Sphere of Influence• Europeans and Japan took advantage of

internal Chinese conflicts and attacked• Treaties led to increasing control over

Chinese economy– Sphere of Influence: area in which the

foreign nation controlled trade and investment

GROUPS 1,2,3

Open Door Policy• Americans worried about Europe creating

formal colonies and shutting U.S. out of China– 1899 “Open Door Policy”: China’s “doors” be

open to merchants of all nations

Growth of Chinese Nationalism

• Pressed for reforms to gain back power• Emperor Guangxu called for

modernization (education system, military, government)

• Most Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power–Dowager Empress puts Guangxu under

arrest and reverses reforms

GROUP 4

Boxer Rebellion• Poor peasants and

workers resent foreigners and Chinese Christians

• Form secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

GROUP 5

Boxer Rebellion• 1900: attacked Beijing– “Death to the foreign

devils!”• Dowager Empress

expressed support but did not send troops

• 19,000 troops marched on Beijing and defeated Boxers

GROUP 6

Reform• 1905: Dowager Empress sent Chinese officials

on world tour to study governments• 1906: officials recommended restructure

based on Japan’s constitutional monarchy–Created national assembly within year–Promised full constitutional monarchy by

1917