The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Chapter 12. THE SPINAL CORD.
Spinal Cord Injuries in Hockey - Sports Med injury that frequently results in spinal cord injury ......
Transcript of Spinal Cord Injuries in Hockey - Sports Med injury that frequently results in spinal cord injury ......
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Cervical Spine
Injuries in
Hockey
Joel L. Boyd, MD
Minnesota Wild
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DISCLOSURES
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Case example:
“Hey, doc. My neck hurts.”
30 yo NFL lineman involved in head-to-head collision during a preseason game
Player continued playing for four plays before reporting any symptoms
No LOC
Evaluated on sideline immediately and brought to locker room for further evaluation
No headache, dizziness, or problems with vision
No neurologic signs or symptoms noted
Described pain in posterior aspect of neck and stiffness
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Cervical Fracture
Each year there are 6,000 to
10,000 spinal cord injuries
35-45% are due to motor vehicle
accidents account for
Falls account for 25% to 30%.
Most of the rest are related to
sports, especially football,
rugby, ice hockey, soccer,
diving, gymnastics, and
wrestling.
Nevertheless, catastrophic neck
injuries are infrequent in sports,
with a prevalence of less than
2/100,000 neck injuries.
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Cervical
Vertebrae
Small vertebral bodies
less weight to carry
Extensive joint surfaces
greater ROM
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Cervical Fracture
Hyperflexion was
previously thought to be
the major cause of
injury.
Axial loading is now
recognized as the
primary cause of injury
although flexion-
rotation, hyperflexion, or
extension my produce
significant injuries.
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Cervical Fracture: Axial Loading
When the spine (neck) is slightly extended, external forces to the neck can be dissipatedwith controlled spinal motion through the muscles and curvature of the spine.
When the neck is slightly flexed (30°), the vertebra line up in a linear (straight) fashion.
Under this alignment, the force is absorbed entirely by the bones ligaments and disks, rather than the muscles.
This is called axial loading.
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Most common cause of
injury
Boarding
Push/check from
behind into
boards
Forward flexion
of head/neck
Crown of head
into boards
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Cervical Fracture
Injuries may occur at speeds
as low as 8-9 miles per hour.
Head motion seems to have
little influence on the
injury.
Most common injuries at C4-
C6 but tend to be higher in
older individuals
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Cause of injury
Bishop, PJ, Wells , RP (1989)
Velocity 1.8m/s
With axial compression
Can reach 75% load failure of C3-5
Sim, FH, Chao, EY (1978)
Skating speeds can exceed 12m/s
(~27mph)
Sliding can exceed 6.7 m/s
(~15mph)
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Radiographic imaging
Who needs an x- ray of the spine ?
NEXUS -The National Emergency X- Radiograph Utilization Study
Prospective study to validate a rule for the decision to obtain cervical spine x- ray in trauma patients
Hoffman, N Engl J Med 2000; 343:94-99
Canadian C-Spine rules
Prospective study whereby patients were evaluated for 20 standardized clinical findings as a basis for formulating a decision as to the need for subsequent cervical spine radiography
Stiell I. JAMA. 2001; 286:1841-1846
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NEXUS
NEXUS Criteria:
1. Absence of tenderness in the posterior
midline
2. Absence of a neurological deficit
3. Normal level of alertness (GCS score = 15)
4. No evidence of intoxication (drugs or alcohol)
5. No distracting injury/pain
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NEXUS
Patient who fulfilled all 5 of the criteria were considered low risk for C-spine injury
No need C-spine X-ray
For patients who had any of the 5 criteria
radiographic imaging was indicated
( AP, lateral and open mouth views)
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The Canadian C-spine Rule for alert and stable trauma patients where cervical spine
injury is a concern.
Any high-risk factor that mandates radiography?
Age>65yrs or
Dangerous mechanism or
Paresthesia in extremities
Any low-risk factor that allows safe
assessment of range of motion?
• Simple rear-end MVC, or
• Sitting position in ER, or
• Ambulatory at any time, or
• Delayed onset of neck pain, or
• Absence of midline C-spine tenderness
Able to actively rotate neck?
• 45 degrees left and right
No Radiography
Radiography
NO
YES
ABLE
YES
NO
UNABLE
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National Emergency X
Radiography Utilization Study
(NEXUS)
Both have:
Excellent negative predictive value for excluding patients identified as low risk
The Canadian C-spine rule
&
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Clearance of Cervical Spine Injury in
Conscious, Symptomatic Patients
1. Radiological evaluation of the
cervical spine is indicated for all
patients who do not meet the
criteria for clinical clearance as
described above
2. Imaging studies should be
technically adequate and interpreted
by experienced clinicians
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Cervical Spine Imaging Options
Plain films AP, lateral and open mouth view
Optional: Oblique and Swimmer’s
CT Better for occult fractures
MRI Very good for spinal cord, soft tissue and ligamentous injuries
Flexion-Extension Plain Films to determine stability
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Radiolographic evaluation
X-ray Guidelines (cervical)
AABBCDS
Adequacy, Alignment
Bone abnormality, Base of skull
Cartilage
Disc space
Soft tissue
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C/S Fractures
Unstable
Flexion Teardrop
Hangman’s
Hyperextension fracture dislocation
Burst
Jefferson’s
Odontoid
Stable
Clay Shoveler’s
Wedge
Extension Teardrop
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Fractures of the Atlas
Jefferson’s fracture (bursting fracture of the atlas)
Atlas posterior arch fracture
Atlas anterior arch fracture
Atlas lateral mass fracture
Transverse ligament
rupture
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Jefferson’s Fracture
Bursting fracture of ring of atlas through both anterior and posterior arches; up to 1/3 of all atlas fxs.
Compression on vertex of skull transmits forces through occipital condyles to lateral masses of atlas; m.c. MVA or diving accidents
Death or significant injury is rare; technically decompresses the cord
Bracing is preferred treatment; malunion may occur
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http://www.learningradiology.com/archives06/COW%20188-Jeffersons%20Fx/jeffersonfxcorrect.htm
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Transverse Ligament Rupture
If traumatic, usually associated with fxs. Elsewhere
Also associated with inflammatory arhthritides (RA, AS, PA, Reiter’s); Down’s syndrome (20%)
Rad. signs are increased ADI (>3mm adult, >5mm children) with disruption of spinolaminar line
Steele’s rule of thirds- atlas ring is 1/3 cord, 1/3 space, 1/3 dens
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Ruptured Transverse
Ligament
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/FLEXION - SUBLUXATION RA.jpg
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Fractures of the Axis
Hangman’s fracture (traumatic
spondylolisthesis)
Extension teardrop fx.
Dens fxs.
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Hangman’s Fracture
Forced hyperextension
causes B/L pedicle fxs.
of C2, usually with
anterior
displacement of C2 on
C3
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/HANGMANS%20.jpg
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Extension Teardrop Fx.
Avulsion of small fragment from
anteroinferior body of C2 from
hyperextension
Usually occurs with
hangman’s
Stable on it’s own
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Dens Fractures
Type I- avulsion of the tip
Type II- fracture through the
base; unstable; m.c. type
Type III- fx. through body of
C2 below base of dens
http://www.nypemergency.org/moxiepix/b2_3.gif
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Vertebral Body Compression
Fractures
Wedge fractures
Burst fractures
Flexion teardrop fracture
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Wedge fracture
Caused by hyperflexion with vertical
height of the vertebral body
decreased anteriorly, as
viewed on the lateral film
The posterior elements
remain intact
This is a stable injury
http://www.imageinterpretation.co.uk/images/cervicalspine/ANTERIOR WEDGE COMPRESSION .jpg
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Burst Fracture
Caused by axial compression, the intervertebral disc is driven into the vertebral body below
Vertebral body explodes into several fragments; a fragment from the postero-superior surface being driven posteriorly into the spinal canal
Unstable injury that frequently results in spinal cord injury
Important to check the posterior
vertebral cortex for evidence of
disruption, on an apparently simple
wedge compression injury on plain
film lateral
Best appreciated on CT
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Flexion Teardrop Fracture
Fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a
cervical vertebral body due to flexion of the
spine along with vertical axial compression
Usually associated with a spinal cord
injury, often a result of displacement
of the posterior portion of the
vertebral body into the central
spinal canal
Unstable
http://radiographics.rsna.org/cgi/content-nw/full/19/5/1143/F11A
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Articular Pillar Fracture
Combined hyperextension and
lateral flexion; usually MVA
http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/25/5/1239.figures-only
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Clay Shoveler’s Fracture
Stable avulsion fracture through the spinous
process of a vertebra occurring at any of
the lower cervical or upper thoracic
vertebrae, classically at C6 or C7
http://radiologyinthai.blogspot.com/2010/01/clay-shoveler-fracture.html
http://www.mypacs.net/cases/CLAY-SHOVELERS-FRACTURE-C6-
SPINOUS-PROCESS-7102696.html
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Abnormal Soft Tissue Radiographic Signs
Retropharyngeal space- anterior to C2 should not exceed
6mm in children or adults
Retrotracheal space- anterior to C6 body should not exceed
14mm in
children or 22mm in adults
-Hematoma, abscess, or edema
may cause widening
*Soft tissue emphysema- Tracheal laceration,
pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax may
cause gas to be seen in the soft tissues of
the neck
http://openi.nlm.nih.gov/gridquery.php?simCollection=1568099_envhper00442
-0018-c&rFormat=json&query=the&req=3&m=1&n=20
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Dislocations of the Cervical
Spine
Atlant-occipital dislocation
Atlantoaxial dislocation
Bilateral interfacetal
dislocation
Unilateral interfacetal
dislocation
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Atlanto-occipital Dislocation
Rare, usually fatal
Hyperextension and
traction
3x more common in
pediatric patients
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Bilateral Interfacetal Dislocation
Severe flexion injury
Both anterior and posterior ligamentous structures are disrupted at
site of injury
Superior vertebra dislocates forward by 50% or more of the body below
Quadriplegia frequently
develops
If there is a fracture through posterior
elements, less chance of neurologic
injury as cord can decompress
http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operation
almed/Lab/CSpine/UnilateralLockedFacets.htm
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Unilateral interfacetal dislocation
Mechanism is flexion/distraction and rotation
Inferior articular facet of superior vertebral body is
locked in front of the superior facet of the more
inferior vertebral body but only on one side
Slight anterior subluxation of one vertebral body on
the one below; <25% of width
On lateral view of cervical spine, some bodies
appear true lateral below level of injury and
oblique above level of injury
Bow-tie sign
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Unilateral Facet
Dislocation
http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operation
almed/Lab/CSpine/UnilateralLockedFacets.htm
Normal
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ASIA classification
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43
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Statistics
Tator, et al. 2015 (from
Canadian registry data; Clin
J Sports Med)
1943-1973-0
1974-1981-6
1982-1996-286 (94/96-53)
2000-5
2006-2011
44 cases of SCISpinal Injuries in Sports. Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America.
Boden, Barry P., MD; Jarvis, Christopher G.,
MD. January 31, 2009. Volume 20, Issue 1.
Pages 55-68. © 2009
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Football Rule Change
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Hockey Rule Change
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Statistics
Tator, et al. 2015 (from
Canadian registry data; Clin J
Sports Med)
48% 16-20yo
21% 11-15yo
64.2% SCI from hitting
boards
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Statistics
Tator, et al. 2015 (from
Canadian registry
data;Clin J Sports Med)
~25% complete loss of
motor
~75% some neurologic
deficit
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Management
Pre-event action
planning
ABC’s
C-spine immobilization
NATA position statement
To remove or not to
remove?
For now, “when
appropriate, protective
equipment may be
removed prior to
transport. “
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Cervical Fracture: Treatment
It has been estimated that
50% of neurological damage
is created after the initial
traumatic event,
particularly in uncontrolled
(recreational) settings.
If the player is
unconscious, assume
cervical damage.
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Cervical Fracture: Treatments
The methods of spinal cord resuscitation seek to
Minimize hypoxia by maintaining blood flow and breathing
Minimize edema and inflammation with intravenous corticosteroids
Minimize damage to nerve cell membrane by not moving the person and eventual reduction of spinal deformity so as to relieve cord deformation
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Cervical Fracture: Prevention
1. Continued research.
2. The identification of injury, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence.
3. Education of coaches and players. Keep head up (neck extension) on contact!
4. Establishment and enforcement of appropriate rules.
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Look-up Line
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“Burner” or “Stinger”
Experienced by 50% of college football players at one time or another.
Is not a spinal cord injury.
Stretching of the cervical nerve roots because of excess lateral flexion of the neck
Generally symptoms resolve in 5 to 10 minutes, although permanent deficits have been documented in players who have repeated episodes.
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Case example:
“Hey, doc. My neck hurts.”
30 yo NFL lineman involved in head-to-head collision during a preseason game
Player continued playing for four plays before reporting any symptoms
No LOC
Evaluated on sideline immediately and brought to locker room for further evaluation
No headache, dizziness, or problems with vision
No neurologic signs or symptoms noted
Described pain in posterior aspect of neck and stiffness
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Exam
Neurologically intact
TTP over C1-C2 level
Decreased range of motion
with lateral bending and
minimal ability to rotate
Radiographs immediately
obtained in locker room
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Radiographs
C1 fracture
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Management
C-spine precautions initiated and
patient transported to nearest
trauma center
CT revealed mildly displaced
fractures of anterior arch adjacent
to lateral masses
7 mm of lateral displacement of R
Lateral fragment with sagittal split
4 mm displacement of L lateral
fragment
Negative CT angio
No MRI performed
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Management
Operative versus non-operative mgmtdiscussed
Fusion
ORIF
Rigid orthosis or halo immobilization
Underwent C1 ORIF with placement of 32 mm lateral mass screws bilaterally with 3.5 mm rod
Maintained occiput –C2 distance and C1 ring
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Follow-up
Radiographs showed stable healed fracture at 3 months post-operatively
At 4 months post-operatively patient had hardware removal
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THANK
YOU
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References
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Tator CH, Edmonds VE. National survey of spinal injuries in hockey players. Can Med Assoc J.
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Bishop PJ, Wells RP. Cervical spine fractures: mechanisms, neck load, and methods of
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Sim FH, Chao EY. Injury potential in modern ice hockey. Am J Sports Med 1978;15:30–40.
Spinal Injuries in Sports. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. Boden,
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Kevin N. Waninger. Team Physician's Corner: Management of the Helmeted Athlete With
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National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA). http://www.nata.org/NR06242015