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No. 43 MAY 1957 NINEPENCE FORUMubscriptions: 12 issues 10/6. 6 issues 5/3. Chequesand P.Os. should be made payable to E. Lake. S.P.G.B.SOCIALIST DISCUSSION JOURNALTOWARDS BETTER UNDERSTANDING-----------------------------------------------------------~----------------------------------------

The Writings and Speechesof Marx and Engels

Our survey presents to the reader abibliography and review. Shortly followingthe death of Engels in August, 1895, EleanorMarx, Bernstein, Mehring and Kautskyundertook to make publication possible ofhitherto unpublished letters and manuscripts.Quite a great deal was opened by thosenamed. The exact fate of all letters andmanuscripts since the death of these indi-viduals is somewhat uncertain. The archivesof German Social Democracy prior to thewar contained many letters and manuscriptswhich had not already been granted or soldto the Marx-Engels institute in Moscow,established by Ryazanov in 1920. Ryazanov(deposed and imprisoned by Stalin govern-ment in 193 I) deserves credit for havinginitiated the publication of the" Historisch-Kritisch-Gesamtausgabe," a series ofvolumeswhich although not reaching beyond theyear 184.8, give all writings and speeches upto December of that year, thus being fullerin material than the editions up to thatperiod previously issued by Mehring in"Aus Dem Literarischen Nachlasz, 1841-1850." In addition to the "Gesamtausgabe,"the Marx-Engels-Lenin institute in Moscowhave issued several other publications,hitherto unpublished, taken from the manu-scripts--these from a date beyond 1848.We divide our survey into five sections andthe principle we have adopted in presenta-tion is as follows: --We quote first the titleof the article or book, etc., in the originallanguage in which such was written orpublished. The date which will immediatelyfollow on is the date of the first publicationwhere this latter ensued on the writing: ifit is not this publication date the date quotedwill be the reference to when written. Thereviews will convey precision where thislatter is lacking in the bibliography. Toensure an absence of what may be called"re3.l superfluity" we shall not refer morethan once to a particular publication unlessthat further reference means an altered,amended, or more complete version of thefirst. Following this date we shall enclose inbrackets, where the work quoted is in aforeign language, an English rendering ofthe same, and the additions CPT)or (T) whenoccurring will indicate that such is a trans-lation of that there exists for us a translation,

partial or complete. The English renderingwe shall give will, if such exists, be thetranslated title of the translated edition. Incertain-cases we have summarized a groupof articles under a particular title of our own--this because we cannot for reasons ofspace, mention every particular article in thebibliography. The reader should remember--Marx (18.18-1883), Engels (1820-1895).* * *

Epicurus than he does in his later yearsof life.Abgangszeugnis der Universitat Berlin furMarx, 1841, u. Doktordiplom, 1841. (Docu-ments relating to Marx's graduation anddiploma of his University degree, 1841).Marx was declared a Doctor of Philosophyby jena University. We sometimes seeMarx referred to as Dr. Marx.Wilde Lieder-Athenium Zeitschrift, 1841.(Wild or unpolished songs, published in" A.Z." (Athaenium Magazine, 1841).Aufsatze in c c Anekdota," 1843. (Articles tor"Anekdota," 1843).This "Anekdota" was a journal editedby Arnold Ruge, one with whom Marxco-operated literalily for some time.

Aufsatze in "Rheinische Zeitung," 1842-1843. (Articles for the "R.Z." (RhenishGazette, 1842-1843).This "Rhenish Gazette" was to a con-siderable extent the organ for the expres-sion of the revolutionary opinions of thethen revolutionary German bourgoisie.Marx, who favoured a bourgeois revolu-tion fo r Germany, wrote for the journaland was appointed as its editor. Marxresigned his editorship March, 1843. Hisresignation did not save the journal frombeing suppressed.Ehevertrag zwischen Karl Marx u. Jennyvon Westphalen, 1843. (Document ormarriage certificate relating to marriage ofMarx and Jenny von Westphalen, 1843).We translate the first part of this.marriage certificate as: --" Marriage--Between Carl Marx, Doctor of Philosophy,resident in Cologne, and Miss JohannaBertha Julia von Westphalen, of no occu-pation, resident in Kreuznach--12thJune, 1843.Kritik des hegelschen Staatsrechts, 1843.(Critique of Hegelian "Constitutional Law,"1843).This is a fairly lengthy critique of Hegel'sviews as expressed in the latter's" Philo-

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Section I.-Karl Marx, from August LOth,1835 to December, 31st, 1844 (inclusive).Briefe von Karl Marx an seinen Vater, 1837.(Letters of Karl Marx to his father, 1837).In these letters "Karl" pours forth hisheart on' his studies. We discern that hehas been engaged intellectually in atremendous struggle for a world-outlook.Briefe von Marx an Professor Bachmanusw., 1841-1843. (Letters from Marx toProfessor Bachman, Professor Wolff, ArnoldRuge, Dagobert Oppenheim, Von Schaper,1841-r843)These letters reveal Marx as a developinggiant of thought.Dichtungen, 1837. (Compositions, consistingof a partly completed novel, entitled" Scorpion and Felix," and of a number ofpoems and a play, 1837).So Marx wrote fiction, and he wro tepoetry, too!Abiturienarbeiten, 1835. (Documents relat-ing to Marx's high-schoolleaving--examina-tions or matriculation, 1835).Difierenz der demokratischen u. epikureis-chen Naturphilosophie, 1841. (Differencebetween the Democratean and Epicureanphilosophy of Nature, 1841.This is the dissertation which earnedMarx his University degree. Marx is notyet a "dialectual materialist," but theessay shows Marx's mind travellingtowards his " dialectical materialism. "Democritus was a materialist and Epicurus,too, although Epicurus's materialism istainted with mysticism, but in this essayMarx attaches more importance to

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sophy of Law." It is Marx's first critiqueof Hegel and a supplementary critiquewas written later.efwechsel zwischen Marx u. Bakunin,erbach, 1843. (Correspondence betweenrx and Bakunin and Feuerbach, 184:)).tik der Hegelschen Dialektik, 1844.itique of the Hegelian Dialectic andlosophy, 1844) (T).his critique reveals to us Marx'saterialist attitude to the Hegelian

fsatze in "Vorwarts," 1844. (Articles fororwarts " (Forward), 1844).Vorwarts," for which both Marx andngels wrote, was a journal published inaris. Marx has two articles-one onThe King of Prussia" and the other onKarl Heinzen" (T).satze tiber Privateigentum usw., 1844.ticles entitled: (1) Alienated Labour (T)Private Property and Communism (T),

efe von Engels an Marx, 1844. (Lettersm Engels to Marx, 1844).hese come within the section period.e shall, however, refer to them inection 3, which deals with .0arx-Enge1s

* * *tion 2.-Friedrich Engels, from 1836 toember 31st, 1844 (inclusive).ichte usw., 1836-1842. (Poems, etc.,6).o young Engels wrote poetry, and to anven greater extent than did Marx.fe an seine Schwester Marie, 1838-1842.ers to his sister Mary, 1838-1842).these letters Engels shows his interestart, music, languages and sketching.fe an die Briider Graeber, 1838-1841.tters to the brothers" Graeber," 1838-1).ngels writes here critically concerningHoly Writ" (The Bible).satze in "Telegraph fiir Deutschland,"9-1841. (Articles in the ''TD'' (Germangraph), 1839-1841).gels here and on certain other occasions,o, writes under the pseudonym ofFriedrich Oswald." This was the namee adopted when in his military service.n none of his articles does Engels yetlamour for Socialism. He is still aradical," but we can discern that he isavelling on the path to revolutionarycialist ideas.satze in "Morgenblatt fiir Gebildete" 1840-1841. (Articles for" MfGL"rning Journal for Cultured Readers),1841.

Drei Broschiiren iiber Schelling, 1(Schellingu. die Offenbarung, 2 (Der Triumph desGlaubens, 3 (Der Philosoph in Christo,1841-1843 (Three Pamphlets about Schelling1(Schelling and Revelation, 2(The Triumphof Faith, 3 (Schelling, the philosopher inChrist, 1841-1843.Schelling was a decided opponent ofHegelian philosophy. In his young daysSchelling did, however, put forward '1radical view in philosophy, but he turnedsomersault in later life. Engels criticizeshis notions and his practical attitude as anappointed State professor.

Aufsatz in "Rheinische Zeitung," 1842.(Articles for "RZ" (Rhenish Gazette), 1842).The "Rheinische Zeitung" to whichEngels contributed "radical essays" wasunder the editorship of Marx, but at thistime Marx and Engels had not yet becomeclose friends.Aufsatze in "Deutsche jahrbucher furWisse"lshcaft u. Kunst," 1842). Articles for"DJfWrK" (German Annuals' for Scienceand Art), 1842.Aufsatz in "Georg Herwegh's Zeitschrift,"1843. (Article for Georg Herwegh's Journal,1843).Engels here denounces Landlordism.Aufsatz in "Schweitzer Republicaner,'1843. -(Essay for" SR" (Swiss Republican).Here is to be noted a rebellious tonetowards Landlordism.Aufsatze in "Deutch-Franzosische [ahr-biicher," 1844. (Articles in the "DFJ"(German-French Annuals, 1844).This was the journal for which Marx andEngels wrote. Engels has two interestingessays-one on the condition of Englandand the other, "A Sketch for a Critiqueof Political Economy."

Articles for the" New Moral World," 1843-1844.The" New Moral World" was the organof the Owenites.Aufsatze fiir "Vorwarts." (Articles for"Vorwarts " (Forward), 1844.Engels writes on the condition of Englandand on the English Constitution.

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when Engels could give very little help-the early period-Marx then suffered realhell. We read that "the bailiffs havecome," "that there is no money to burythe child," that his wife is sufferingfrom mal-nutrition, etc. We read, too,that Marx on one occasion-this in lateryears when in trouble-applied for a jobas a railway clerk, but "they reject himon account of his bad handwriting."After 1870 Engels becomes a man ofindependent means and from then on hemaintains the Marx family. The earlyletters show the attitude of both writersto the anarchists, Stirner and Proudhon.In these early letters are revealed, too,the preliminaries to the CommunistManifesto. We see from the 1850 decade" correspondence" that not Marx butEngels wrote "Revolution and CounterRevolution." In one of his letters Marxgives Engels an outline of the theorieswhich he elaborated in Volume 3 of Capital-thus Engels was fully acquainted withMarx's theories as soon as they hadalready been formulated. In their lettersboth writers are critical of "FerdinandLassalle," but when he dies suddenly,they are really extremely sorrowful abouthis death. Marx seems to have beenafflicted for many years with carbuncles,headaches and other illnesses. It mustbe mentioned that there is no "stand-offishness" between them-rude remarksare sometimes let loose-though notswear words. To sum up-the corres-pondence can be regarded as a parallelwork with the other writings of theauthors.

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*Section 3.-Correspondence between Marxand Engels from October 8th, 1844 to10th January, 1883.DeI Briefwechsel zwischen Marx u. Engels.(Correspondence between Marx and Engels1844-1883) (T).Some 10400 letters or so are containedwithin the correspondence. These lettersgive us an insight into the lifelong friend-ship which had but one rupture, whichwas soon healed, The letters show thatEngels helped Marx generously through-out the latter's life. They reveal the period

Section 4.-Marx and Engels, from 31stDecember, 1844 to 14th March, 1883, alsoEngels correspondence from 1883 to 1895.Die Heilige Familie, von Marx u. Engels,1845. (The Holy Family, by Marx andEngels, 1845) (PT).This book is a polemic against BrunoBauer and associates. It is the firstpublished work in which the philosophicalconceptions of Marx and Engels areelaborated. "Historical Materialism" isexpounded in connection therewith and asystematic presentation of English andFrench philosophy is given too. For themost part the book is directed polemicallyagainst Bruno Bauer and others of the"Left Wing Hegelian" school of thought,who remained stuck in the abstractions ofHegel and could not draw revolutionaryconsequences with regard to nature and toman.Thesen iiber Feuerbach von Marx, 1845.(Theses on Feuerbach by Marx, 1845) (T).These theses were issued by Engels fiveyears after Marx's death. They are a truecritique of Feuerbach's world outlook.To be noted is the famous thesis Marxputs forward: "Philosophers have onlyinterpreted the world in various ways.The point is to change it."

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Articles for the" New Moral World" byEngels, 1845.These are a continuation on world affairsfor this "Owenite" journal by Engels.Zwei Elberfelder Reden von Engels, 1845.(Two addresses delivered by Engels atElberfeld in Germany on r yth and zzndFebruary, 1845).These are the first public speeches byEngels. The written reports of thespeeches have come down to us. Engelsaddresses a mixed audience of the bour-geoisie and proletariat (it must beremembered that the bourgeoisie werethen a revolutionary class). Engels notedthe amazing historical economic develop-ment England had undergone. He pointsto Socialism or Communism as the finalgoal for mankind. He expresses, however,some false sentiments concerning theacceptance of such a Socialist future byhis listeners and by the revolutionarybourgeoisie in other places.

Aufsatz in "Deutsches Burgerbuch " vonEngels, 1845. (Article for" DB" (GermanCitizen-book) by Engels, 1845-1846.In his contributions Engels deals amongstother things with the" True Socialists-'whom he criticizes.Aufsatze in "Gesellschaftsspiegel" u. in"Westphalisches Dampfboot," von Engels,1845-1847. (Articles for" G" (The Mirrorof Society) and for "WD" (WestphalianSteamboat) by Engels, 1945-1847.These are varied contributions. Part ofthe "German Ideology" was actuallypublished in the" WD."Briefe von Marx u. Engels, 1845-1895.(Letters to various correspondents, eitherfrom Marx or from Engels-these corres-pondents are: Heine, Wedemeyer, Lassalle,Freiligrath, Sorge, Annenkov, Bernstein,Schweitzer, Kugelmann, Schmidt, Danielson,Nieuwenhuis, Wischnewetsky, Dietzgen,Beesly, Bebel, Adler, Zasulich, etc., 1845-1895) CPT).The correspondence from Marx. andEngels reaches numerous and varyingpersonalities. In the letters are frequentlyto be found analyses of theoreticalquestions, criticisms of economists andpoliticians and a whole mass of otherinteresting issues.Die Lage Der Arbeitenden Klasse in Englandin 1844, von Engels,1845. (Condition of theWorking Class in England in 1844, byEngels, 1845) (PT).This youthful work of Engels is reallyexcellent. The first English preface, whichEngels had omitted from the 1887 Englishedition, characterizes Engels' personalityat the time in 1845. The book was oneof the first to describe the realities ofworking-class life in England in the1840's. Engels explains the factors thatgave rise to the modern proletariat. Inthis work Engels predicts erroneously animpending proletarian revolution.

Die Deutsche Ideologie, von Marx u. Engels,1845. (German Ideology, by Marx andEngels, 1845) (PT).This is the book which, Engels tells us,he and Marx consigned to the mice afterthe publishers had suddenly refusedpublication. The rather lengthy work is apolemic against Feuerbach, Bruno Bauerand Stirner-a polemic in which the"historical materialism" of Marx andEngels is brought out, just as it is in otherrespects in the" Holy Family." There isalso a chapter dealing with Karl Grimand his so-called" True Socialism."

Aufsatze in "Rheinische [ahrbucher," vonEngels, 1845-1846. (Articles for "RB"(Rhenish Annuals) by'Engels, 1846.Here, varied articles. One is entitled"London International Celebration Meet-ing."Aufsatz uber Fourier in Deutsche, Burger-buch" von Engels, 1846. (Article onFournier for" DB" (German Citizen-book)by Engels, 1846.Engels here transaltes one of Fourier'sarticles (i.e., from French into German)and is full of praise for the "ethicalidealist" Fourier, but the Utopianismdoes come in for criticism. In a sensethis critique is contained within Engels'later work "Socialism, Utopian and" Scientific."

An das Kommunistische Korrespondenz-komitee, von Engels, 1846. (Letters ofEngels to the Communist CorrespondenceCommittee in Brussels (23rd October, 1846)(T).These criticize amongst other thingsProudhon and Karl Grun.

Grundsatze des Kommunismus, von Engels,1846. (Principles of Communism, by Engels,1846).In this work which was not publisheduntil after Engels' death, we are given ananticipatory sketch by Engels of thematerial contained later in the CommunistManifesto, drawn up by himself andMarx.La Misere De La Philosophie par Karl Marx,1847) (T).This is the work in which Marx trouncesProudhon. It is a critique of the latter's"Philosophy of Poverty." Marx showsthat the so-called theoretical ideas ofProudhon are erroneous, and also that hispanaceas were "capitalist patchings," orelse plain nonsense. It was during theelections of 1848 that Proudhon, the" Anarchist" showed just where he stoodpolitically-he advocated "class collabora-tion."Die Wahren Sozialisten, von Engels, (The"True Socialists," by Engels, 1847).Here we have a critique of these pseudo-socialists calling themselves the" True."

Der Status Quo in Deutschland, von Engels,1847. (Article on the Status Quo in Germany,by Engels, 1847).This is an article, too, directed against the"True Socialists." Engels here also givesan historical sketch of Germany's eco-nomic development.Erklarung gegen Karl Grtin- TrierscheZeitung, von Marx, 1847. (Declarationagainst Karl Grun in the Trier Gazette, byMarx, 1847).Aufsatze in der Deutschen Briisseler Zeitung,von Marx u. Engels, 1847. (Articles for the" DBZ " (German-Brussels Journal) byMarx and Engels, 1847-1848).Des articles dans "La Reforme Paris" parEngels, 1847-1848. (Articles in "La ReformeParis" by Engels, 1847-1848).These are articles which deal mainly withthe Chartist movement.Article dans "L' Atelier" par Engels, 1847.(Article in "L'Atelier" by Engels, 1847).This is an article on the workers andcapitalists in England.

Vortrage von Marx, 1847. (Lectures ofMarx to the "Deutsch-Arbeiter Verein"(German Workers' Union) in Brussels, 1847.These are the lectures by Marx on "WageLabour and Capital" which were laterprinted in the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung,"1849. In these lectures Marx analyzes therelationship between the workers and thecapitalists and fully develops his view-point on the exploitation of the workers.Marx points to Socialism as the solutionto the workers' problems.Speech intended to be delivered at the" FreeTrade Congress in Brussels." (Marx isrefused permission to address the assembly).Engels reports on this to the "NorthernStar," the Chartist journal and Marx'sintended speech is printed in that journalon the 6th October, 1847.Speech of Marx and Engels on Polanddelivered in London on zoth November,1847-reported in the "Northern Star."Discours de M. Karl Marx, Bruxelles, 1848.(Speech of Marx on Free Trade deliveredin Brussels on the oth January, 1848) (T).Discours de Karl Marx, Bruxelles, 1848.(A speech of Marx and one of Engelsdelivered in Brussels on the Polish Issue,zznd February, 1848.Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei, vonMarx u. Engels, 1848. (Manifesto of TheCommunist Party-later title, "CommunistManifesto," by Marx and Engels, 1848 (T),1872 edition with preface by Engels (GermanEd.)-1882 Rusian edition with preface byMarx and Engels.This is the world famous manifesto of theauthors. Fully scientific and none-the-less revolutionary in tone, it is an inspir-ing document. The practical measures

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onsidered as applicable to the time wereot held to be the tactics to be pursued bye proletariat in other conditions. TheCommunist Manifesto" and "Socialism,topian and Scientific" are the revolu-onary masterpieces of Socialist literature.he Communist Manifesto was printedt 46 Liverpool Street, Bishopsgate.runger der Kommunistischen Partei,8. (Demands of the Communist Partyermany, Marx and Engels, 1848) (T).ese consist of practical measures whicharx and Engels considered should be

atze in "Neue Rheinische Zeitung,"Marx u. Engels, 1848-1849. (Articlesthe "NRZ" (New Rhenish Gazette),-1849).he "Neue Rhenische Zeitung" wasminally a recontinuation of the "Rhein-che Zeitung," but in reality a journalholly on Marxian lines. The journal,ited by Marx, and owned by sym-thisers to socialism, was suppressed bye censor on the roth May, 1849, andior to that, in February, the authoritiesd levelled a charge against Marx forlawful writing.Marx vor Den Kolner Geschworenen,. (Speech of Marx to the Cologne Jury,February, 1849).his is a really lengthy speech of Marx.arx, who had been charged with writingconstitutional articles, here defendsmself in a masterly manner. Engels, too,d been charged and appeared beforee court. Marx spoke in defence of alle "conspirators." After a short sittinge Jury acquitted Marx and the others.owever, on the 16th May, 1848, Marxas ordered by the authorities to leavee country.atze in "Neue Rheinische Zeitung,"litische Okonomische Revue," 1848-. (Articles for the Neue Rheinischee," 1848-1849) (PT).e "N eue Rheinische Revue" wasally the resumed organ of the" NRZ,"e one that had been suppressed. Thisas, however, now published as fromndon, although printed in Hamburg.e articles" Class Struggles in France"d certain articles on Russia are to beund in this journal.es for the "Democratic Review" on"Ten Hours Bill," by Engels, March,. . .is is an article of Engels for the Chartistper, edited by Julian Harney. Engelsre expressly declares that the way fore workers to establish socialism is forem to return a majority of working menthe House of Commons. Engels thusows here that to his way of thinking thenquest of power can be brought aboutthe workers obtaining control of

Ansprache Der Zentralbehorde An DenBund, von Marx u. Engels, 1850. (Addressof the Central Communist League to itsmembers in Germany, by Marx and Engels,1850 (T).Here both Marx and Engels analyzeevents in Germany in the still revolu-tionary period, and lay down principlesto guide their Communist friends inGermany.Dsa Achzehnte Brumaire Des Louis Bona-parte, von Marx, 1852. (The EighteenthBrumaire of Louis Bonaparte, by Marx,1852) (T).This book, first published in America, ISa brilliant analysis of the situation inFrance at the period just prior to LouisBonaparte's seizure of power. Bonaparteand Hitler were men of similar stamp,ambitious political adventurers.Articles for the "New York Daily Tribune,""Putnam's Review" and the "New AmericanEncyclopedia," 1851-1862, by Marx andEngels. .Marx wrote numerous articles for the"New York Tribune." We shall enumeratethose which have been published in bookform. The reader should note that in thebeginning it was actually Engels whowrote the articles, as prior to 1853, Marxwas .insufficiently acquainted with theEnglish language for the purpose of writ-ing -literary matter. Engels wrote thearticles himself, or in some cases Marxwrote them and Engels translated them.Even later some of the military articleswere probably written by Engels, at anyrate to some extent. (I) Revolution andCounter-Revolution. (2) The SpanishCivil War. (3) The Russian Menace toEurope. (4) Marx on China. (5) TheEastern Question. There are, of course,many other articles to be found in thevolumes of the" New York Tribune.'"The series of articles on Revolution andCounter Revolution is a brilliant surveyand analysis of the bourgeois revolutionsin Germany and Austria. The others havean up-to-date sound, but it must be notedwith reference to the material on Russiathat although Marx was completely wrongin advocating armed intervention againstRussia as an aid to progress (a war didoccur-the Crimean War) yet his hatredof Russian Tsardom can be well under-stood. It must be remembered that at thetime Marx wrote serfdom prevailed inRussia, and the autocratic Tsarist Regimecrushed ruthlessly all attempts at progressand democracy. Marx was poorly paid forhis articles and, of course, could not justwrite in the way he may have thoughtbest, but none-the-less he got throughsome really fine articles at times.

Articles for" The People's Paper" by Marxand Engels, 1852-1858.In this journal were reprinted articlesfrom the" New York Tribune," whichwere amended and enlarged by Marx.

Der Ritter von Edelmutigem Bewusztsein,von Marx, 1853. (The Knight of magnani-mous mind-or consciousness, by Marx,1853).This is a tiny pamphlet directed againstWillich Schapper, who arganised a factionin the Communist League against Marxand Engels.Enthullungen uber Den Kelner Kommunis-tischenprozess, von Marx, 1853. (Revelationsconcerning the Cologne Communist Trial,by Marx, 1853.In this work Marx exposes to ridicule theunwarranted charges made in 1851, andprotests against the arrests of the membersof the Communist League, and the con-victions against them. Marx showed thatmost of the charges were trumped up byPrussian police spies, and he declaredthat he had been followed by spies inLondon, and. that in order to get rid ofthem,he had to appeal to a magistrate atMarlborough Street Police Court. Thewhole account is really interesting inrevealing the "Gestapo" of the dayamongst other items.

Aufsatze in " Die Neue Oder Zeitung," vonMarx. (Articles for the "Neue OrderZeitung," by Marx, 1855).Articles for the" Free Press" and" Diplo-matic Reviw," by Marx' 1856-1858)." Life of Palmers ton," also "English Diplo-matic History, etc." written in 1850.These two pamphlets were published in1899. A distinct pamphlet on Palmerstonhad been written and published in 1855.Grundrisse der Kritik der Politis chenOkonomie, von Marx, 1857. (Outline ofCritique of Political Economy) and DasKapitel vom Geld u. Das Kapitel vomKapitel." Writings on Money and Capital)1857-1858 (PT).We have here material which as on similarlines to that contained in the manuscriptsfor "Capital."Aufsatze in "Das Volk," 1859. (Articlesfor" DV" (" The People") by Marx, 1859.Zur Kritik Der Politis chen Okonomie, vonMarx, 1859 (Critique of Political Economy,by Marx,. 1859) (T).The" Critique" can be regarded as a realpreliminary to "Capital." In the prefacewe have a sketch by Marx of the" materialist conception of history."Marx had already completed his economicstudies when the" Critique" was written.The "economic" material contained inthe work is an analysis of the commodity;a theory of money; review of theories ofprevious economists, etc.

Po u. Rhein: Savoyen u. Nizza, von Engels,1859-1860 (Po and Rhine: Savoy and Nice,by Engels, 1859-1860).These pamphlets were published anony-mously. They are writings which deal

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= z- .~ eally with Germany's military situa-. and Germany's chances in the eventc : : = becoming involved in a War.. In no=-'-~ ill the word can these pamphlets be_tg,,-"':'erl as any kind of Socialist propa-5- ,";?l if they were ever intended as such= ;Engels, Engels was an expert on militaryzzsrrers, The German General Staff,,' y thought these anonymous pam"_ "ere the work of a German generalSO=e'Wllere, but this goes to show how-_ lere y devoid of any Socialist content: : " : : I e > were, even though they were mainly.::"". iptive and not suggestive. . .. - -rze in "Allgemeine Militarzeitung,"Engels, 1860. (Articles for "AM"eneral Military News) by Engels, 1860).

(Pamphlet written by

en- ogt, von Marx, 1861. (Herr Vogt,>iarx, 1861).. was a pamphlet directed againstHerr ogt, a former Prussian Parlia-entary deputy, who had made slanderousaccusations against Marx. Marx triedunsuccessfully to bring Vogt before thecourts in Germany. In this pamphlet. iarx accuses Vogt of actually being aaid spy of the French Government.Remarkably enough, during the Franco-Prussian War, with the fall of Napolean,the Republican Government foundamongst this worthy's papers a receipt fora considerable sum of money that hadbeen paid to a "Herr Vogt."rticles for " Die Presse " (Vienna) by MarxEngels, 1861-1862.These are mainly articles which (writtenin English) deal with the American CivilWar. They are published in a book" TheCivil War in the United States."

ticle on " Military Issues" by Engels, forianchester Guardian," 1864.ticles for the" Beehive" by Marx, 1864-0.

dress, Preamble and Provisional RulesThe International Working Men's Asso-rion, founded 1864.The rst International endured for nineyears. Marx writes in letters that hehad to amend slightly the principles, bythe insertion of words like "justice,""morality," "truth" in order. to get thematerial accepted. Marx deliveredaddresses at congresses of the Inter-national when possible for him to do so.At the Hague Congress in 1872, Marxdeclared that the workers of England,Holland, U.S.A., might come to powerpeacefully.er Proudhon, von Marx, 1865. (ArticleProudhon, published 1865, in " Sozialde-krat," by Marx).

Die Preusisch e Militarfrage, von Engels,1865. (" The Prussian Military Questionand the German Workers," by Engels, 1865.In this work, Engels reviews-we mightsay-Germany's military position. Hisviewpoint on a citizen army is, of course,an erroneous doctrine, even if we dounderstand that Germany then had a veryfeudal army which played a reactionaryrole.Gegen Schweitzer von Marx, 1865. (Articleattacking Schweitzer by Marx, published inthe" Sozial demokrat," 1865.Value, Price and Profit, written by Marx in1865.This pamphlet is a wonderful simplifica-tion of Marx's economic doctrines.Das Kapital von Marx, 1867-1872-1873 u.Manuskripte fiir Band 2, Band 3, und Band 4.(Capital, Volume I-1st German Edition,I867-French Edition, 1872: znd GermanEd. 1873: English Ed. based on materialleft by Marx and issued by Engels, 1885.Also manuscripts written for volumes 2, 3and 4 (from 1861-1875)-published in 1885as Volume 2 (IJ, in 1894 as Volume 3 (T),1902-1910, Volume 4 or "Theorien uberden Mehrwert" (Theories of Surplus Value(PT) .The material referred to above constitutesthe-continuation by Marx of his economicwritings as from his" Critique of PoliticalEconomy." Capital, Volume I, analyzesthe productive process of capitalist society.Volume 2 analyzes the circulatory processfor industrial capitalism, and gives acritique of " Smithian " and " Ricardian"economic concepts. Volume 3 provideshistorical information and also analysesof commercial capital, banking capital, agri-cultural capital, etc. "Theorien tiber DenMehrwert" is a review of the writings ofa large number of economists from WilliamPetty onwards. In the prefaces to volume I,Marx explains his relationship in thoughtto the philosopher Hegel, and puts for-ward specific views about the nature ofthe economic development of capitalistsociety. The opening chapter of "Capital"deals with the analysis of a commodity.Marx explains in detail his theory of value.The meaning of money is elucidated. Wehave chapters on machinery, the rise ofindustrial capitalism, the nature andimport of surplus value, and also somestatements on the inevitable overthrow ofbourgeouis society. In volume 3-most ofwhich was written before the publicationof volume I-Marx explains how the lawof value operates within capitalist society;we have here in connection therewith, thetheory of the average rate of profit. Thereare, too, several pages which are inspiringin their prediction concerning the endof capitalism. " Theorien tiber DenMehrwert" is a wonderful review of themain works of so many economists andUtopian Socialists, but not an entirereview-Marx had read more and reviewedmore in writing than is contained even

within the volumes of the Theorien. Tosum up, it can be said that Marx'seconomic theoretical system is containedwithin these volumes-almost in entirety.Uber Marx, von Engels (Biographical Sketchwritten for" Die Zukunft" -later .amendedand printed in other journals,. 1867, byEngels).Uber "Das Kapital," von Engels, 1867.(Review of " Capital" for " DemokratischesWochenblatt" (Democratic Weekly) byEngels, -868) .The Civil War in France and Manifestos ofThe International, by Marx and Engels,187-1871.These articles were written in English.The manifestos are concerned with theFranco-Prussian War, to which both ofthem took up a somewhat peculiar attitude.At the beginning they held that theGermans were correct in resisting theemperor Napoleon. When Napoleon hadbeen overthrown and the republicestab-lished both writers saw the menace inGermany's continuation of the war. Theattitude of hostility to Bismarck becameeven more pronounced when the latterreleased troops to crush the Paris Com-mune. In this work both writers describethe Commune, which Engels later referredto as " A dictatorship of the proletariat."Articles for "The Pall Mall Gazette" byEngels, 187-1871.These were written anonymously byEngels. They' are, however, whollydescriptive, and are not intended toconvey any propaganda."Zur Wohnungsfrage," von Engels, 1872.(The Housing Question, by Engels, 1872)(T) ..In this booklet we have some interestingviews of Engels, and all the quackery andother reformist claims and pretences thatare to-day advocated by the Labour Partyare here exposed decades previously byEngels so far as the housing issue is con-cerned, for one thing.Aufsatze in "Volkstaat" von Marx u. Engels,1871-1875. (Articles by Marx and Engelsfor the" Volkstaat," 1871-1875) (T).The "Volkstaat" was. the organ of theGerman Labour Party. The articleswritten by Marx and Engels for thisSocial-Democratic paper covet many issues-the housing question, the Blanquists,the German constitution, the CologneCommunist Trial, etc.

Vorbemerkung zum "Bauernkrieg," vonEngels, 1875. (Preface to "Peasant War inGermany," by Engels, 1875) (T).Engels here gives amongst other com-merits of his a sketch of German economicdevelopment from 1848.Kritik Des Gothaer Programms, von Marx,1875. (Critique of The Gotha Programme,by Marx, 1875) (T).

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In this critique, which was not publisheduntil 1891, Marx deals with the unsoundviews stated in the programme.rticles for the" Labour Standard" (Newrk Publication), 1877.This publication was edited by Mac-Donnel. Engels' series is entitled "TheEuropean Working Class in 1877."nti-Duhring, von Engels, 1878. Anti-iihring, by Engels, 1878) (T).This is the greatest of Engels' writings.The chapter on Political Economy was,however, written by Marx. The work isa brilliant survey of the whole field ofscientific research. Philosophy, History,Economics, Astronomy, Biology, etc., areall dealt with. Anti-Diihring ranks nextto "Capital."iographie Von Marx, von Engels, 1878.iography of Marx by Engels, 1878).This sketch was published in the" Volks-kalende."a Revue Socialiste" par Marx. (Article,r "La Revue Socialiste" by Marx andels, 1881) (PT).These deal with economic issues.ialektik Der Natur, von Engels, 1882,ialectics of Nature, by Engels, 1882) (T).Here we have Engels' views on dialecticsin relation to various fields of thought.In this work there is also a chapter inwhich Engels exposes the" Spiritualists."ndglossen zum, Adolf Wagner's "Lehrch der Politis chen Okonomie," von Marx,82. (Marginal notes on Adolf Wagner'sxtbook of Political Economy, by Marx,This is the last of Marx's writings oneconomics. The criticism is directedagainst the Austrian economist SchaefHetoo. We have further points on the theoryof value, i.e., additional in the light ofcriticism.

* * *ction 5.-Friedrich Engels, from theath of Marx, 14th March, 1883, to hisn death, 3rd August, 1895 (excludingrrespondence) .eech of Engels, r rth March, 1883, overe grave of Marx at Highgate Cemetery.orwort zum ersten Bande des "Kapital"hird German Preface to Volume I ofapital," 1883) (T).Here Engels refers to the friendshipwhich had existed between himself andMarx.er Ursprung Der Familie, 1884 and 1891.rigin of The Family, 1884, with secondeface, 1891) (T).Inthis work Engels utilizes the notes leftbehind by Marx on Morgan. PrimitiveCommunism is here dealt with andreference is made to the meaning of"universal suffrage" as a means for theworking class to gain power. The "State"

is shown to be, not an organ overridingclasses, .but an actual organ of classsuppression,Vorworte zum zweiten Bande des "Kapital,"1885 and 1893. (Prefaces to Volume 2 of"Capital," 1885 and 1893) (T).In the 1885 preface Engels gives a surveyof Marx's economic theories and issues atheoretical challenge to the opponents ofMarxism.Preface to the English edition of " Capital,'1886.In this preface Engels refers amongstother things to the fact that Marx hadmade a lifelong study of English history,etc., and that he had held the view thatfor the working class of England a com-pletely "peaceful and legal" social revolu-tion was possible."Vorwort zu Enhiillungen," 1885. (Prefaceto " Revelations concerning CommunistTrial," 1885) (T).Further light on this drama is shed byEngels. 'Einleitung zu "Karl Marx c.d. Kolner Ges."(Preface to " Karl Marx before the CologneJury, 1885).Further light on this issue, too, by Engels.The British Labour Movement-Articlesfor Labour Standard, 1885.Most of these are concerned with the roleof the Trade Unions and with economicsimplifications.Einleitung zu Wilhelm Wolff's Buch, 1885.(Preface written for Wilhelm Wolff's book,entitled the "The Schlesian Milliards"(Die Schlesische Milliarde, 1885).Wilhelm Wolff was an intimate friend ofMarx and Engels, and "Capital" isdedicated to his memory. Engels gives asketch of Wolff's life.Einleitung zum "Brumaire," 1885. (Prefaceto the rS th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,1885) (T).Engels here praises the "Brumaire'writing of Marx as a masterpiece.Vorwort "Zur Wohnungsfrage," 1887.(Preface to "The Housing Question," 1887).In this preface Engels gives amongst otherthings a further description of Germaneconomic development and offers somecomments on "Proudhonism."

English preface to English edition of Com-munist Manifesto, 1888.Engels explains why they called it ac c Communist" manifesto and not a" Socialist" manifesto. He also sum-marizes tersely but clearly the "materialistconception of history."

Gewalt u. Okonomie, usw. (The Establish-ment of The New German State, written1888, published 1896).Here Engels reviews Germany's historicaldevelopment over a period.

Ludwig Feuerbach, 1888 (Ludwig Feuer-bach, 1888) (T).This is a really excellent pamphlet forinformation on German philosophy inMarx's day. Feuerbach was a materialistand after 1845 or so called himself a"Communist." His great work is "DasWesen Des Christentums" (The Essenceof Christianity). Engels shows whereMarx and he developed beyond Feuerbach.Vorwort zum Kommunistischen Manifest,1890. (German Preface of 1891 to "Com-munist Manifesto," also Italian Preface,1893, also Polish Preface, 1892.Here Engels supplies further points ofprofound interest.Articles of Engels on Russia, reprinted in"Time," 1890."Einleitung Zum Kapital,' 1890. (GermanPreface to Volume I of "Capital," 1890).Engels here deals with an accusation thatwas made by a certain "Sedley Taylor"against Marx's literary scrupulousness.Uber das Gothaer Programm," 1891. (Pre-face to the Gotha Programme, 1891) (T)."Kritik des Erfurter Programms," 1891.(Critique of Erfurt Programme, 1891).This is Engels' criticism of the newlyreformed German Social- DemocraticParty Programme."Einleitung zum Elend der Philosophie,"1891. (1891 Preface to "Poverty of Philo-sophy") (T).In this preface Engels deals with"Rodbertus," the man who pretended tobe the real founder of Scientific Socialism.Vorwort zu Borkheims Buch, 1891. (Prefaceto Borkheim's Book on War, reprinted in aFrench journal "L' Almanach Du PartiOuvrier," 1891. (PT).Nothing but stricture can be placed uponthis writing of Engels from our standpoint.Had Engels lived he would undoubtedlyhave accepted wholeheartedly "stricture"of this-his expressed view on war at theperiod in 1891. He would have acknow-ledged his error and have been sorry forhaving written in such a strain. HereEngels is under the delusion that GermanSocial Democracy is really a means forthe establishment of Socialism. Engelsconsiders that support of war by theGerman workers is justified if TsaristRussia and her ally France attackGermany. He holds that Social Democracywould be crushed in the event of aGerman defeat. Even if this were true(and this is questionable) it would notjustify a support of war."Aufsatze fur Die Neue Zeit"u. "Vorwarts,"1890-1895. (Articles for" Die Neue Zeit"and for" Vorwarts," 1890-1895) (PT).These journals were the publications ofGerman Social Democracy. Engels' con-tributions are varied-on "Christianity,""Economics," etc.

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Preface to 'Socialism, Utopian and Scientific,'1892.Engels here gives us a sketch ofmaterialistphilosophy: has some pointed remarkson the" Agnostics." Engels expresses hisviews on the" proletarian revolution."Engels Rede, 1893. (Engels' speech at theCongress of the Austrian Social DemocraticParty, held in Vienna, 1893).Engels was invited by the Congress inVienna to become the chairman at thepublic meeting, and he would have doneso had not the police intervened anddeclared that it was illegal for a foreignerto be "chairman. "Engels speech is fullof enthusiasm. His views, however, on theAustrian Party as a means of establishingSocialism were completely erroneous.Engels saw the surface of things in thisrespect. Had he lived longer than he didhe would have seen the inner reality ofthe German and Austrian parties-hewould have seen them as "capitalistreform parties."

Internationales aus dem Volksstaat, 1894.(Preface to articles for the "Volksstaat,'1894).Vorwort zum dritten Bande des" Kapital,'1894. (Preface to Volume 3 of "Capital,"1894).This preface surveys the replies given toEngels' challenge concerning the solutionto a theoretical issue in economic science.Engels. contends that the Marxian schoolalone (i.e., Konrad Schmidt and Fireman)has come near to solving the proble::n.

Vorwort zu "Anti-Diihring," 1894. (1894Preface to Anti-Duhring) (T).Engels here mentions that he adds remain-ing supplements by"Marx, omitted fromprevious editions. .Nachtrag zum "Kapital," 1895. (Supple-ment to Volume 3 of "Capital," 1895) (T).This supplement is a great aid to theunderstanding of the third volume. Engelsholds that the "law of value" has beenvalid for thousands of years.

SUPPLEMENTARY.

Lectures on Economics delivered by Marx:at Great Windmill Street, London, 185-1851. (No copies of lectures exist, butreference to lectures in Liebknecht 's "KarlMarx."Review by Engels of Proudhon's book,"General Idea of Revolution in the rothCentury." (Not published in Engels' life-time).Article by Engels entitled "Der frankischeDialekt." (The Frankish Dialect). (Notpublished in Engels' lifetime)."Aus Dem Handschriflitchen Nachlasz,"(Articles by Engels, written 1848, entitled" Seine and Loire," "From Paris to Berne,""The French Working Class and ThePresidential Election," "Proudhon "-notpublished till after Engels' death.

Compiled by S. GOLDSTEIN.

Before the COlUlDuuistManifesto: 2The following is from Engel's manuscript for a Pamphlet, "Principles ofCommunism," prepared in 1847. This extract is taken from the editionpublished by Lanka Samasamaja, of Colombo, Ceylon.

Question 13. What follows from theseperiodic commercial crises?Answer. First: That though big industryin its earliest stage created free competition,it has now outgrown free competition; thatfor big industry competition and generallythe individualistic organization of productionhave become a fetter which it must and willshatter ; that so long as big industry remainson its present footing it can be maintainedonly at the cost of general chaos every sevenyears, each time threatening the whole ofcivilization and not only plunging the prole-tarians into misery but also ruining largesections of the bourgeoisie; hence either thatbig industry must itself be given up, whichis an absolute impossibility, or that it makesunavoidably necessary an entirely new organi-zation of society in which production is nolonger directed by mutually competingindividual industrialists but rather by thewhole society operating according to adefinite plan and taking account of the needs'O f all.Second: That big industry and the limit-less expansion of production which it makespossible bring within the range of feasibilitya social order in which so much is producedthat every member of society will be in aposition to exercise and develop all hispowers and faculties in complete freedom.It thus appears that the very qualities of big

industry which in our present-day societyproduce misery and crises are those whichin a different form of society will abolish thismisery and these catastrophic depressions.We see with the greatest clarity:(I) That all these evils are from now onto be ascribed solely to a social order whichno longer corresponds to the requirementsof the real situation; and(2) That it is possible, through a newsocial order, to do away with these evilsaltogether.Question 14. What will this new socialorder have to be like?Answer. Above all, it will have to takethe control of industry and of all branchesof production out of the hands of mutually

competing individuals, and instead institutea system in which all these branches of pro-duction are operated by society as a whole,that is, for the common account, accordingto a common plan, and with the participationof all members of society. It will, in otherwords, abolish competition and replace itwith association. Moreover, since themanagement of industry by individualsnecessarily implies private property, andsince competition is in reality merely themanner and form in which the control ofindustry by private property owners expressesitself, it follows that private property cannotbe separated from competition and the

individual management of industry. Private-property must therefore be abolished andin its place must come the common utiliza-tion of all instruments of production and thedistribution of all products according tocommon agreement-in a word, what iscalled the communal ownership of goods.In fact, the abolition of private property isdoubtless the shortest and most significantway to characterize the revolution in thewhole social order which has been madenecessary by the development of industry,and for this reason it is rightly advanced bycommunists as their main demand.Question IS. Was not the abolition ofprivate property possible at an earlier time?Answer. No. Every change in the socialorder, every revolution in property relations,is the necessary consequence of the creationof new forces of production which no longerfit into the old property relations. Privateproperty itself originated in this way. Forprivate property has not always existed.When, towards the end of the Middle Ages,there arose a new mode of production whichcould not be carried on under the thenexisting feudal and guild forms of property,this manufacture, which had outgrown theold property relations, created a new propertyform, private property. And for manufactureand the earliest stage of development of bigindustry, private property was the only

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ssible property form; the social ordersed on it was the only possible socialer. So long as it is not possible to producemuch that there is enough for all, withre left over for expanding the socialital and extending the forces of produc-n-so long as this is not possible, therest always be a ruling class directing theof society's productive forces, and ar, oppressed class. How these classes arenstituted depends on the stage of develop-nt. The agrarian Middle Ages give us theron and the serf; the cities of the lateriddles Ages show us the guildmaster andjourneyman and the day labourer; theenteenth century has its manufacturingrkers; the nineteenth has big factoryners and proletarians. It is' clear that upnow the forces of production have nevern developed to the point where enoughuld be produced for all, and that privateperty has become a fetter and a barrierrelation to the further development of theces of production. Now, however, thevelopment of big industry has ushered innew period. Capital and the forces ofduction have been expanded to anprecedented extent, and the means are atnd to multiply them without limit in thear future. Moreover, the forces of pro-ction have been concentrated in the handsa few bourgeois, while the great mass ofpeople are more and more falling intoproletariat, their situation becomingre wretched and intolerable in proportionthe increase in wealth of the bourgeoisie.d finally, these mighty and easily extendedces of production have so far outgrownvate property and the bourgeoisie thaty threaten at any moment to unleash thest violent disturbances of the social order.ow, under these conditions, the abolitionprivate property has become not onlyssible but absolutely necessary.Question 16. Will the peaceful abolitionprivate property be possible?Answer. It would be desirable if thisuld happen, and the communists wouldrtainl y be the last to oppose it. Communistsow only too well that all conspiracies aret only useless but even harmful. Theyow all too well that revolutions are notde intentionally and arbitrarily, but thaterywhere and always they have been thecessary consequence of conditions whichre wholly independent of the will andection of individual parties and entiresses. But they also see that the develop-ent of the proletariat in nearly all civilizedntries has been violently suppressed, andat in this way the opponents of com-unism have been working toward a revolu-n with all their strength. If the oppressedoletariat is finally driven to revolution,en we communists will defend the intereststhe proletarians with deeds as we nowfend them with words.Question IJ. Will it be possible forivate property to be abolished at one

Published by the Socialist Party of Great Britain, 52 Clapham High Street, London, S.W.4 and printed by Gillett Bros. Ltd. (T.D. all depts.).. Jewel Road, Waltharnstow, London, E.17,4

Answer. No, no more than existing forcesof production can at one stroke be multipliedto the extent necessary for the creation of acommunal society. In all probability, theproletarian revolution will transform exist-ing society gradually and will be able toabolish private property only when themeans of production are available in sufficientquantity.Question 18. What will be the course ofthis revolution?Answer. Above all, it will establish '1democratic constitution and through this thedirect or indirect dominance of the prole-tariat. Direct in England, where the prole-tarians are already a majority of the people.Indirect in France and Germany, where themajority of the people consists not only ofproletarians but also of small peasants andpetty bourgeois who are in the process offalling into the proletariat, who are moreand more dependent in all their politicalinterests on the proletariat, and who musttherefore "soon adapt themselves to thedemands of the proletariat. Perhaps thiswill cost a second struggle, but the outcome

can only be the victory of the proletariat.Democracy would be wholly valueless tothe proletariat.if it were not immediatelyused as a means for putting through measuresdirected against private property and ensur-ing the livelihood of the proletariat. Themain measures, emerging as the necessaryresult' of 'existing relations, are the following:(I) Limitation of private property throughprogressive taxation, heavy inheritance taxes,abolition or inheritance through collaterallines (brothers, nephews, etc.), forced loans,etc.(2) Gradual expropriation of landowners,industrialists, railroad magnates and ship-owners, partly through competition by stateindustry, partly directly through compensa-tion in the form of bonds.(3) Confiscation of the possessions of allemigrants and rebels against the majority ofthe people.(4) Organization of labour or employmentof proletarians on publicly owned land, infactories and workshops, with competitionamong the workers being abolished and withthe factory owners, insofar as they still exist,being obliged to pay the same high wages asthose paid by the state.(5) An equal obligation on all membersof society to work until such time as private

property has been completely abolished.Formation of industrial armies, especiallyfor agriculture.(6) Centralization of money and creditin the hands of the state through a nationalbank operating with state capital, and thesuppression of all private banks and bankers.(7) Expansion of the number of nationalfactories, workshops, railroads, ships; bring-ing new lands into cultivation and improve-ment of land already under. cultivation all inproportion to the growth of the capital andlabour force at the disposal of the nation.

(8) Education of all children, from themoment they can leave their mother's care,in national establishments at national cost.Education and production together.(9) Construction, on public lands, ofgreat palaces as communal dwellings forassociated groups of citizens engaged in bothindustry and agriculture and combining intheir way of life the advantages of urban andrural conditions while avoiding the one-sidedness and drawbacks of each.(10) Destruction of all unhealthy andjerry-built dwellings in urban districts.(I I) Equal inheritance rights for childrenborn in and out of wedlock.(12) Concentration of all means of trans-portation in the hands of the nation.Itis impossible, of course, to carry out allthese measures at once. But one will alwaysbring others in its wake. Once the firstradical attack on private property has beenlaunched, the proletariat will find itself forcedto go everfurther, to concentrate increasinglyin the hands of the state all capital, allagriculture, all transport, all trade. All theforegoing measures are directed to this end;

and they will become practicable and feasible,capable of producing their centralising effectsto precisely the degree that the proletariatthrough its labour multiplies the country'sproductive forces. Finally, when all capital,all production, all exchange have beenbrought together in the hands of the nation,private property will disappear of its ownaccord, money will become superfluous, andproduction will so expand and man so changethat society will be able to slough off what-ever of its old economic habits may remain.Question 19. Will it be possible for thisrevolution to take place in one country alone?"Answer. No. By creating the worldmarket, big industry has already broughtall the peoples of the earth, and especiallythe civilised peoples, into such close relationwith one another that none is independentof what happens to the others. Further, ithas co-ordinated the social development ofthe civilised countries to such an extent thatin all of them bourgeoisie and proletariathave become the decisive classes and thestruggle between them the great struggle ofthe day. It follows that the communistrevolution will not merely be a nationalphenomenon but must take place simul-taneously in all civilised countries, that is to'say, at least in England, America, Franceand Germany. It will develop in each ofthese countries more or less rapidly accord-ing as one country or the other has a.moredeveloped industry, greater wealth, a moresignificant mass of productive forces. Henceit will go slowest and will meet most obstaclesin Germany, most rapidly and with thefewest difficulties in England. It will have apowerful impact on the other countries ofthe world and will radically alter the courseof development which they have followedup to now, while greatly stepping up itspace. It is a universal revolution and willaccordingly have a universal range.