Spiral magnet grad radial mags 2014
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Spiral Magnetic Gradient
Motor: Axial & Radial Magnets
Thomas Valone, PhD, PE
Integrity Research Institute
Vigier Symposium, Morgan State Univ., November 19, 2014
http://www.NoeticAdvancedStudies.us/index9.html
Credit: Tom
Schum for
this 4” spiral
stator
construction
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II met Vigier in 2002
at Swiss Weinfelden
conference
sponsored by the Inst.
of New Energy
Technology (INET)
Here Prof. Vigier
shows Lithium-7
and a proton will
yield “more than
400% excess
energy” producing
hydrogen and a
gamma ray
Weinfelden Conference
summary is online
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Key to Future Energy Sources:
Gradients are the Requisite Means
• Thermal gradient is used for heat pump
• Voltage gradient is used for electrical power
• Gravity gradient is used for hydroelectric power
• Pressure gradient used for natural gas and water
pumping
• Magnetic gradient from inhomogeneous
permanent magnets is used for nothing so far
except in physics labs for experiments
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Net Force in the
direction of gradient
= the magnetic field
gradient multiplied
by the induced
magnetic moment,
as with the Stern-
Gerlach Experiment
Hartman Patent #4,215,330
Side View
10 degree incline
drop-off
--Modern Physics, Schaumm’s Outline Series, Gautreau et al., McGraw Hill, 1978
Their experimental setup: The magnetic field B is more
intense near the pointed surface at the top than near the flat
surface below, creating a slope in a graph of B vs. z ,
which is the gradient dB/dz.
Steel ball
bearing #4
Top View
Fz
z
Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields =
Magnetic Gradient
Two experimental examples that utilize the magnetic field gradient
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Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM)
Uses the Magnetic Gradient
Popular Science, June 1979
Hartman Patent 4,215,330
d
dBMF cos
dz
dBFZ cos z
In both cases cos Φ is angle between
magnetic moment and B
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Spiral Magnetic Motor (SMM) Archimedean spiral is used
for SMM stator magnets
where r = 6 + θ/2 and B(r) is
linearly dependent on θ
6”
Creates a constant torque for
more than 75% of each cycle
F = U where U = M ∙ B and
r rU M B M B
r rU M B M B
Resultant force is the vector sum of the tangential (θ) and the centripetal (r)
Spring
Latch
overshoot
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Multi-Stage SMM
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Three-Six Magnet SMM
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Mirror Image Impacting SMM
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SMM Governing Equations
r
BM
B
r
MF rr
Fr
BMT r x
2
21 EU oE
o
B
BU
2
21
For a maximum B field in air of 20 kG
(2 Tesla), UB = 2 MJ/m3 (megajoules)
For a maximum E field in air of
3 MV/m, UE = 40 J/m3
(2,000,000 = 40 X 50,000)
Maximize radial B field (Br) for maximum torque*
0
ENERGY DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS: B-FIELD = 50K x E-FIELD
dTW
*So this paper will include the Radial Magnetic Field models
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Experimental Results
Six SMM
designs were
tested: 1, 3, 4,
6, 10” rotors
kG
▲ = rotor, ♦ = stator magnetic flux density
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Spiral Magnetic Motor Angular Velocity
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.4 0.8 1.6 2.4 3 3.8 4.6
Angular Displacement (radians)
An
gu
lar
Velo
cit
y (
rad
/sec)
1" rotor
3" rotor
4" rotor
6" rotor
10" rotor
Poly. (4" rotor)
Polynomial Fit
0 90⁰ 180⁰ 270⁰ - - degrees
- - -Data acquisition limit- - -
315° is latch
point
315/360 = 88%
3” rotor
SMM ANGULAR VELOCITY
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Measuring Back Torque
Ohaus linear force scale +/- 1 N
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Peak KE, Back Torque, Mass, B-Field
5 Rotors Tested: 1.25”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 10”
10” rotor:
0.80 Joules
Highest KE
Phototransistor detail
Peak Values:
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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Angular Displacement (degrees)
10"
Roto
r T
orq
ue (
N-m
)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
10" R
oto
r P
ote
nti
al E
nerg
y (
J)
0 90 180 270 360
Rotor Torque and Potential Energy for One Cycle
Torque Measurement T=rxF
dTW
Positive
Work
Region
Negative Work Region
315°
Positive work required to
move latched rotor at 315° to
end (starting point) at 360° :
W = 0.52 Joules
which is less than 0.80 J KE
10” rotor tests
88%
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Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s Suggestion
for Increased Torque
Place metal plate of particular permeability underneath rotor in order to produce:
Favorable Hysteresis Currents
Laithwaite Eric, Propulsion Without Wheels, English Univ. Press, 1970
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Hysteresis is Lag Response –
Depends on Permeability and
Resistivity*
teH
B
2
81
Designing the Growth of Eddy Currents to Match Rotation Speed
teH
B
2
81 )4/( 2
*Bozorth, Ferromagnetism, J. Wiley & Sons, 2003
ρ = resistivity, µ = permeability, δ = thickness of plate, H field is suddenly applied
Choosing aluminum or copper for example, the permeability will be the same as free
space (µo = 4π × 10-7), which is very low and the resistivity is also low. Choosing an
aluminum plate that is about a centimeter (1 cm) thick would also be a good choice
since the thickness of the sheet "delta" is squared and also in the numerator. Altogether,
the calculation shows a relatively slow build-up over a tenth of a second and only
about 30% at a millisecond after the stator field magnet is applied to the rotating disk,
which is in keeping with a delayed eddy current that would push instead of retard the
changing flux as is normally expected from Lenz’ Law.
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Wiegand wires are FeCoV bistable
Vicalloy metal with 2 regions
US 1973 patent # 3,757,754
Used for years for auto ignitions
Provides repeatable magnetic pulse
Pop. Science Wiegand causes Barkhausen avalanche of magnetic domain alignment
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Inverse
magnetostrictive (MS)
effect combined with a
piezoelectric material
(PZT) and voltage
MS-PZT
coil
IEEE Trans on Magnetics, V. 43, N. 8, 2007
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Switching Actuation for SMM
Piezo actuator can
move ½ lb object
repeatedly with only
voltage from
Smart-Materials.com
0.12 mH ultra-minature
coil inductor is a simple
pulse generator
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New Radial Magnet Rotor
Dual V-Track Design
Note: former STATOR magnets are now on the ROTOR and a
single pair of magnets are on the movable stator above.
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Radial V-Track Stator Magnet
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Conclusion
• SMM designs now provide almost 90%
permanent magnet powered cycle
• Actuation needed for switching magnetic
fields during last 10%
• Many energy harvesting means for
powering actuation now have emerged to
make this long-sought-after goal
achievable
• Details provided in paper