IN THE CONSTITUTION


(1) based on the principle of popular sovereignty, or rule by the people.

(2) Also created a system of government called federalism,

(3) Judicial review

(4) Limited government – limits the power of the national government

(pages 111–112)(pages 111–112)


Section 5-20

(5) The Constitution provided for a separation of powers among the three branches of government.

-The legislative branch makes the laws.

-The executive branch enforces the laws.

-The judicial branch interprets federal laws.

(6) Checks and balances – each branch can check the powers of the others

= examples?


(pages 111–112)(pages 111–112)


Section 5-26

How does the Constitution provide for a separation of powers?



A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)

(pages 111–112)(pages 111–112)


Section 5-27

It provides for three branches of government. The legislative branch makes the laws. It is made up of the two houses of Congress. The executive branch enforces the laws. It is headed by a president. The judicial branch interprets federal laws. It is made up of a system of federal courts.

A Framework for Limited Government (cont.)

(pages 111–112)(pages 111–112)


Chapter Summary 1

Chapter Assessment 5



Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

Why did King George III issue the Proclamation of 1763?

King George issued the Proclamation of 1763 to prevent war with Native Americans over the settlement of the land west of the Appalachian Mountains.





Reviewing Key Facts (cont.)

How did the Founders provide for a separation of powers in the federal government?

They specified three branches–executive, legislative, and judicial–each with specific powers. The legislative branch would make laws; the executive branch would implement and enforce laws, and the judicial branch would interpret laws. No one is allowed to serve in more than one branch at the same time.





Critical Thinking

Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibilities What rights did the colonists want from Britain?

The colonists wanted the right to tax themselves, trial by jury, protection against home searches without a warrant, and government seizing property without court proceedings.





Critical Thinking (cont.)

Evaluating In the colonies, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense influenced public opinion on the issue of declaring independence. Why do you think this happened?

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense influenced public opinion because it spoke against the monarchy in principle, and it roused the feelings of the colonists.



Geography and HistoryThe map below shows the land claims in North America as a result of the 1783 Treaty of Paris. Study the map and answer the questions on the following slides.



Interpreting Maps What were the borders for the United States after the war for independence?

The Mississippi River to the west, Canada to the north, and the original colonies in the East formed the borders.

Geography and History (cont.)





Geography and History (cont.)



Applying Geography Skills Which countries shared a border with the United States?

British-owned Canada, Spanish-owned Spanish Louisiana, and New Spain shared a border with the United States.





Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.Although the Coercive Acts were meant to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, what impact did they have on the rest of thecolonies?A The acts caused trade in other harbors to suffer as well.B The acts caused the other colonies to fear standing up to

the king.C The acts were so harsh that other colonies wanted to fight

back against the king.D The acts caused the colonies to respond with their own

laws, called the Intolerable Acts.

Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that don’t make sense. For example, the colonies were subject to the laws of the British government, not the other way around, so choice D is unlikely. (You may also remember that “Intolerable Acts” was the nickname the colonists gave to the Coercive Acts.)





What is the system by which the Constitution can be revised?

The delegates provided for changes to the Constitution through the amendment process.


M/C 4-2




The British forces appeared better prepared because the British forces were nearly all trained soldiers and sailors, whereas the colonial forces were nearly all untrained volunteers.

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